Ad: From 1 Different Sources
prefix denoting towards or near. Examples: adaxial (towards the main axis); adoral (towards or near the mouth).
An inflammation of one or several lymph nodes, or related lymphoid tissues.... adenitis
Malignant tumour of glandular epithelium.... adenocarcinoma
See NOSE, DISORDERS OF.... adenoids
Benign tumour of glandular epithelium.... adenoma
The abnormal union of two normally separate tissues. Adhesion may occur after in?ammation or surgery; the result is often a ?brous band between the adjacent tissues. Examples are adhesions between joint surfaces – which reduce mobility of a joint – or, after operation, between loops of intestine, where the ?brous band may cause obstruction. Movement of the heart may be restricted by adhesions between the organ and its membranous cover, the pericardial sac.... adhesion
See PUBERTY.... adolescence
See DEPENDENCE.... addiction
See ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER (HYPERACTIVITY SYNDROME).... adhd
Adipose tissue, or fat, is a loose variety of ?brous tissue in the meshes of which lie cells, each of which is distended by several small drops, or one large drop, of fat. This tissue replaces ?brous tissue when the amount of food taken is in excess of the bodily requirements. Adipose tissue occurs as a layer beneath the skin and also around several internal organs. (See DIET; FAT; OBESITY.)... adipose tissue
See ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME and GENETIC DISORDERS.... congenital adrenal hyperplasia
A disease causing failure of adrenal gland function, in particular deficiency of adrenal cortical hormones, mainly cortisol and aldosterone. Commonest causes are tuberculosis and auto- immune disease.
Symptoms: (acute) abdominal pain, muscle weakness, vomiting, low blood pressure due to dehydration, tiredness, mental confusion, loss of weight and appetite. Vomiting, dizzy spells. Increased dark pigmentation around genitals, nipples, palms and inside mouth. Persistent low blood pressure with occasional low blood sugar. Crisis is treated by increased salt intake. Research project revealed a craving for liquorice sweets in twenty five per cent of patients.
Herbs with an affinity for the adrenal glands: Parsley, Sarsaparilla, Wild Yam, Borage, Liquorice, Ginseng, Chaparral. Where steroid therapy is unavoidable, supplementation with Liquorice and Ginseng is believed to sustain function of the glands. Ginseng is supportive when glands are exhausted by prolonged stress. BHP (1983) recommends: Liquorice, Dandelion leaf.
Alternatives. Teas. Gotu Kola, Parsley, Liquorice root, Borage, Ginseng, Balm.
Tea formula. Combine equal parts: Balm and Gotu Kola. Preparation of teas and tea mixture: 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water: infuse 5-10 minutes; 1 cup 2 to 3 times daily.
Tablets/capsules. Ginseng, Seaweed and Sarsaparilla, Wild Yam, Liquorice. Dosage as on bottle. Formula. Combine: Gotu Kola 3; Sarsaparilla 2; Ginseng 1; Liquorice quarter. Doses. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid extracts: 30-60 drops. Tinctures: 1-2 teaspoons 2 to 3 times daily.
Formula. Alternative. Tinctures 1:5. Echinacea 20ml; Yellow Dock 10ml; Barberry 10ml; Sarsaparilla 10ml; Liquorice (liquid extract) 5ml. Dose: 1-2 teaspoons thrice daily.
Supplementation. Cod liver oil. Extra salt. B-Vitamins. Folic acid. ... addison’s disease
A slowly diminishing reaction of a sense organ to persistent or repetitive stimulation. For example, a persistent smell may after a while result in the nose failing to signal its presence; the pressure-sensitive nerve endings in the skin may become accustomed to the presence of clothes on the body; regular background noise may be screened out by the cochlear nerve that links ear and brain.... adaptation
A recent (and to me, slightly flaky) term used to describe agents, often botanical, that stimulate non-specific resistance, and that seem to decrease hypothalamus and pituitary over-reactions to perceived...not real...stress.... adaptogen
To move a limb or any other part towards the midline of the body. (Opposite: ABDUCT.)... adduct
A condition in which multiple glandular over-growths occur.... adenomatosis
Called epinephrine in the U.S., this is a substance secreted into the bloodstream and reacted to by specialized receptors throughout the body, initiating a “code blue” or flight-or-fight response. Many receptors are a regular part of sympathetic function, and respond to their own local relative, norepinephrine or noradrenalin, in the course of normal autonomic nervous system interplay. See: SYMPATHETIC, PARASYMPATHETIC, LIMBIC... adrenalin
Functions that are dominated by epinephrine (the blood hormone) or norepinephrine (local sympathetic adrenergic nerve stimulus)... adrenergic
See DEPENDENCE.... drug addiction
A term applied to a condition in which slowness of the PULSE is associated with attacks of unconsciousness, and which is due to ARRHYTHMIA of the cardiac muscle or even complete heart block. Usually the heart returns to normal rhythm after a short period, but patients who suffer from the condition are commonly provided with a PACEMAKER to maintain normal cardiac function (see also CARDIAC PACEMAKER).... stokes-adams syndrome
The term applied in the UK to the admission of a mentally ill person to a psychiatric unit with his or her agreement. Patients with mental illnesses that may endanger their own safety or that of others can be compulsorily admitted using special legal powers – this is traditionally called ‘sectioning’. (See MENTAL ILLNESS.)... voluntary admission
A projection at the front of the neck, just beneath the skin, that is formed by a prominence on the thyroid cartilage, which is part of the larynx (voice box). The Adam’s apple enlarges in males at puberty.... adam’s apple
See ACTH.... adrenocorticotrophic hormone
ACTH is the commonly used abbreviation for CORTICOTROPIN.... acth (adrenocorticotrophic hormone)
Absence of the digits.... adactyly
(Hebrew) Ornament; beautiful addition to the family Adda, Adaya, Ada... adah
(Scottish) From the oak-tree ford Adaire, Adaira, Adairia, Athdara, Athdare, Athdaria, Athdair, Athdaire, Athdairia, Athdaira... adair
(Italian / German) One who is noble / a highly valued promise Adalgise, Adelgise, Adelvice, Adalgysa, Adalgyse... adalgisa
(German) A noble she-wolf... adalwolfa
Love, Happiness... adam & eve roots
(Ibo) A good woman... adaoma
Permanent fixtures or alterations to a home to help someone get about or manage better (distinguished from ‘aids’ or ‘equipment’, which are more portable).... adaptation (of residence)
Housing that has been specially built for, or changed to a certain standard to accommodate people with disabilities.... adapted living facility / housing
A group of snakes with a wide geographical distribution. Belong to the family Elapidae. Also known as vipers.... adder
Healing ... adders tongue
(Welsh) Woman of beauty Addien, Addienne, Adiena, Adiene, Adien, Adienna, Addienna... addiena
(English) Daughter of Adam Addeson, Addyson, Adison, Adisson, Adyson... addison
(Teutonic) One of noble cheer Adula, Adulla, Addulla, Adulah, Addullah... addula
(Irish) Little fire shining brightly Adeene, Adean, Adeane, Adein, Adeine, Adeyn, Adeyne... adeen
(Greek) Beloved sister Adelfa, Adelphe, Adelphie... adelpha
... adenitis means inflammation of a gland.
A pre?x denoting relation to a GLAND or glands.... adeno
A non-malignant tumour arising from the EPITHELIUM and made up of ADIPOSE TISSUE and glandular tissues (see GLAND).... adenolipoma
The cause of Addison’s disease (also called chronic adrenal insu?ciency and hypocortisolism) is a de?ciency of the adrenocortical hormones CORTISOL, ALDOSTERONE and androgens (see ANDROGEN) due to destruction of the adrenal cortex (see ADRENAL GLANDS). It occurs in about 1 in 25,000 of the population. In the past, destruction of the adrenal cortex was due to TUBERCULOSIS (TB), but nowadays fewer than 20 per cent of patients have TB while 70 per cent suffer from autoimmune damage. Rare causes of Addison’s disease include metastases (see METASTASIS) from CARCINOMA, usually of the bronchus; granulomata (see GRANULOMA); and HAEMOCHROMATOSIS. It can also occur as a result of surgery for cancer of the PITUITARY GLAND destroying the cells which produce ACTH (ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE)
– the hormone which provokes the adrenal cortex into action.
Symptoms The clinical symptoms appear slowly and depend upon the severity of the underlying disease process. The patient usually complains of appetite and weight loss, nausea, weakness and fatigue. The skin becomes pigmented due to the increased production of ACTH. Faintness, especially on standing, is due to postural HYPOTENSION secondary to aldosterone de?ciency. Women lose their axillary hair and both sexes are liable to develop mental symptoms such as DEPRESSION. Acute episodes – Addisonian crises – may occur, brought on by infection, injury or other stressful events; they are caused by a fall in aldosterone levels, leading to abnormal loss of sodium and water via the kidneys, dehydration, low blood pressure and confusion. Patients may develop increased tanning of the skin from extra pigmentation, with black or blue discoloration of the skin, lips, mouth, rectum and vagina occurring. ANOREXIA, nausea and vomiting are common and the sufferer may feel cold.
Diagnosis This depends on demonstrating impaired serum levels of cortisol and inability of these levels to rise after an injection of ACTH.
Treatment consists in replacement of the de?cient hormones. HYDROCORTISONE tablets are commonly used; some patients also require the salt-retaining hormone, ?udrocortisone. Treatment enables them to lead a completely normal life and to enjoy a normal life expectancy. Before surgery, or if the patient is pregnant and unable to take tablets, injectable hydrocortisone may be needed. Rarely, treated patients may have a crisis, perhaps because they have not been taking their medication or have been vomiting it. Emergency resuscitation is needed with ?uids, salt and sugar. Because of this, all patients should carry a card detailing their condition and necessary management. Treatment of any complicating infections such as tuberculosis is essential. Sometimes DIABETES MELLITUS coexists with Addison’s disease and must be treated.
Secondary adrenal insu?ciency may occur in panhypopituitarism (see PITUITARY GLAND), in patients treated with CORTICOSTEROIDS or after such patients have stopped treatment.... addison’s disease
Linn.Adansonia digitata Linn.
Family: Bombacaceae.
Habitat: Native to tropical Africa; common along the west coast of India.
English: Baobab, Monkey Bread tree, African calabash.
Ayurvedic: Sheet-phala, Ravanaam- likaa, Gorakshi, Panchparni.
Unani: Gorakh Imli.
Siddha/Tamil: Papparapuli.
Folk: Gorakh Imli; Gorakh Chinchaa.
Action: Cooling, refrigerant (allays burning sensation). Leaves— diaphoretic (used as a prophylactic against fevers). Fruit—antidysen- teric, antiseptic, antihistaminic.
The fruit pulp is a source of vitamin C (175.0-445.4 mg/100 g); dried pulp contains calcium and vitamin B1. Furfural (9.6%) is obtained after distillation of the fruit. In Africa, dried leaves provide much of the dietary calcium. Aqueous extract of the bark is used for treating sickle cell anaemia.An infusion of the leaves and flowers is given in respiratory disorders. (Powdered leaves prevented crisis in asthma induced by histamine in guinea pigs.) Dried fruit pulp also gives relief in bronchial asthma, allergic dermatitis and urticaria.
Family: Leguminosae; Mimosaceae.
Habitat: The western Ghats, the Andamans and sub-Himalayan tract; also cultivated.
English: Coral Wood, Red Wood.
Ayurvedic: Rakta Kanchana, Rakta Kambala.
Siddha/Tamil: Anai-gundumani.
Folk: Ghumchi (bigger var.).
Action: Astringent and styptic (used in diarrhoea, haemorrhage from the stomach, haematuria), anti-inflammatory (in rheumatic affections, gout). Seeds— anticephalgic; also used for the treatment of paralysis. A decoction is given in pulmonary affections.
The seed contains an anti-inflammatory active principle, O-acetyletha- nolamine. The leaves contain octa- cosanol, dulcitol, glucosides of beta- sitosterol and stigmasterol. The bark contains sitgmasterol glucoside.... adenanthera pavonina
A compound comprising the chemical substances adenine, ribose and phosphates. The chemical bonds of the phosphates contain energy needed for cell METABOLISM that occurs when muscle cells contract. This energy is made available when ATP breaks up to form other chemical groupings – adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The energy needed for recombining AMP and ADP to form ATP is produced by the breakdown of carbohydrates or other constituencies of food.... adenosine triphosphate (atp)
(Hebrew) One who protects her loved ones... aderes
(Welsh) Birdlike child Aderyne, Aderin, Aderine... aderyn
Viruses (see VIRUS) containing double-stranded DNA; these cause around 5 per cent of clinically recognised respiratory illnesses. Of the 40 or so known types, only a few have been properly studied to establish how they produce disease. Adenoviruses cause fever and in?ammation of the respiratory tract and mucous membranes of the eyes – symptoms resembling those of the common cold. They also cause ENTERITIS, haemorrhagic CYSTITIS and life-threatening infections in newborn babies. Infections are generally benign and self-limiting, and treatment is symptomatic and supportive, although the elderly and people with chronic chest conditions may develop secondary infections which require antibiotic treatment.... adenoviruses
(African) Princess; child of royalty Adetouna... adetoun
(Swahili) A child of glory Adhamah, Adhamma, Adhammah... adhama
Nees.
Synonym: A. zeylanica Medic. Justicia adhatoda Linn.
Family: Acanthaceae.
Habitat: Throughout India, up to an altitude of 1,300 m.
English: Malabar Nut, Vasaca.
Ayurvedic: Vaasaa, Vaasaka, Vaasikaa, Simhaasya, Simhaparni, Simhavadanaa, Vaajidanta, Vrisha, Aataruushaka.
Unani: Arusaa.
Siddha/Tamil: Aadaathodai.
Folk: Vasaakaa.
Action: Expectorant (used in bronchial, asthmatic and pulmonary affections), antispasmodic, febrifuge.
Key application: As bronchodilatory, expectorant. (Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia.) The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India indicates its use in dyspnoea.The chief quinazoline alkaloid vas- icine is reported in all parts of the plant, the highest being in inflorescence. It is a bitter bronchodilator, respiratory stimulant, hypotensive, cardiac depressant, uterotonic and aborti- facient. An aqueous solution of va- sicinone hydrochloride, when studied in mice and dogs, was found to potentiate the bronchodilatory activity of aminophylline, also that of isopre- naline. Vasicinone exhibited smooth- muscle-relaxant properties of airways.Alkaloids present in the plant showed significant protection against allergin-induced bronchial obstruction in guinea pigs.The leaves are found to activate the digestive enzyme trypsin.An extract of the leaves showed significant antifungal activity against ringworm.Adhatoda beddomei C.B. Clarke, found in Kerala, is considered to be more powerful and active than A. vasi- ca. Fresh leaf juice is used in haemoptysis and menorrhagia, also as an antiasthmatic.Jacobinia tinctoria Henl. is equated with the red-flowered var. of Vaasaa.
Dosage: Leaf—10-20 ml juice. Dried leaves—10-20 g for deoction. Root—3-6 g powder. (API Vols. I, IV)... adhatoda vasica
(African) Daughter born after sunset... adhiambo
(Hindi) A learned woman Adhitta, Adhittah, Adhitah, Adhyta, Adhytah, Adhytta, Adhyttah... adhita
(Swahili / English) Gift from God / wealthy; prosperous Adea, Adiah, Addia, Adya, Adeah... adia
(American) The night’s falling reveals the angels’ beauty Adyana, Adianna, Adianah, Adyanna... adiana
(Hebrew) An adornment of God Adiela, Adielle, Adiell, Adiel, Adiele, Adyella, Adyela, Adyell, Adyel, Adyele... adiella
Also known as Dercum’s disease. A condition in which painful masses of fat develop under the skin – more common in women than in men.... adiposis dolorosa
See OBESITY.... adiposity
(Hebrew / Arabic) Powerful, noble woman / having great strength Adirah, Adeera, Adyra, Adeerah, Adyrah, Adeira, Adeirah, Adiera, Adierah, Adeara, Adearah... adira
(Hindi) One who is exalted Adishrey, Adishry, Adishri, Adishrie, Adishrea, Adishreah, Adyshree, Adyshrea, Adyshreah, Adyshri, Adyshrie, Adyshry, Adyshrey... adishree
(African) Daughter born on a Monday; peaceful Adwoa, Adjoah, Adwoah... adjoa
Alfred Adler (1870–1937) was an Austrian psychiatrist who proposed psychoanalytical concepts based on individual psychology, his central thesis being that everyone is born with intrinsic feelings of inferiority. Thus life is a continuing struggle to overcome these feelings: failure results in neuroses.... adler
(Greek) In mythology, a maiden who ordered one of Hercules’s twelve labors Admeta... admete
(Hebrew) Daughter of the red earth Adminah, Admeena, Admyna, Admeenah, Admynah, Admeina, Admeinah, Admiena, Admienah, Admeana, Admeanah... admina
Costs which are not attributable to the direct delivery of health services and are not direct clinical care or service costs.... administrative costs
A record concerned with administrative matters, such as length of stay, details of accommodation, or billing.... administrative record
The initiation of care, usually referring to inpatient care, although the term may be used for day or community care as well.... admission
The authorization given by a health care organization’s governing body to medical practitioners and, in some cases, other professionals who request the privilege of admitting and/or treating patients. Privileges are based on a provider’s licence, training, experience and education.... admitting privileges
(Native American) Of the large tree Adoett, Adoet, Adoete, Adoetta, Adoeta... adoette
(German) Feminine form of Adolph; noble she-wolf Adolfa, Adolphina, Adolfina, Adolphine, Adolfine, Adoqhina... adolpha
(Spanish / Greek) Beautiful / feminine form of Adonis; lady Adonna, Adonya, Adoniah, Adonyah, Adonica, Adoncia... adonia
See CHILD ADOPTION.... adoption
(Latin) One who is beloved Adore, Adorah, Adoria, Adoreh, Adorya, Adoriah, Adorlee, Adoree, Audora... adora
(Spanish) Having the adoration of all... adoración
(African) One who is noble... adowa
(Arabic) One who is chaste; a virgin Adrah... adra
(Greek) One who will not run away; in mythology, another name for Nemesis, the goddess of vengeance... adrasteia
The outer covering of the two adrenal glands that lie atop each kidney. Embryonically derived from gonad tissue, they make steroid hormones that control electrolytes, the management of fuels, the rate of anabolism, the general response to stress, and maintenance of nonspecific resistance.... adrenal cortex
The inner part of the adrenals, derived embryonically from spinal nerve precursors, they secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine; used locally as neurotransmitters, sensitive receptors can be mobilized totally by the adrenal medullas.... adrenal medulla
Pertaining to the adrenal cortex.... adrenocortical
See also CORTICOTROPIN. A hormone which is released into the body during stress. Made and stored in the anterior PITUITARY GLAND, ACTH regulates the production of corticosteroid hormones from the ADRENAL GLANDS, and is vital for the growth and maintenance of the adrenal cortical cells. Its production is in part controlled by the amount of HYDROCORTISONE in the blood and also by the HYPOTHALAMUS. ACTH participates in the FEEDBACK MECHANISM of hormone production and actions involving particularly the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hormone is used to test adrenal function and treat conditions such as ASTHMA. (See also CUSHING’S SYNDROME.)... adrenocorticotrophic hormone (acth)
(Greek) Feminine form of Adrian; from the Adriatic Sea region; woman with dark features, Adriah, Adrea, Adreana, Adreanna, Adreanah, Adrienna, Adriane, Adriene, Adrie, Adrienne, Adriana, Adrianna, Adrianne, Adriel, Adrielle... adria
(Italian) Having great happiness Adrinna, Adreena, Adrinah, Adryna, Adreenah, Adrynah... adrina
(Sanskrit) A respected woman Adritah, Adryta, Adrytah, Adreeta, Adreetah, Adrieta, Adrietah, Adreita, Adreitah, Adreata, Adreatah... adrita
A residence which offers housing and personal care services to a number of residents. Services (such as meals, supervision and transportation) are usually provided by the owner or manager. Usually 24-hour professional health care is not provided on site. See also “assisted living facility”.... adult care home / residential facility
See “day care centre”.... adult day care
The adult (imago) is a slender, delicate insect with six comparatively long, thin legs. The outer covering of the body is composed of a tough substance called chitin. The body is divided into three distinct parts: head, thorax and abdomen.... adult mosquito
A type of foster care in which an older person lives with an approved family.... adult placement
(Wolof) Woman of the world Adunah, Adunna, Adunnah... aduna
Planning in advance for decisions that may have to be made prior to incapability or at the end of life. People may choose to do this planning formally, by means of advance directives, or informally, through discussions with family members, friends and health care and social service providers, or a combination of both methods.... advance care planning
A mechanism by which a competent individual expresses his or her wishes should circumstances arise in which he or she no longer is able to make rational and sound decisions regarding his or her medical treatment. Usually ‘advance directive’ refers to orders for withholding and/or withdrawing life support treatments at the end of life, made by writing living wills and/or granting power of attorney to another individual.... advance directive
See LIVING WILL.... advance statements about medical treatment
Any undesirable or unwanted consequence of a preventive, diagnostic or therapeutic procedure.... adverse event / reaction
A combination of individual and social actions designed to gain political commitment, policy support, social acceptance and systems support for a particular health goal or programme. Advocacy also has a role in creating awareness in the minds of the community regarding the rights of older persons.... advocacy for health
Services which seek to ensure that a person’s views are heard and his or her interests represented.... advocacy scheme
1 A person who acts on behalf of another, usually for a cause or plea. 2 To support or suggest an idea, development or way of doing something.... advocate
(Indian) Born on a Sunday... adya
Also called adrenoceptor-blocking agents or alpha blockers, these drugs stop the stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors at the nerve endings of the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM by HORMONES with ADRENALINE-like characteristics. The drugs dilate the arteries, causing a fall in blood pressure, so they are used to treat HYPERTENSION and also benign enlargement of the PROSTATE GLAND. Examples of this group of drugs are doxazosin, indoramin, phentolamine and prazosin. The drugs should be used with caution as some may cause a severe drop in blood pressure when ?rst taken.... alpha adrenergic blockers
A medical condition for which hospitalization could have been avoided if ambulatory care had been provided in a timely and efficient manner.... avoidable hospital condition / admission
See ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.... beta adrenoceptor
Increase to a monthly long-term disability benefit, usually after the first year of payments. May be a flat percentage (e.g. 3%) or tied to changes in inflation.... cost-of-living adjustment (cola)
A modification of conventional life expectancy to account for time lived with disability. It is the number of healthy years of life that can be expected on average in a given population. It is generally calculated at birth, but estimates can also be prepared at other ages. It adjusts the expectation of years of life for the loss on account of disability, using explicit weights for different health states.... disability-adjusted life expectancy
The number of healthy years of life lost due to premature death and disability.... disability-adjusted life years (dalys)
See “adaptation”.... home adaptation
Standards for provider networks to maintain sufficient numbers and types of providers to ensure accessibility of services without unreasonable delays.... network adequacy
Complication of a condition which may be modified or prevented with appropriate treatment.... potentially preventable adverse outcome
A review of the medical necessity and appropriateness of a person’s admission to a hospital or other health care organization, conducted before, at or shortly after admission and to authorise a length of stay consistent with norms for the evaluation.... pre-admission certification
Years of life saved by a medical technology or service, adjusted according to the quality of those years (as determined by some evaluative measure). QALYs are the most commonly used unit to express the results in some types of cost-effectiveness analysis.... quality-adjusted life years (qalys)
An agent which stimulates the adrenal glands thereby increasing secretion of cortisol and adrenal hormones. A herb with a mild cortico-steroid effect. Liquorice. Ginseng. Sarsaparilla. ... adrenal-activator
Herbalists, phytotherapists, other practitioners and companies are required by the Committee on Safety of Medicines to report all adverse reactions associated with herbal products used in the treatment of disease in the UK within one month. Adverse reactions to over-the-counter alternative medicines should be reported using the yellow card scheme. (CSM., Current Problems 1986, No 16:477.) ... adverse reactions
See: DRUG DEPENDENCE. ... benzodiazepine addiction
To assist withdrawal from: see COCA LEAVES. ... cocaine addiction
Giving a remedy by mouth. Such a route leads to its passage through the mucous membrane lining the intestines and from there into the bloodstream. ... oral administration
Adoption was relatively uncommon until World War II, with only 6,000 adoption orders annually in the UK. This peaked at nearly 25,000 in 1968 as adoption became more socially acceptable and the numbers of babies born to lone mothers rose in a climate hostile to single parenthood.
Adoption declined as the availability of babies fell with the introduction of the Abortion Act 1968, improving contraceptive services and increasing acceptability of single parenthood.
However, with 10 per cent of couples suffering infertility, the demand continued, leading to the adoption of those previously perceived as di?cult to place – i.e. physically, intellectually and/or emotionally disabled children and adolescents, those with terminal illness, and children of ethnic-minority groups.
Recent controversies regarding homosexual couples as adoptive parents, adoption of children with or at high risk of HIV/AIDS, transcultural adoption, and the increasing use of intercountry adoption to ful?l the needs of childless couples have provoked urgent consideration of the ethical dilemmas of adoption and its consequences for the children, their adoptive and birth families and society generally.
Detailed statistics have been unavailable since 1984 but in general there has been a downward trend with relatively more older children being placed. Detailed reasons for adoption (i.e. interfamily, step-parent, intercountry, etc.) are not available but approximately one-third are adopted from local-authority care.
In the UK all adoptions (including interfamily and step-parent adoption) must take place through a registered adoption agency which may be local-authority-based or provided by a registered voluntary agency. All local authorities must act as agencies, the voluntary agencies often providing specialist services to promote and support the adoption of more di?cult-to-place children. Occasionally an adoption allowance will be awarded.
Adoption orders cannot be granted until a child has resided with its proposed adopters for 13 weeks. In the case of newborn infants the mother cannot give formal consent to placement until the baby is six weeks old, although informal arrangements can be made before this time.
In the UK the concept of responsibility of birth parents to their children and their rights to continued involvement after adoption are acknowledged by the Children Act 1989. However, in all discussions the child’s interests remain paramount. The Act also recognises adopted children’s need to have information regarding their origins.
BAAF – British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering – is the national organisation of adoptive agencies, both local authority and voluntary sector. The organisation promotes and provides training service, development and research; has several specialist professional subgroups (i.e. medical, legal, etc.); and produces a quarterly journal.
Adoption UK is an e?ective national support network of adoptive parents who o?er free information, a ‘listening ear’ and, to members, a quarterly newsletter.
National Organisation for Counselling Adoptees and their Parents (NORCAP) is concerned with adopted children and birth parents who wish to make contact.
The Registrar General operates an Adoption Contact Register for adopted persons and anyone related to that person by blood, half-blood or marriage. Information can be obtained from the O?ce of Population Censuses and Surveys. For the addresses of these organisations, see Appendix 2.... child adoption
Movement of a limb towards the central line of the body, or of a digit towards the axis of a limb. Muscles that carry out this movement are often called adductors. (See also abduction.)... adduction
The psychoanalytical ideas set forth by the Austrian psychiatrist Alfred Adler. Also called individual psychology, Adler’s theories were based on the idea that everyone is born with feelings of inferiority. Life is seen as a constant struggle to overcome these feelings; failure to do so leads to neurosis. (See also psychoanalytic theory.)... adlerian theory
References: The Medicine’s Act, 1968. The Medicines Labelling and Advertising to the Public Regulations (SI 1978 No 41). The Medicines (Advertising) Regulations 1994 SI 1994 No 1932, and The Medicines (Monitoring of Advertising) Regulations 1994 SI No 1933.
In addition to the above, a Code of Practice for advertising herbal remedies has been agreed by the British Herbal Medicine Association in consultation with the Department of Health and the Scientific
Committee of the BHMA. It represents an act of self-discipline within the trade and profession, acceptance and observance of which is a condition of membership of the British Herbal Medicine Association. vIt is the responsibility of all placing and accepting advertisements to ensure that wording complies with statutory requirements. For any ailment or disease no claim for cure may be made.
The following extracts are few of a wide range of conditions appearing in the BHMA Code.
“The expression ‘treatment’ is not permitted except in respect of a ‘course of treatment’ by herbal medicines within the meaning of the Act.
“Advertising shall in no way induce unjustified concern that the reader is suffering from any illness, ailment or disease or that, without treatment, he may suffer more severely.
“Advertising shall not discourage the reader from seeking advice from a qualified practitioner.
“Advertising shall not invite the reader to diagnose specific medical conditions except those readily recognised by the layman and which are obvious to the sufferer. Advertising shall not use words such as: ‘magic’, ‘Miracle’, ‘Mystical’, ‘wonder remedy’, ‘nature’s remedy’, ‘break-through’ or similar terms.”
“Advertising shall not indicate medical or surgical consultation is unnecessary, or guarantee the effects of a medicine. It shall not indicate an absence of side-effects, or suggest that a product is better than or equivalent to another treatment. It shall not suggest health can be enhanced, or that health may be impaired by not taking the product. It should not be directed principally at children, or refer to recommendations by a health professional, a celebrity, etc. It shall not suggest a product is a food or cosmetic, or has a special benefit because it is ‘natural’. One cannot refer to a ‘licensed medicine’ or approved by the Dept of Health or use similar statements.” ... advertising
Cancerous or noncancerous tumours in the adrenal glands, usually causing excess secretion of hormones. Adrenal tumours are rare. Tumours of the adrenal cortex may secrete aldosterone, causing primary aldosteronism, or hydrocortisone, causing Cushing’s syndrome. Tumours of the medulla may cause excess secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Two types of tumour affect the medulla: phaeochromocytoma and neuroblastoma, which affects children. These tumours cause intermittent hypertension and sweating attacks. Surgical removal of a tumour usually cures these conditions.... adrenal tumours
n. a *cytokine inhibitor used to treat severe rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis. It can predispose to infections, and patients should be carefully monitored.... adalimumab
see Stokes–Adams syndrome.... adams–stokes syndrome
adisintegrin and metalloproteinase with athrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13, also known as von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease: an enzyme that cleaves and degrades large von Willebrand factor multimers and decreases their activity, thereby disrupting *platelet activation. Most cases of *thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura are as a result of inhibition or deficiency of ADAMTS13.... adamts13
an acute medical emergency due to a lack of corticosteroid production by the body, caused by disease of the adrenal glands or long-term suppression of production by steroid medication. It manifests as low blood pressure and collapse, biochemical abnormalities, hypoglycaemia, and (if untreated) coma and death. Treatment is with steroids, administered initially intravenously in high doses and later orally. In patients with poor adrenal function an Addisonian crisis is usually brought on by an acute illness, such as an infection. [T. Addison (1793–1860), British physician]... addisonian crisis
n. any muscle that moves one part of the body towards another or towards the midline of the body.... adductor
a drug used to treat chronic hepatitis B in patients who have not responded to or cannot tolerate interferon alfa or peginterferon alfa. Side-effects include gastrointestinal disturbances and headache.... adefovir dipivoxil
(adeno-) combining form denoting a gland or glands. Examples: adenalgia (pain in); adenogenesis (development of); adenopathy (disease of).... aden
n. one of the nitrogen-containing bases (see purine) that occurs in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. See also ATP.... adenine
n. the anterior lobe of the *pituitary gland.... adenohypophysis
n. see Warthin’s tumour.... adenolymphoma
a condition in which angiofibromas (flesh-coloured or pink papules) are often seen around the nose and cheek or elsewhere on the face. They are a cutaneous sign of *tuberous sclerosis.... adenoma sebaceum
n. see endometriosis.... adenomyosis
n. a *nucleoside that contains adenine and the sugar ribose and occurs in *ATP. It is also used as an *anti-arrhythmic drug to stop *supraventricular tachycardias and restore a normal heart rhythm. As such, it needs to be injected or infused quickly, which may fleetingly make the patient feel faint and develop chest pain.... adenosine
(ADA deficiency) a genetic disorder affecting about one baby in 25,000 and characterized by a defect in adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme that is involved in purine metabolism. Deficiency of this enzyme results in selective damage to the antibody-producing lymphocytes; this in turn leads to a condition known as *severe combined immune deficiency (SCID), in which the affected baby has no resistance to infection and must be entirely isolated from birth. Such children have only about a 50% chance of surviving for six months. See also gene therapy.... adenosine deaminase deficiency
see ADP.... adenosine diphosphate
see AMP.... adenosine monophosphate
see ATP.... adenosine triphosphate
n. (pl. adenoses) 1. excessive growth or development of glands. 2. any disease of a gland or glandlike structure, especially of a lymph node.... adenosis
n. one of a group of DNA-containing viruses causing infections of the upper respiratory tract that produce symptoms resembling those of the common cold.... adenovirus
n. antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy: a method under development for the treatment of cancer. It involves the patient being injected first with an antibody-enzyme complex that binds specifically to tumour cells, and later with a *prodrug that is inactive until it comes into contact with the antibody-enzyme complex. The enzyme converts the prodrug into a cytotoxic form, which is concentrated around the tumour and can therefore destroy the cancer cells without damaging normal tissue.... adept
n. the degree to which a patient follows medical advice. Medicines adherence refers specifically to taking medication (drug compliance) but adherence may also be applied to physiotherapy exercises or attending appointments for courses of therapy. Nonadherence falls into two broad categories: intentional nonadherence involves the patient making a decision not to follow medical advice; in unintentional nonadherence the patient forgets or misunderstands the advice.... adherence
*cell-surface molecules that are important for binding cells to neighbouring cells (intercellular adhesion molecules, ICAM) and tissues. Absence or weakening of intercellular binding facilitates the local spread of cancer.... adhesion molecules
see frozen shoulder.... adhesive capsulitis
see tonic pupil. [W. J. Adie (1886–1935), British physician]... adie’s pupil
(Holmes-Adie syndrome) an abnormality of the pupils of the eyes, often affecting only one eye. The affected pupil is dilated and reacts slowly to light; the response on convergence *accommodation of the eyes is also slow (see tonic pupil). Tendon reflexes may be absent. The condition is almost entirely restricted to women. [W. J. Adie; Sir G. M. Holmes (1876–1965), British neurologist]... adie’s syndrome
n. a waxlike substance, consisting mainly of fatty acids, into which the soft tissues of the body can be converted after death. This usually occurs when the body is buried in damp earth or is submerged in water. Adipocere delays post-mortem decomposition and is a spontaneous form of preservation without mummification.... adipocere
n. see adipose tissue.... adipocyte
(liposis) n. the presence of abnormally large accumulations of fat in the body. The condition may arise from overeating, hormone irregularities, or a metabolic disorder. In adiposis dolorosa, a condition affecting women more commonly than men, painful fatty swellings are associated with defects in the nervous system. See also obesity.... adiposis
n. see hypodipsia.... adipsia
n. an anatomical opening or passage; for example, the opening of the tympanic cavity (middle ear) to the air spaces of the mastoid process.... aditus
n. a subsidiary drug used in treating a disorder, which provides additional benefits to the main drug used in treatment. For example, the *dopamine receptor agonist cabergoline is used as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. —adjunctive adj.... adjunct
treatment given to patients after the primary therapy, which is usually surgical removal of the tumour, when there is a high risk of future recurrence based on tumour stage and histology. Adjuvant therapy is aimed at destroying these microscopic tumour cells either locally (e.g. adjuvant breast irradiation after breast-conserving surgery) or systemically (e.g. adjuvant chemotherapy may be recommended for patients with breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and other types of cancer). Compare neoadjuvant chemotherapy.... adjuvant therapy
see activities of daily living.... adls
the number of people from a specified population with a specified disease or condition admitted to hospitals in a given geographical area over a specified time period.... admission rate
pl. n. adjoining parts. For example, the uterine adnexa are the Fallopian tubes and ovaries (which adjoin the uterus).... adnexa
n. the surgical removal of an *adrenal gland, usually performed because of neoplastic disease.... adrenalectomy
n. the start of secretion of *androgens by the adrenal glands, occurring at around 6–7 years of age in girls and 7–8 in boys. It is usually determined by the measurement of urinary 17-ketosteroids rather than direct assay of the androgens themselves. Adrenal androgens are *dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulphate, and androstenedione. The age of adrenarche is unrelated to the age of *gonadarche. Premature adrenarche is usually manifested as the early appearance of pubic hair due to levels of the adrenal androgens equivalent to those found in puberty. It does not proceed to full puberty as the gonads do not become active.... adrenarche
n. a genetically determined condition of neurological degeneration with childhood and adult forms. Inherited as an X-linked (see sex-linked) trait resulting in *demyelination, it is characterized by progressive *spastic paralysis of the legs, sensory loss, and cognitive impairment, associated with adrenal gland insufficiency and small gonads. The demonstration of a genetic defect in the metabolism of very long chain fatty acids aids diagnosis and has implications for future possible drug therapies. Prenatal diagnosis is possible.... adrenoleukodystrophy
adj. inhibiting the activity of *adrenergic nerves. Adrenolytic activity is opposite to that of *noradrenaline.... adrenolytic
(acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS) a form of *acute respiratory failure that occurs after a precipitating event, such as trauma, aspiration, or inhalation of a toxic substance; it is particularly associated with septic shock. Lung injury is characterized by reduced oxygen in the arteries, reduced lung volume, and decreased lung compliance, and diffuse infiltrates are seen on a chest X-ray. Treatment is correction of the original cause, volume replacement, diuretics, oxygen, and mechanical ventilation.... adult respiratory distress syndrome
damaged proteins that result from the *glycation of a large number of body proteins, which can accumulate and cause permanent damage to tissues. This damage is more prevalent in diabetics due to chronic exposure to blood with high concentrations of glucose. It is believed to be partly responsible for the damage to the kidneys, eyes, and blood vessels that characterizes long-standing diabetes.... advanced glycation end-products
(in England and Wales under the Mental Capacity Act 2005) a legally recognized decision or statement by an adult with *capacity identifying any specific or general treatment the patient does not want in the event that he or she loses capacity. An advance directive or decision (formerly often called a living will) should be informed, made voluntarily, and must be valid and applicable to the medical situation that arises; at the extreme it can constitute an advance refusal of potentially life-saving treatment. It cannot, however, be used to demand future treatment and does not apply as long as the person retains capacity. An advance statement is a more general and less legally binding expression of the person’s values and views on the sort of treatment he or she may or may not wish to undergo. Directives and statements can raise ethical questions: for example, should life-saving treatment refused in advance nevertheless be given if it could restore the patient to a quality of life with which he or she was content before losing capacity.... advance directive, decision, or statement
(ALS) a structured and algorithm-driven method of life support for use in the severest of medical emergencies, especially cardiac arrest. Doctors, nurses, and paramedic personnel involved in ALS receive special training in the use of equipment (e.g. defibrillators and appropriate drugs). Paediatric advanced life support (PALS) is ALS for use in severe medical emergencies in children, while advanced trauma life support(ATLS) is specifically for patients who have been subjected to major trauma, such as a serious road accident. Compare basic life support.... advanced life support
n. the detachment by surgery of a muscle, musculocutaneous flap, or tendon from its normal attachment site and its reattachment at a more advanced (anterior) point while preserving its previous nerve and blood supply. The technique is used, for example, in the treatment of squint and extensively in plastic surgery to cover large defects (see also pedicle).... advancement
(tunica adventitia) n. 1. the outer coat of the wall of a *vein or *artery. It consists of loose connective tissue and networks of small blood vessels, which nourish the walls. 2. the outer covering of various other organs or parts.... adventitia
adj. 1. occurring in a place other than the usual one. 2. relating to the adventitia.... adventitious
(involuntary admission) (in Britain) the entry and detention of a person within an institution without his or her consent, either because of mental illness (see Mental Health Act) or severe social deprivation and self-neglect (see section 47 removal). Compare voluntary admission.... compulsory admission
n. a role that involves acting as a proxy or speaking on behalf of a patient because the patient lacks *capacity. Under the Mental Capacity Act 2005, capacitous adults may legally nominate a proxy or an advocate to make health-care decisions on their behalf in the event of losing capacity. For patients without family or legally appointed advocates, the *Independent Mental Capacity Advocate should be contacted when making significant medical decisions. Health-care professionals may see their role as including advocacy for patients, e.g. in accessing services. In addition, there are many organized advocacy groups to support patients with specific conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Finally, every NHS trust has a *Patient Advice and Liaison Service (PALS), which can take on the role of supporting patients. See also proxy decision; substituted judgment.... advocacy
the changes that take place in the retina and pupil of the eye enabling vision in very dim light. Dark adaptation involves activation of the *rods – the cells of the retina that function best in dim light – and the reflex enlargement of the pupil (see pupillary reflex). Compare light adaptation.... dark adaptation
(DALY) a common research measure of disease burden that accounts for both morbidity and mortality. One year lived in full health is equivalent to one DALY. Disabilities and disease states are assigned a weighting that reduces this figure, such that a year lived with disability is equivalent to less than one DALY. Some studies also use social weighting, in which years lived as a young adult receive a greater DALY weight than those lived as a young child or older adult. See also health-adjusted life expectancy; quality of life.... disability-adjusted life year
(FAP) see polyposis.... familial adenomatous polyposis
see FAD.... flavin adenine dinucleotide
(FDA) in the USA, the federal agency within the *Department of Health and Human Services responsible for ensuring that foods are safely edible; that medications (for humans and animals), biological products, and medical devices are safe and effective; and that cosmetics and electronic products that emit radiation are safe. The FDA is also responsible for ensuring the accuracy of the advertisements and labelling related to these products.... food and drug administration
a measure developed by the World Health Organization to capture life expectancy in terms of both morbidity and mortality. The number of years lived with ill-health, weighted according to severity, are subtracted from the overall life expectancy. Previously known as disability-adjusted life expectancy, it is sometimes referred to as healthy life expectancy. See also disability-adjusted life year.... health-adjusted life expectancy
see Adie’s syndrome.... holmes-adie syndrome
(IMCA) a person who must, by virtue of the *Mental Capacity Act 2005, be contacted to represent the *best interests of a patient who lacks *capacity and has no family or friends while acting as a proxy in medical decision-making. IMCAs are available via the local Independent Mental Capacity Advocacy Service.... independent mental capacity advocate
reflex changes in the eye to enable vision either in normal light after being in darkness or in very bright light after being in normal light. The pupil contracts (see pupillary reflex) and the pigment in the *rods is bleached. Compare dark adaptation.... light adaptation
(MAS) an orthodontic device used to advance the mandible to improve the airway in the pharynx during sleep in the treatment of *obstructive sleep apnoea.... mandibular advancement splint
see adenitis.... mesenteric adenitis
see NAD.... nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
(PALS) (in England) a confidential service provided by each NHS trust to support patients, their families, and carers by giving advice and information in response to questions and concerns about local NHS services. See also advocacy.... patient advice and liaison service
a type of polyp that arises in the colon and rectum and can undergo malignant transformation, usually over a period of years, although this can occur more rapidly in familial *polyposis syndromes.... tubulovillous adenoma
the presence of glandular tissue in or under the vaginal epithelium that undergoes squamous *metaplasia. It may be associated with intrauterine *diethylstilbestrol exposure. See also clear-cell carcinoma.... vaginal adenosis
Health Encyclopedia