Arthritis – of infective hepatitis Health Dictionary

Arthritis – Of Infective Hepatitis: From 1 Different Sources

Inflammatory disease of a joint or joints may follow invasion of organism in infective hepatitis for which primary treatment would be directed to the liver.

See: INFECTIVE HEPATITIS.

Treatment. To include liver agents: Barberry, Fringe Tree, Balmony or Milk Thistle.

Health Source: Bartrams Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine
Author: Health Encyclopedia

Arthritis

Inflammation of a joint... arthritis

Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver; jaundice... hepatitis

An aseptic (that is, not involving infection) ARTHRITIS secondary to an episode of infection elsewhere in the body. It often occurs in association with ENTERITIS caused by salmonella (see FOOD POISONING) and certain SHIGELLA strains, and in both YERSINEA and CAMPYLOBACTER enteritis. Non-gonococcal urethritis, usually due to CHLAMYDIA, is another cause of reactive arthritis; Reiter’s syndrome is a particularly ?orid form, characterised by mucocutaneous and ocular lesions.

The SYNOVITIS usually starts acutely and is frequently asymmetrical, with the knees and ankles most commonly affected. Often there are in?ammatory lesions of tendon sheaths and entheses (bone and muscle functions) such as plantar fasciitis (see FASCIITIS). The severity and duration of the acute episode are extremely variable. Individuals with the histocompatibility antigen HLA B27 are particularly prone to severe attacks.... reactive arthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A chronic in?ammation of the synovial lining (see SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE) of several joints, tendon sheaths or bursae which is not due to SEPSIS or a reaction to URIC ACID crystals. It is distinguished from other patterns of in?ammatory arthritis by the symmetrical involvement of a large number of peripheral joints; by the common blood-?nding of rheumatoid factor antibody; by the presence of bony erosions around joints; and, in a few, by the presence of subcutaneous nodules with necrobiotic (decaying) centres.

Causes There is a major immunogenetic predisposition to rheumatoid arthritis in people carrying the HLA-DR4 antigen (see HLA SYSTEM). Other minor immunogenetic factors have also been implicated. In addition, there is a degree of familial clustering which suggests other unidenti?ed genetic factors. Genetic factors cannot alone explain aetiology, and environmental and chance factors must be important, but these have yet to be identi?ed.

Epidemiology Rheumatoid arthritis more commonly occurs in women from the age of 30 onwards, the sex ratio being approximately 4:1. Typical rheumatoid arthritis may occur in adolescence, but in childhood chronic SYNOVITIS usually takes one of a number of di?erent patterns, classi?ed under juvenile chronic arthritis.

Pathology The primary lesion is an in?ammation of the synovial membrane of joints. The synovial ?uid becomes diluted with in?ammatory exudate: if this persists for months it leads to progressive destruction of articular CARTILAGE and BONE. Cartilage is replaced by in?ammatory tissue known as pannus; a similar tissue invades bone to form erosions. Synovitis also affects tendon sheaths, and may lead to adhesion ?brosis or attrition and rupture of tendons. Subcutaneous and other bursae may be involved. Necrobiotic nodules also occur at sites outside synovium, including the subcutaneous tissues, the lungs, the pericardium and the pleura.

Clinical features Rheumatoid arthritis varies from the very mild to the severely disabling. Many mild cases probably go undiagnosed. At least 50 per cent of patients continue to lead a reasonably normal life; around 25 per cent are signi?cantly disabled in terms of work and leisure activities; and a minority become markedly disabled and are limited in their independence. There is often an early acute phase, followed by substantial remission, but in other patients gradual step-wise deterioration may occur, with progressive involvement of an increasing number of joints.

The diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis is largely based on clinical symptoms and signs. Approximately 70 per cent of patients have rheumatoid factor ANTIBODIES in the SERUM but, because of the large number of false positives and false negatives, this test has very little value in clinical practice. It may be a useful pointer to a worse prognosis in early cases if the level is high. X-RAYS may help in diagnosing early cases and are particularly helpful when considering surgery or possible complications such as pathological fracture. Patients commonly develop ANAEMIA, which may be partly due to gastrointestinal blood loss from antiin?ammatory drug treatment (see below).

Treatment involves physical, pharmacological, and surgical measures, together with psychological and social support tailored to the individual patient’s needs. Regular activity should be maintained. Resting of certain joints such as the wrist with splints may be helpful at night or to assist prolonged manual activities. Sound footwear is important. Early use of antirheumatic drugs reduces long-term disability. Drug treatment includes simple ANALGESICS, NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS), and slow-acting drugs including GOLD SALTS (in the form of SODIUM AUROTHIOMALATE), PENICILLAMINE, SULFASALAZINE, METHOTREXATE and AZATHIOPRINE.

The non-steroidal agents are largely e?ective in reducing pain and early-morning sti?ness, and have no e?ect on the chronic in?ammatory process. It is important, especially in the elderly, to explain to patients the adverse effects of NSAIDs, the dosage of which can be cut by prescribing paracetamol at the same time. Combinations of anti-rheumatic drugs seem better than single agents. The slow-acting drugs take approximately three months to act but have a more global e?ect on chronic in?ammation, with a greater reduction in swelling and an associated fall in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and rise in the level of HAEMOGLOBIN. Local CORTICOSTEROIDS are useful, given into individual joints. Systemic corticosteroids carry serious problems if continued long term, but may be useful under special circumstances. Much research is currently going on into the use of tumour necrosis factor antagonists such as INFLIXIMAB and etanercept, but their precise role remains uncertain.... rheumatoid arthritis

Septic Arthritis

Infection in a joint which becomes warm, swollen and sore, with restricted movement. The infectious agent may enter the joint as a result of a penetrating wound or via the bloodstream. The condition is treated by ARTHROTOMY or ARTHROSCOPY, joint irrigation and ANTIBIOTICS. Unless treated, the articular CARTILAGE of the joint is destroyed, resulting in a painful, deformed and sometimes immobile joint. (See ARTHRITIS.)... septic arthritis

Halothane Hepatitis

A very rare form of HEPATITIS following exposure to HALOTHANE during anaesthesia (1:35,000 halothane anaesthetics). Jaundice develops three to four days after exposure and will occasionally develop into a fatal massive hepatic necrosis. It is of unknown aetiology but probably has an immunological basis. It is more common following multiple exposures in a short time (less than 28 days), and in obesity, middle age and females. It is rare in children.... halothane hepatitis

Hepatitis Viruses

The most common causes of viral hepatitis are those caused by the Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and G viruses. Hepatitis F virus has been described but is a doubtful entity. Other viruses which can cause hepatitis include the Epstein-Barr Virus, cytomegalovirus, and the Yellow Fever virus.... hepatitis viruses

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (jia)

Previously called juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile chronic arthritis, this is a set of related conditions of unknown cause affecting children. Characteristically, the synovial membrane of a joint or joints becomes in?amed and swollen for at leat six weeks (and often very much longer – even years). About 1 in 10,000 children develop it each year, many of whom have certain HLA genetic markers, thought to be important in determining who gets the illness. In?ammatory CYTOKINES play a big part.

Clinical features There are various types. The oligoarthritic type involves 1–4 joints (usually knee or ankle) which become hot, swollen and painful. One complication is an in?ammation of the eyes – UVEITIS. The condition often ‘burns out’, but may reappear at any time, even years later.

The polyarthritic type is more like RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS in adults, and the child may have persistent symptoms leading to major joint deformity and crippling.

The systemic type, previously called Still’s disease, presents with a high fever and rash, enlarged liver, spleen and lymph nodes, and arthritis – although the latter may be mild. In some children the illness becomes recurrent; in others it dies down only to return as polyarthritis.

Complications These include uveitis, which can lead to loss of vision; a failure to thrive; osteoporosis (see under BONE, DISORDERS OF); joint deformity; and psychosocial diffculties.

Treatment This includes ANTIPYRETICS and ANALGESICS, including NON-STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS), intra-articular steroid injections, anti-tumour necrosis factor drugs and steroids.

Physiotherapy is vital, and children may need to wear splints or other orthotic devices to alleviate deformity and pain. Orthopaedic operative procedures may be necessary.... juvenile idiopathic arthritis (jia)

Arthritis – Bowel Related

A form of arthritis running concurrently with a bowel disorder arising from intestinal irritation. Acute Crohn’s disease or colitis may be related. Joint stiffness and inflammation subside on disappearance of the bowel condition.

Chronic bowel conditions are frequently responsible for heavy drainage of vitamins and minerals via excessive stool. Calcium may be pillaged from the bones to make up blood calcium levels which, if prolonged, may lead to rigid spine.

Treatment. Treatment of arthritis would be secondary, the primary object being to normalise the bowel. Alternatives:–

Teas or decoctions. Comfrey leaves, Calamus, Chamomile, Avens, Agrimony, Marshmallow root, Meadowsweet, Slippery Elm bark, Wild Yam.

Tea. Formula. Equal parts: Agrimony, Balm, Chamomile. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-10 minutes; 1 cup freely.

Fenugreek seeds. Decoction. 1 cup freely.

Tablets/capsules. Calamus, Fenugreek, Goldenseal, Wild Yam.

Formula. Fenugreek 2; Wild Yam 1; Goldenseal quarter; Ginger quarter. Mix. Dose: Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons.

Bamboo powder. Two 320mg capsules thrice daily. (Dr Max Rombi)

Biostrath Willow Formula.

Diet. Slippery Elm food. Vitamin B12. Low fat. Cider vinegar.

Supportive: high enemas. Natural lifestyle. Outlook good. ... arthritis – bowel related

Arthritis – Of Leprosy

A chronic infection of the joints associated with the disease. Treatment of the primary condition is necessary. Two historic remedies are Sarsaparilla (Smilax) and Gotu Kola (Hydrocotyle asiatica). See: HANSEN’S DISEASE.

Treatment by general medical practitioner or infectious diseases specialist. ... arthritis – of leprosy

Arthritis – From Attack Of Mumps

While treatment would be directed towards the primary condition, Poke root should be included in any prescription.

Formula. Echinacea 1; Goldenseal half; Poke root quarter. Mix. Dose: Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons. Thrice daily, in water.

Poke root tablets/capsules. As recommended. ... arthritis – from attack of mumps

Liver – Hepatitis A

The most common cause of inflammation of the liver from a virus known as Hepatitis A. May be caught by eating shellfish contaminated by sewage or polluted water. Distinct from alcohol and drugs. The virus is ingested in the mouth, grown in the intestines and passes out of the body on defecation.

Treatment. Same as for acute infectious hepatitis. ... liver – hepatitis a

Liver – Hepatitis C

Paul Bergner describes 4 cases of patients with chronic hepatitis C successfully treated. All were given Milk Thistle, and prescribed an alternative tea: equal parts, Burdock, Dandelion, Barberry, Liquorice, Cinnamon and Fennel. Chologogue action is important in chronic liver disease. Not used in acute inflammation. All patients felt better within 2 weeks, and had liver function tests at 3-monthly intervals, showing a gradual decline in elevated values until normal or almost so. All patients became symptom-free. (Medical Herbalism, Vol 6, No 4) ... liver – hepatitis c

Liver – Amoebic Hepatitis

Patients with amoebic dysentery may develop liver complications, usually by blood borne infection via the portal system. Small lesions coalesce to form abscesses capable of destroying liver cells.

Treatment: as for LIVER ABSCESS. ... liver – amoebic hepatitis

Osteo-arthritis

See: ARTHRITIS, OSTEO. ... osteo-arthritis

Hepatitis A

Also known as epidemic hepatitis, this disorder is caused by the hepatitis A virus, which is transmitted to people in contaminated food or drink.

The incubation period lasts for 15–40 days, after which nausea, fever and jaundice develop.

Recovery usually occurs within 3 weeks.

Serious complications are rare.

Active immunization provides the best protection against hepatitis A, and an attack can confer immunity.... hepatitis a

Tea For Rheumatoid Arthritis

There are over 50 million people suffering from arthritis in the world. Many of them drink tea on a regular basis not knowing that there are some teas which could ease their problems while the rest of them are still reluctant to herbal remedies. Rheumatoid Arthritis consists of localized joint pains and abnormal members growth. Even if there are many empirical remedies described by the folklore, traditional medicine would recommend an expensive and painful surgery, while alternative medicine fans still think that there’s no reason to put your liver to hard work. How a Tea for Rheumatoid Arthritis Works A Tea for Rheumatoid Arthritis’ main purpose is to trigger a positive reaction from your body while making it produce enough active agents to reduce inflammations and restore your initial health. In order to work properly, you need to make sure you pick a tea with enough nutrients, volatile oils, tannins, acids and minerals (sodium, iron, magnesium and manganese). Efficient Tea for Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis is a very common disease, unfortunately. There are many people around the globe who would rather self medicate than ask for a medical consult. However, before starting any kind of herbal treatment, it’s best to be well informed of all the risks. Better than that, schedule an appointment with your doctor in order to find out which disease you’re suffering from. If you don’t know which teas could have a positive effect on your condition, here’s a list for guidance: - Green Tea – contains all the ingredients necessary to sustain life, so it’s useful for a wide range of health problems, from infertility to upset stomach, nausea, anemia and asthenia. However, you must avoid it at all costs if you’re experiencing menopausal or menstrual symptoms (it may cause internal bleedings and uterine contractions). - Chamomile Tea – is probably the most popular Tea for Rheumatoid Arthritis thanks to its active compounds which have the ability to lower your cholesterol and improve your coronary system action. This panacea has a pleasant taste and a lovely smell and it’s one hundred percent safe, so you can take as much as you want. - Peppermint Tea – has anti inflammatory and antiseptic properties thanks to an active ingredient called menthol. This decoction is also good for a number of other disorders, such as digestive tract ailments, menstrual and menopausal pains, sore throats and kidney problems. Peppermint Tea has a lovely smell and a pleasant taste and it’s also very safe. Plus, if you’ve decided you want to give up coffee, this Tea for Rheumatoid Arthritis could be a great replacer. Tea for Rheumatoid Arthritis Side Effects When taken properly, these teas are one hundred percent safe. However, exceeding the number of cups recommended per day may lead to nausea, vomiting, uterine contractions and skin rash. If you’ve been taking one of these teas for a while and you’re experiencing some unusual reactions, talk to a doctor as soon as possible. Don’t take a Tea for Rheumatoid Arthritis if you’re pregnant, breastfeeding, on blood thinners or anticoagulants. If you have your doctor’s approval and there’s nothing that could interfere with your treatment, choose a tea that fits best your problems and enjoy its wonderful effects!... tea for rheumatoid arthritis

Arthritis, Juvenile, Chronic

A group of rheumatoid conditions of unknown causation with onset before 16 years. Girls more than boys. Still’s disease being the form presenting with enlargement of spleen and lymph nodes, high temperature with macular rash comes and goes. Children usually ‘grow out of it’ although stiffness may continue. Deformities possible. Tardy bone growth of the mandibles giving the face a birdlike look. May progress to rheumatoid arthritis (girls) or ankylosing spondylitis (boys). So strong is psychosomatic evidence that sociologists believe it to be a sequel to broken families, divorce or bereavement. Few patients appear to come from a balanced environment or happy home.

Treatment. BHP (1983) recommends: Meadowsweet, Balm of Gilead, Poke root, Bogbean, Hart’s Tongue fern, Mountain Grape.

Teas: Singly or in combination (equal parts): Chamomile, Bogbean, Nettles, Yarrow. 1-2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-10 minutes. 1 cup thrice daily before meals.

Tablets/capsules. Blue Flag root, Dandelion root, Poke root, Prickly Ash bark.

Formula. White Poplar bark 2; Black Cohosh half; Poke root quarter; Valerian quarter; Liquorice quarter. Mix. Dose: Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon) (children 5-12 years: 250mg – one 00 capsule or one-sixth teaspoon). Liquid extracts: 1 teaspoon: (children 5-12: 3-10 drops). Tinctures: 2 teaspoons: (children 5-12: 5-20 drops).

Evening Primrose oil. Immune enhancer.

Topical. Hot poultice: Slippery Elm, Mullein or Lobelia.

Diet: Lacto vegetarian. Kelp. Comfrey tea. Molasses. Low fat.

General. Adequate rest, good nursing, gentle manipulation but no massage to inflamed joints. Natural lifestyle. Parental emotional support.

Oily fish. See entry. ... arthritis, juvenile, chronic

Hepatitis C

Caused by the hepatitis C virus and formerly known as non-A non-B hepatitis, this infection is often transmitted through sharing needles. Blood transfusions no longer pose a significant risk because of blood screening.

Hepatitis C has an incubation period of 6–12 months and begins as a mild illness which may go undetected. In about 3 in 4 patients, chronic hepatitis develops (see hepatitis, chronic), which can progress to cirrhosis of the liver and an increased risk of hepatoma.... hepatitis c

Hepatitis D

An infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis D virus, which occurs only in people who already have hepatitis B infection. People who develop hepatitis D will usually suffer from severe chronic liver disease.... hepatitis d

Hepatitis E

A type of hepatitis, caused by the hepatitis E virus, transmitted in contaminated food or drink. The disease is similar to hepatitis A.... hepatitis e

Hepatitis, Viral

Any type of hepatitis caused by a viral infection.

Five viruses that attack the liver as their primary target have been identified.

They cause hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, and hepatitis E.... hepatitis, viral

Juvenile Arthritis

See juvenile chronic arthritis.... juvenile arthritis

Arthritis, Gonococcal

A form of arthritis arising from infection by gonorrhoea may simulate rheumatoid arthritis, affecting the joint fluid. A history of genito-urinary discharge may confirm. Alternative formulae. Powders. Echinacea 2; Kava Kava 2; Prickly Ash 1; Cayenne quarter. Mix. Dose: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon) thrice daily.

Tinctures. Balm of Gilead 1; Kava Kava 1; Black Cohosh half; Juniper quarter. Mix. Dose: 30-60 drops, thrice daily.

Topical. Tea Tree oil (if too strong may be diluted many times. Analgesic cream.

Treatment by or in liaison with a general medical practitioner or infectious disease specialist. ... arthritis, gonococcal

Arthritis, Infective

Pyogenic. Bacterial infection may invade the body via mouth, nose or other mucous membranes. By the bloodstream it can be borne to almost any body tissues; joints of the shoulders, knees and hips. Immediate attention is necessary to avoid tissue destruction. Two virulent types are tuberculosis and gonorrhoea.

Infective arthritis may be associated with German Measles against which conventional antibiotics may be of little value. Infective organisms include: streptococcus, E. coli, staphylococcus, or others. May follow surgical operation, steroid therapy, rheumatoid arthritis or diabetes.

Symptoms. Joint hot, feverish, enlarged and painful.

Differential diagnosis: distinguish from gout and synovitis. Herbal treatment must needs be persevered with for 3 to 6 months, even longer. Good nursing is necessary. Natural life-style. Bedrest.

Treatment. For all microbial infections include Echinacea. (Hyde)

Teas. Nettles. Red Clover. Yarrow. 2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. 1 cup 3-4 times daily.

Tablets/capsules. Devil’s Claw, Alfalfa, Echinacea, Horsetail.

Alternative formulae:– Powders. Echinacea 2; Burdock 1; Devil’s Claw 1; Guaiacum quarter. Mix. Dose: 750mg (three 00 capsules or half a teaspoon). Thrice daily.

Liquid Extracts. Echinacea 2; Juniper half; Black Cohosh half; Guaiacum quarter. Mix. Dose: 30-60 drops. Thrice daily.

Tinctures. Dandelion 2; Echinacea 2; Poke root half; Peppermint quarter. mix. Dose: 1-2 teaspoons. Thrice daily.

Above powders, liquid extracts and tinctures – effects are enhanced when each dose is taken in half-1 cup Fennel tea; otherwise, to be taken in water.

Topical. Analgesic cream. Comfrey poultice, Comfrey ointment. Tea Tree oil, Castor oil packs.

Diet. High Vitamin C foods. Dandelion coffee. ... arthritis, infective

Arthritis, Lupus

A form of arthritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosis in young girls. An auto-immune disease which may involve the heart, kidney, CNS or other systems.

Symptoms: Joint pains with feverishness, loss of weight, anaemia and red raised patches of skin on nose and face (butterfly rash). Swelling of the joints resembles rheumatoid arthritis. Chest and kidney disease possible. Personality changes with depression followed by mania and possible convulsions.

Treatment. Standard orthodox treatments: aspirin, steroids. Alternatives: Echinacea (rash), Valerian (mental confusion), Lobelia (chest pains), Parsley Piert (kidney function).

Tablets/capsules. Echinacea. Poke root. Dandelion. Valerian. Wild Yam. Prickly Ash bark.

Powders. Echinacea 2; Dandelion 1; Wild Yam half; Poke root quarter; Devil’s Claw half; Fennel half. Mix. Dose: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon) thrice daily. In water or cup of Fenugreek tea. Tinctures. Dandelion 4; Valerian 1; Prickly Ash half; Poke root half; Peppermint quarter. Mix. Dose: 1 teaspoon thrice daily, in water or cup Fenugreek tea.

Tincture. Queen’s Delight BHP (1983) 1:5 in 45 per cent alcohol. Dose 1-4ml (15-60 drops).

Topical. Plantain Salvo. Castor oil. Oil Cajeput or Sassafras. Comfrey or Chickweed cream.

Diet. Young girls may require diet for anaemia.

Supplementation. Daily. Vitamins A, B6, B12, C, D. Dolomite (1500mg). Calcium Pantothenate (500mg). Iron: Men (10mg), women (18mg). ... arthritis, lupus

Arthritis – Menopausal

Joint stiffness of the menopause due to diminished output of progesterone and oestrogen. Not really a separate disease but one form in which rheumatoid arthritis may present.

Alternatives. Agnus Castus, Alfalfa, Black Cohosh, Blue Cohosh, Cramp bark, Hawthorn, Hops, Liquorice, Sage, Sarsaparilla, Wild Yam, Yarrow.

Tea. Formula. Equal parts: Alfalfa, Hops, Sage. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-10 minutes; 1 cup freely.

Chinese medicine: Sage tea.

Formula. Agnus castus 2; Black Cohosh 1; Valerian half; Juniper quarter. Mix. Dose: Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid Extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons, in water, or cup of Nettle tea.

Nettle tea. Favourable results reported.

Evening Primrose oil.

Diet. Oily fish. Low fat, Low salt. High fibre.

Supplements. Vitamins A, B6, B-complex, C, E. Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc. ... arthritis – menopausal

Enteropathic Arthritis

an inflammatory arthritis associated with gastrointestinal disease, such as *inflammatory bowel disease.... enteropathic arthritis

Neuropathic Arthritis

(Charcot’s joint) a condition leading to progressive destruction and deformity of weight-bearing joints, resulting from damage to the sensory nerves that supply them. Causes include diabetes mellitus (see diabetic neuropathy), *tabes dorsalis, *syringomyelia, leprosy, congenital insensitivity to pain, and other neurological problems. Patients develop an unstable painless swollen joint; treatment is focused on limitation of activity and bracing.... neuropathic arthritis

Psoriatic Arthritis

arthritis associated with *psoriasis. It occurs in 5% of patients with psoriasis and may be painful and disabling. It often affects small joints, such as the terminal joints of the fingers and toes, the spine (*spondylitis), and sacroiliac joints (*sacroiliitis), or large joints, such as the knee.... psoriatic arthritis

Pyogenic Arthritis

see septic arthritis.... pyogenic arthritis

Sero-negative Arthritis

an arthritis in which rheumatoid factor or anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) are not present in the serum. See also spondyloarthropathy.... sero-negative arthritis

Arthritis – Osteo

Osteo-arthritis. Erosion of cartilage of a joint with pain and stiffness. “Wear and tear” arthritis of the over 50s, affecting hands, knees, spine or hips. Biochemical changes in the cartilage stimulate overgrowth of bone cells (hyperplasia) which is an effort by the body to correct the disturbance.

Common in the elderly and menopausal women. Calcium salts may be laid down in a joint believed to be due to errors of diet. Small crystals of calcium hydroxyapatite have been observed to form in cartilage and synovial fluid. (Research group: St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London)

The aged sometimes suffer from diminished supply of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, and which is necessary for normal calcium metabolism. An effective substitute is 2 teaspoons cider vinegar in a glass of water sipped before or during meals.

Alte rnative s. Black Cohosh and Meadowsweet (natural sources of salicylic acid), Asafoetida (inflammation of connective tissue), Hawthorn (efficient circulation of the blood), Poke root, Bladderwrack, Guaiacum, Devil’s Claw, Bogbean, White Poplar bark, Yucca leaves.

Tea. Celery seeds. 1 teaspoon to each cup boiling water. Infuse 15 minutes. Half-1 cup, 2-3 times daily, before meals. Comfrey tea.

Alternative formulae:– Powders. White Willow 2; Devil’s Claw 1; Black Cohosh half; Guaiacum quarter. Mix. Dose: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Thrice daily in water or Nettle tea. Liquid extracts. White Willow 2; Devil’s Claw 1; Bogbean 1; Fennel 1; Tincture Capsicum quarter. Mix. 1 teaspoon thrice daily in water or Nettle tea.

Tinctures. Bogbean 2; Meadowsweet 2; Black Cohosh 1; Guaiacum quarter; Peppermint quarter. Mix. Dose: 2 teaspoons thrice daily.

Tablets/capsules: Devil’s Claw, Wild Yam, Ligvites.

Cod liver oil. Chief of the iodised oils. Can reach and nourish cartilage by the process of osmosis. Its constituents filter into cartilage, imparting increased elasticity which prevents degeneration. Known to soften-up fibrous tissue. 2 teaspoons once daily. Also helps correct uric acid metabolism.

Topical. Physiotherapy. Osteopathy. Jojoba oil packs. Capsicum Cream. Hot and cold compresses twice daily – followed by a cold compress at night, leaving on when in bed. Hot Epsom salt bath twice weekly. Diet. Oily fish: see entry. Low fat. Low salt. High fibre. Avoid lemons and other citrus fruits. Lemon juice may remove some calculi from the body but later begins to remove calcium from the bones. Supplementation. Pantothenic acid 10mg; Vitamin A 7500iu; Vitamin B6 25mg; Vitamin E 400iu; Zinc 25mg.

General. Warm dry climate often relieves. Surgery may be necessary. Herbs Pleurisy root, Comfrey root and Bryonia, sustain the constitution and promote tissue healing after joint replacements with ceramic substitute after the famous Charnley operation. The condition is disabling but it is possible to manage successfully, maintaining normal activities with minimum difficulty. ... arthritis – osteo

Arthritis – Psoriatic

A form of joint erosion possible in patients with psoriasis; fingers and toes being most susceptible. Nails may be pitted with deep ridging. Bony structures are at risk where in close contact with septic psoriasis.

Alternatives:– Teas. Gotu Kola, Red clover flowers, Chickweed. Singly or in combination. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water: infuse 5-10 minutes. 1 cup thrice daily.

Decoction. Fine cut: Burdock 2; Horsetail 1; Echinacea 1; Thuja quarter. Mix. 1oz to 1 pint water gently simmered 15 minutes. Wineglassful (or half a cup) thrice daily, before meals.

Tablets/capsules. Echinacea, Poke root, Prickly Ash bark.

Powders. Formula. Sarsaparilla 1; Echinacea 1; Boneset half; Thuja quarter. Dose: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon) thrice daily.

Liquid extracts. Formula. Equal parts: Echinacea, Devil’s Claw, Gotu Kola. Dose: 30-60 drops thrice daily before meals.

Tinctures. Formula. Burdock 2; Echinacea 1; Boneset 1; Sarsaparilla 1; Thuja quarter. Fennel quarter. Mix. Dose: 1-2 teaspoons thrice daily.

Cod Liver oil.

Topical. Comfrey poultice, Chickweed cream, Oils of Mullein, Jojoba or Evening Primrose.

Diet. Oily fish (or fish oils). Low salt, low fat.

Supplements. Vitamins A, B-complex, C, D, E, Magnesium, Sulphur, Zinc. ... arthritis – psoriatic

Arthritis – Tuberculous

A chronic bone and joint condition due to bovine from of tuberculosis believed to be caused by drinking TB milk and cream. Mostly in children, beginning in fluids surrounding a joint before invading bone tissue. Instead of normal flesh colour a joint has a white appearance. Condition maybe secondary to disease of the lungs or glands. Pain worse at night.

Elecampane (Inula) has a direct effect on TB bacilli, controlling night sweats and localising the disease. Agents yielding salicylates (mild analgesics) Meadowsweet, White Willow, etc are of value. Echinacea increases phagocytic power of the leucocytes and may normalise percentage count of neutraphiles. To meet individual needs, it will be necessary to vary treatment many times during the course of the disease.

Alternatives. Echinacea, Elecampane, Balm of Gilead buds (Hyde), Gotu Kola, Comfrey root, Iceland Moss. Rupturewort promotes elasticity of lung tissue.

Decoction. Equal parts: Iceland Moss, Comfrey root, Elecampane root, Liquorice. Mix. 1oz to 1 pint water gently simmered 20 minutes in a covered vessel. Dose: Half a cup thrice daily.

Alternative formulae:– Powders. White Willow 2; Comfrey 1; Echinacea 1; Ginger quarter. Mix. Dose: 750mg (three 00 capsules or half a teaspoon) thrice daily.

Tinctures. White Willow 2; Echinacea 1; Blue Cohosh half; White Poplar half; Tincture Capsicum quarter. Mix. 1 teaspoon thrice daily before meals.

Tincture Krameria (Rhatany root), Dose: 30-60 drops in water thrice daily.

Fenugreek seed tea.

Comfrey. Potential benefit of Comfrey root outweighs risk.

Topical. Compresses: Mullein leaves, Lobelia, Comfrey root or Fenugreek. Evening Primrose oil. No massage to affected joints.

Diet. Low carbohydrate. Oily fish.

Supplements. Vitamins A, B6, B12, D, Niacin, Calcium, Iron, Phosphorus.

General. Tuberculosis is a notifiable disease for which specific medical treatment is available. Failure to comply may expose a practitioner to a charge of negligence. ... arthritis – tuberculous

Serum Hepatitis

see hepatitis.... serum hepatitis

Arthritis – Rheumatoid

A systemic inflammatory disease of several joints together where erosive changes occur symmetrically, and which may arise from inflammation and thickening of the synovial membrane. Cartilage becomes eroded and fibrous or even bony fusion leads to permanent fixation of a joint, or joints. Polyarthritis. An auto-immune disease.

Symptoms. Morning stiffness and pain wearing off later. Easy fatigue and decline in health. Nodules on surface of bones (elbows, wrists, fingers). Joint fluids (synovia) appear to be the object of attack for which abundant Vitamin C is preventative. Anaemia and muscle wasting call attention to inadequate nutrition, possibly from faulty food habits for which liver and intestine herbs are indicated.

Treatment. Varies in accord with individual needs. May have to be changed many times before progress is made. Whatever treatment is prescribed, agents should have a beneficial effect upon the stomach and intestines to ensure proper absorption of active ingredients. (Meadowsweet)

It is a widely held opinion that the first cause of this condition is a bacterial pathogen. An anti- inflammatory herb should be included in each combination of agents at the onset of the disease. See: ANTI-INFLAMMATORY HERBS. Guaiacum (Lignum vitae) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa) have a powerful anti-inflammatory action and have no adverse effects upon bone marrow cells or suppress the body’s immune system. Breast feeding cuts RA death rate.

Of therapeutic value according to the case. Agrimony, Angelica root, Balmony, Black Cohosh (particularly in presence of low back pain and sciatica), Bogbean, Boldo, Burdock, Celery, Cramp bark, Devil’s Claw, Echinacea (to cleanse and stimulate lymphatic system), Ginseng (Korean), Ginseng (Siberian), Liquorice, Meadowsweet, Poke root, Prickly Ash bark, White Poplar bark, White Willow bark, Wild Yam.

Tea. Formula. Equal parts. Alfalfa, Bogbean, Nettles. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-10 minutes, 1 cup thrice daily.

Decoction. Prickly Ash bark 1; Cramp bark 1; White Willow bark 2. Mix. 1oz to 1 pint water gently simmered 20 minutes. Dose: Half-1 cup thrice daily.

Tablets/capsules. Black Cohosh, Celery, Cramp bark, Devil’s Claw, Feverfew, Poke root, Prickly Ash, Wild Yam, Ligvites.

Alternative formulae:– Powders. White Willow bark 2; Devil’s Claw 1; Black Cohosh half; Ginger quarter. Mix. Dose: 750mg (three 00 capsules or half a teaspoon) thrice daily.

Liquid extracts. White Willow bark 2; Wild Yam half; Liquorice half; Guaiacum quarter. Mix. Dose: 1-2 teaspoons thrice daily.

Tinctures. Cramp bark 1; Bogbean 1; Prickly Ash half; Meadowsweet 1; Fennel half. Mix. Dose: 1-3 teaspoons thrice daily.

Ligvites. (Gerard House)

Cod Liver oil. Contains organic iodine, an important factor in softening-up fibrous tissue, to assist metabolism of uric-acid, help formation of haemoglobin, dilate blood vessels; all related to arthritics. The oil, taken internally, can reach and nourish cartilage by the process of osmosis; its constituents filter into cartilage and impart increased elasticity.

Topical. Evening Primrose oil, Wintergreen lotion, Comfrey poultice. Hydrotherapy: hot fomentations of Hops, Chamomile or Ragwort. Cold water packs: crushed ice or packet of frozen peas in a damp towel applied daily for 10 minutes for stiffness and pain. See: MASSAGE OIL.

Aromatherapy. Massage oils, any one: Cajeput, Juniper, Pine or Rosemary. 6 drops to 2 teaspoons Almond oil.

Supportives: under-water massage, brush baths, sweat packs, Rosemary baths, exposure of joints to sunlight.

Diet. Low salt, low fat, oily fish, Mate tea, Dandelion coffee. On exacerbation of the disease cut out all dairy products.

Supplements. Daily. Evening Primrose capsules: four 500mg; Vitamin C (1-3g); Bromelain 250mg between meals; Zinc 25mg.

General. Residence in a warm climate. Yoga. Disability and deformity may be avoided by a conscientious approach to the subject. ... arthritis – rheumatoid

Jaundice, Infective

Caused by toxins produced by infections: influenza, malaria, etc.

Indicated: anti-bacterials, anti-microbials that activate the body’s immune system to inhibit growth of bacteria and germs. The following have special reference to the liver.

Alternatives. Teas. From any of the following: Holy Thistle, Thyme.

Tablets/capsules. Echinacea. Goldenseal. Blue Flag.

Formula. Echinacea 2; Milk Thistle 1; Blue Flag root 1. Dose – Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid Extracts: one 5ml teaspoon. Tinctures: two 5ml teaspoons. Every 3 hours. Tincture Myrrh BPC (1973) 20-30 drops in water every 3 hours.

See: NOTIFIABLE DISEASES. ... jaundice, infective

Liver – Acute Infectious Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver from virus infection. As the commonest form of liver disorder, it is often without jaundice or marked liver symptoms apart from general malaise and abdominal discomfort, ‘Gippy tummy’, ‘chill on the liver’. For feverishness, add a diaphoretic.

Treatment. Bitter herbs keep the bile fluid and flowing.

Alternatives. Teas. Agrimony, Lemon Balm, Boldo, Bogbean, Centuary, Dandelion, Hyssop, Motherwort, Wormwood, Yarrow.

Maria Treben. Equal parts: Bedstraw, Agrimony, Woodruff. 2 teaspoons to cup boiling water.

Cold tea: 2 teaspoons Barberry bark to each cup cold water. Infuse overnight. Half-1 cup freely. Tablets/capsules: Blue Flag. Dandelion. Wild Yam. Liquorice.

Formula. Equal parts: Turkey Rhubarb, Dandelion, Meadowsweet. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 1-2 teaspoons. Tinctures: 2-3 teaspoons. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). 3-4 times daily. Alfred Vogel. Dandelion, Devil’s Claw, Artichoke.

Antonius Musa, physician to Emperor Augustus Caesar records: “Wood Betony preserves the liver and bodies of men from infectious diseases”.

Preventative: Garlic. (Old Chinese)

Milk Thistle: good responses observed.

General. Bedrest until motions are normal. Enema with any one of above herb teas.

Diet. Fat-free. Fasting period from 1-3 days on fruit juices and herb teas only. Artichokes. Dandelion coffee. Lecithin.

See: COCKROACH, The.

Treatment by or in liaison with a general medical practitioner. ... liver – acute infectious hepatitis

Liver – Hepatitis, Chronic

Term referring to hepatitis where the condition is the result of acute attacks of more than six months duration.

Causes: alcohol excess, drugs (Paracetamol prescribed for those who cannot tolerate aspirin), autoimmune disease, toxaemia, environmental poisons. Clinically latent forms are common from carbon monoxide poisoning. May lead to cirrhosis.

Symptoms. Jaundice, nausea and vomiting, inertia.

Treatment. Bile must be kept moving.

Alternatives:– Decoction. Formula. Milk Thistle 2; Yellow Dock 1; Boldo 1. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup water gently simmered 20 minutes. Half-1 cup thrice daily.

Formula. Barberry bark 1; German Chamomile 2. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 2 teaspoons. Tinctures: 2-3 teaspoons. Powders: 750mg (three capsules or half a teaspoon) thrice daily.

Tablets/capsules. Blue Flag root. Goldenseal.

Astragalus. Popular liver tonic in Chinese medicine. A liver protective in chemotherapy.

Diet. Fat-free. Dandelion coffee. Artichokes. Lecithin.

Supplements. B-vitamins, B12, Zinc.

Treatment by or in liaison with a general medical practitioner. ... liver – hepatitis, chronic

Liver – Hepatitis B

Regarded as more serious than Hepatitis A. A main symptom is a flu-like illness followed by jaundice. Transmitted sexually, blood transfusion or by infected blood as from contaminated needles used by drug abusers. It is the first human virus to be identified with cancer in man. High mortality rate.

Symptoms: nausea and vomiting, fever, dark urine, loss of appetite, skin irritation, yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of eyes, weakness and fatigue.

Treatment. Internal. Silymarin (active principle of Milk Thistle) has been used with good responses. (R.L. Devault & W. Rosenbrook, (1973), Antibiotic Journal, 26;532)

Wormwood tea. 1-2 teaspoons herb to each cup boiling water in a covered vessel. Infuse 10-15 minutes: 1 cup thrice daily.

Formula. Equal parts: Balmony, Valerian, Wild Yam. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 1-2 teaspoons. Tinctures: 1- 3 teaspoons. Powders: 750mg (three 00 capsules or half a teaspoon) thrice daily.

Astragalus. Popular liver protective used in Chinese medicine.

Phyllanthus amarus. Clinical trials on 78 carriers of the virus revealed that this plant effectively eliminated the virus from the body in 59 per cent of cases. Treatment consisted of 200mg dried powdered herb (whole plant minus the roots) in capsules, thrice daily for 30 days). (Thyagarajan, S.P., et al “Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on Chronic Carriers of Hepatitis B Virus.” The Lancet, Oct. 1988 2:764-766) External. Castor oil packs for two months.

Treatment by or in liaison with a general medical practitioner. ... liver – hepatitis b

Hepatitis, Acute

Short-term inflammation of the liver, which usually recovers in 1–2 months. In some cases, acute hepatitis may progress to chronic hepatitis (see hepatitis, chronic), but it rarely leads to acute liver failure.

Acute hepatitis is fairly common.

The most frequent cause is infection with one of the hepatitis viruses (see hepatitis, viral), but it can arise as a result of other infections such as cytomegalovirus infection or Legionnaires’ disease.

It may also occur as a result of overdose of halothane or paracetamol or exposure to toxic chemicals including alcohol (see liver disease, alcoholic).

Symptoms range from few and mild to severe with pain, fever, and jaundice.

Blood tests, including liver function tests, may be used for diagnosis.

In most cases of acute viral hepatitis, natural recovery occurs within a few weeks.

If the disorder is caused by exposure to a chemical or drug, detoxification using an antidote may be possible.

Intensive care may be required if the liver is badly damaged.

Rarely, a liver transplant is the only way of saving life.

In all cases, alcohol should be avoided.... hepatitis, acute

Hepatitis B

Formerly known as serum hepatitis, this disorder is due to the hepatitis B virus, which is transmitted in infected blood, blood products, or other body fluids, often through contact with needles, blood transfusions, or sexual contact. After an incubation period of 1–6 months, the onset of symptoms, such as headache, fever, and jaundice, is sudden. Most patients recover, but hepatitis B can be fatal. A vaccine is available.

In about 5 percent of cases, the virus continues to cause inflammation and can still be detected in the blood 6 months after infection. People who suffer from persistent infection are at long-term risk of liver cancer and cirrhosis and may be treated with interferon.... hepatitis b

Hepatitis, Chronic

Inflammation of the liver persisting for a prolonged period. Eventually, scar tissue forms and liver cirrhosis may develop.Chronic hepatitis may develop following an attack of acute hepatitis (see hepatitis, acute). It may also occur as the result of an autoimmune disorder, a viral infection (see hepatitis, viral), a reaction to certain types of drugs or, more rarely, to a metabolic disorder, such as haemochromatosis or Wilson’s disease.

Chronic hepatitis may cause slight tiredness or no symptoms at all.

It is diagnosed by liver biopsy.

Autoimmune hepatitis is treated with corticosteroid drugs and immunosuppressants.

Viral infections often respond to interferon.

In the drug-induced type, withdrawal of the medication can lead to recovery.

For metabolic disturbances, treatment depends on the underlying disorder.... hepatitis, chronic

Juvenile Chronic Arthritis

A rare form of arthritis affecting children. Juvenile chronic arthritis occurs more often in girls, and usually develops between 2 and 4 years of age or around puberty. There are 3 main types. Still’s disease (systemic onset juvenile arthritis) starts with fever, rash, enlarged lymph nodes, abdominal pain, and weight loss. These symptoms last for a period of several weeks. Joint pain, swelling, and stiffness may develop after several months. Polyarticular juvenile arthritis causes pain, swelling, and stiffness in many joints. Pauciarticular juvenile arthritis affects 4 joints or fewer.

Possible complications include short stature, anaemia, pleurisy, pericarditis, and enlargement of the liver and spleen. Uveitis may develop, which, if untreated, may damage vision. Rarely, amyloidosis may occur or kidney failure may develop. Diagnosis is based on the symptoms, together with the results of X-rays and blood tests, and is only made if the condition lasts for longer than 3 months.

Treatment may include antirheumatic drugs, corticosteroid drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or aspirin. Splints may be worn to rest inflamed joints and to reduce the risk of deformities. Physiotherapy reduces the risk of muscle wasting and deformities.

The arthritis usually clears up after several years. However, in some children, the condition remains active into adult life.

– kala-azar A form of leishmaniasis that is spread by insects. Kala-azar occurs in parts of Africa, India, the Mediterranean, and South America.... juvenile chronic arthritis

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

(JIA, Still’s disease) any one of a group of conditions characterized by inflammation of the joints lasting longer than 6 weeks and occurring before the age of 16. The causes are unknown but immunological and infective mechanisms are suspected. JIA can affect either four or fewer joints (pauciarticular JIA) or more than four (polyarticular JIA). There are two recognized types of pauciarticular JIA: type 1, which generally affects girls below the age of four; and type 2 (juvenile-onset spondylarthropathy), which generally affects boys over the age of nine. There are also two types of polyarticular JIA, depending on the presence or absence of a particular antibody in the blood. There is a great range of severity of these diseases. Treatment consists of pain management and prevention of subsequent deformity or limitation of movement (e.g. contractures). Long-term joint damage is prevented by use of medications similar to those used in rheumatoid arthritis.... juvenile idiopathic arthritis

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Arthritis – of infective hepatitis Health Dictionary

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