Chol: From 1 Different Sources
(chole-, cholo-) combining form denoting bile. Example: cholemesis (vomiting of).
A fatty substance produced predominantly by the liver, and necessary for building cell membranes, insulating the CNS, covering fats for blood transport, forming bile acids, oiling the skin and making steroid hormones. Blood cholesterols are not derived from food (digestion breaks them down) but are intentionally synthesized by the liver, in response to seeming need. Elevated cholesterols are the result of certain types of stress or metabolic imbalances, and the liver makes more than the tissues need. Although not a direct cause, high consumption of fats and proteins will convince the liver to kick into a fat/protein or anabolic stance...THEN it may oversecrete cholesterols, perhaps thinking you are putting food away for the winter.... cholesterol
Inflammation of the gall bladder and ducts, sometimes from the presence of passing stones, sometimes following fasting or anorexia, sometimes because of a spreading intestinal tract infection....sometimes just because you eat three avocado sandwiches before going to bed.... cholecystitis
A severe infectious epidemic disease due to Vibrio cholerae... cholera
Inflammation of of only bile ducts. This word and the next three describe conditions that may be, subjectively, all the same.... cholangitis
A drug which causes increased flow of bile into the intestine... cholagogue
A cancer in the bile ducts of the liver associated with opisthorchiasis. See Opisthorchiasis.... cholangiocarcinoma
The process whereby the bile ducts (see BILE DUCT) and the gall-bladder (see LIVER) are rendered radio-opaque and therefore visible on an X-ray ?lm.... cholangiography
Removal of the gall-bladder (see LIVER) by operation.... cholecystectomy
The process whereby the gall-bladder (see LIVER) is rendered radio-opaque and therefore visisble on an X-ray ?lm.... cholecystography
The hormone (see HORMONES) released from the lining membrane of the DUODENUM when food is taken, and which initiates emptying of the gall-bladder (see LIVER).... cholecystokinin
Having gall stones.... cholelithiasis
The term applied to a drug that stimulates the ?ow of BILE.... choleretic
A reduction or stoppage in the ?ow of BILE into the intestine caused either by a blockage such as a stone in the BILE DUCT or by liver disease disturbing the production of bile. The ?rst type is called extrahepatic biliary obstruction and the second, intrahepatic cholestasis. The patient develops jaundice and itching and passes dark urine and pale faeces. Cholestasis may occasionally occur during pregnancy.... cholestasis
A drug of value in the treatment of the PRURITUS, or itching, which occurs in association with JAUNDICE. It does this by ‘binding’ the bile salts in the gut and so preventing their being reabsorbed into the bloodstream, where their excess in jaundice is responsible for the itching. It reduces the level of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood and thereby, like clo?brate and STATINS, helping to reduce the incidence of coronary artery heart disease. (See HEART, DISEASES OF; HYPERLIPIDAEMIA.)... cholestyramine
Pertaining to functions primarily controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system. See PARASYMPATHETIC... cholinergic
Substances which increase the ?ow of BILE by stimulating evacuation of the gall-bladder (see LIVER). The great majority of these act only by increasing the activity of the digestive organs, and so producing a ?ow of bile already stored up in the gall-bladder. Substances which stimulate the liver to secrete more bile are known as CHOLERETIC.... cholagogues
The removal of gall-stones from the gallbladder or bile ducts (see GALL-BLADDER, DISEASES OF), when CHOLECYSTECTOMY or LITHOTRIPSY are inappropriate or not possible. It involves a cholecystomy, an operation to open the gall-bladder.... cholelithotomy
One of the many constituents of the vitamin B complex. Lack of it in the experimental animal produces a fatty liver. It is found in egg-yolk, liver, and meat. The probable daily human requirement is 500 mg, an amount amply covered by the ordinary diet. Choline can be synthesised by the body (see APPENDIX 5: VITAMINS).... choline
An ENZYME that helps to break down the neurotransmitter compound ACETYLCHOLINE.... cholinesterase
An alternative name for colecalciferol, also known as vitamin D3 (see vitamin D).... cholecalciferol
Cramps or tenesmus of the gall bladder or bile ducts.... cholecystalgia
This is a procedure in which a catheter (see CATHETERS) is passed via an ENDOSCOPE into the AMPULLA OF VATER of the common BILE DUCT. The duct is then injected with a radio-opaque material to show up the ducts radiologically. The technique is used to diagnose pancreatic disease as well as obstructive jaundice.... endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ercp)
A technique for displaying the bile ducts (see BILE DUCT) and pancreatic ducts (see PANCREAS) with radio-opaque dyes. These are introduced via a catheter (see CATHETERS) inserted into the ducts through an incision in the skin. An X-ray is then taken of the area.... percutaneous transhepatic cholangiopancreatography (ptc)
Remedies that inhibit release of acetylcholine as a neuro-transmitter. Given for anti-depressant therapy. May have side-effects of dry mouth, drowsiness, blurred vision. Administered by a qualified practitioner. Two chief remedies: Belladonna (atropa) and Henbane (hyoscyamus). They reduce acid secretion but are sometimes given with Comfrey and other tissue builders to promote healing. Anti-cholinergics decrease secretion of gastric juices by their control of the vagus nerve. ... anti-cholingergics
To lower cholesterol. Avoid all animal fats and dairy products, bacon, ham, lobster, shell fish, milk (use skimmed), rich sauces, gravies, the use of cream, eggs, offal, ice cream, cheese (cottage cheese accepted), cream puffs, fried foods, crab, salami, pork, beef steak, veal, baked custard, mayonnaise made with eggs, milk chocolate, fried fish and chips. Alcohol, refined sugars. Accept: white fish, lean meat, chicken, skimmed milk, Tofu products, nuts except cashew and coconut, bread, breakfast cereals, cottage cheese, plenty of fruits and fruit juices, raw green vegetables and salad materials. For cooking – polyunsaturated oils such as sunflower, corn or Soya. No more than 3 eggs per week. 2-3 fatty fish meals each week to prevent clumping of platelets. Artichokes. Dandelion coffee. ... diet - cholesterol
A prefix that means relating to the bile or the biliary system.... chole-
A rare condition in which many of the bile ducts are narrowed, causing progressive liver damage for which the only treatment may be a liver transplant. (See also cholangitis.)... sclerosing cholangitis
n. a benign tumour originating from the bile duct.... cholangioma
n. see cholangiography.... cholangiopancreatography
n. a flexible optical endoscope using digital video technology to visualize and sample the interior of the bile ducts.... cholangioscope
combining form denoting the gall bladder. Example: cholecystotomy (incision of).... cholecyst
n. a surgical procedure in which the gall bladder is joined to the small intestine. It is performed in order to allow bile to pass freely from the liver to the intestine, bypassing an obstructed common bile duct.... cholecystenterostomy
n. a form of *cholecystenterostomy in which the gall bladder is surgically anastomosed to the duodenum.... cholecystoduodenostomy
the presence of gallstones specifically in the gall bladder (as opposed to the common bile duct: see choledocholithiasis).... cholecystolithiasis
(cholecystotomy) n. an intervention in which a catheter is placed in an infected gall bladder to drain the pus. This is the preferred technique for patients who are unfit to undergo emergency removal of the gall bladder (*cholecystectomy).... cholecystostomy
(choledocho-) combining form denoting the common bile duct. Example: choledochoplasty (plastic surgery of).... choledoch
n. gallstones within the common bile duct. Gallstones usually form in the gall bladder and pass through the cystic duct into the common bile duct. However, they may develop within the common bile duct itself, despite *cholecystectomy.... choledocholithiasis
n. a highly specialized endoscopic instrument used to visualize the common bile duct. This can aid removal of stones from the common bile duct during a laparoscopic *cholecystectomy.... choledochoscope
n. a surgical operation in which the common bile duct is opened in order to search for or to remove stones within it. It may be performed at the same time as *cholecystectomy or if gallstones form in the bile duct after cholecystectomy.... choledochotomy
n. the production of bile by the liver.... choleresis
n. an uncommon form of chronic inflammation of the gall bladder in which small crystals of cholesterol are deposited on the internal wall, like the pips of a strawberry: hence its descriptive term strawberry gall bladder. The crystals may enlarge to become *gallstones.... cholesterosis
(cholalic acid) see bile acids.... cholic acid
see urticaria.... cholinergic urticaria
n. the presence of bile in the urine, which lends it a dark brown colour. Choluria is caused by liver disease, usually in cases of obstructive jaundice, and reflects an excess of bilirubin in the blood.... choluria
see ERCP.... endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
a pregnancy-related condition characterized by intense *pruritus (itch) – and consequent sleep deprivation – in the absence of a skin rash, with abnormal liver function tests and elevated bile acids, all of which remit following delivery. The clinical importance of obstetric cholestasis lies in the potential fetal risks, which may include prematurity and intrauterine death.... obstetric cholestasis
imaging of the bile duct and pancreatic duct. A catheter is carefully manipulated into the ducts via direct puncture through the abdomen under radiological guidance. Contrast material is flushed through the catheter to delineate the ducts (see also cholangiography). This procedure is often performed in cases of obstructive jaundice prior to insertion of a biliary drain or stent when *ERCP is not possible.... percutaneous transhepatic cholangiopancreatography
agent which stimulates the contraction of the gall bladder.... cholecystokinetic
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