For hip-joint disease, see under JOINTS, DISEASES OF.... hip-joint
Habitat: Throughout India and in the outer Himalayas up to 1,350 m.
English: Indian Jujube, Common Jujube.Ayurvedic: Badar, Kola.Unani: Ber.Siddha: Handai.Action: Fruits—wild var.: astringent, anodyne, cooling, stomachic, styptic. Ripe and dry cultivated var.: mild laxative, expectorant. Seeds—antidiarrhoeal. Kernels— antispasmodic, sedative, antiemetic. Leaves—astringent and diaphoretic. Stem bark—astringent, used in diarrhoea. Root bark—juice purgative, externally applied to rheumatic inflammations and gout. Leaves and twigs—paste applied to abscesses, boils and carbuncles and in strangury.
Leaves gave protopine and berberine; exhibited anticholinergic activity. Fruits gave cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, Sisyphus saponins I, II and III; jujubo- side B and p-coumaroylates of alphi- tolic acid. Seeds gave saponins—juju- bosides A and B; the saponin yields the sapogenin—jujubogenin.A variety grown in Haryana (Naazu- ka) contains sugars 10.5% and ascorbic acid 205 mg/100 g.Dosage: Dried fruit pulp, devoid of seed—3-6 g; stem bark—3- 5 g powder, 10-20 g for decoction. (API, Vol. III.)... ziziphus jujubaIt is especially useful in the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease, coeliac disease, lymphoma, and other causes of malabsorption.
The biopsy is taken using an endoscope passed down the throat into the small intestine, via the stomach.... jejunal biopsy
Habitat: Punjab, Central and Peninsular India.
English: Javanese Wool Plant.Siddha/Tamil: Perumpoolai.Folk: Dholphuli, Khul. Paashaanab- heda (southern India).Action: Anti-inflammatory, diuretic, anticalculus, insecticidal. Wooly seeds are used against rheumatism.
The plant extract contains ascorbic acid, kaempferol, beta-amyrin and beta-sitosterol. The leaves also contain sitosterol and its glucoside.... aerva javanicaNutritional Profile Energy value (calories per serving): Low Protein: Moderate Fat: Low Saturated fat: Low Cholesterol: None Carbohydrates: High Fiber: High Sodium: Moderate Major vitamin contribution: Folate, vitamin C Major mineral contribution: Potassium
About the Nutrients in This Food Jerusalem artichokes are the edible roots of a plant related to the American sunflower. They store carbohydrates as inulin, a complex carbohydrate (starch) made of units of fruit sugar (fructose). Right after the Jerusalem artichoke is dug up, it tastes bland and starchy. After it has been stored for a while, the starches turn to sugars, so the artichoke tastes sweet. Jerusalem artichokes are high in fiber with the B vitamin folate, vitamin C, and iron. One-half cup raw sliced Jerusalem artichoke has one gram dietary fiber, 10 mcg folate (2.5 percent of the adult R DA), 3 mcg vitamin C (4 percent of the R DA for a woman, 3 percent of the R DA for a man), and 2.5 mg iron (14 percent of the R DA for a woman, 32 percent of the R DA for a man).
The Most Nutritious Way to Serve This Food Sliced and served raw in salads or cooked as a vegetable side dish.
Diets That May Restrict or Exclude This Food Low-sodium diet
Buying This Food Look for: Firm clean roots with no soft or bruised patches.
Storing This Food Refrigerate Jerusalem artichokes in plastic bags, covered containers or the vegetable crisper to protect their moisture and keep them fresh.
Preparing This Food When you slice a Jerusalem artichoke, you tear cell walls, releasing polyphenoloxidase, an enzyme that converts phenols to brown compounds that darken the flesh. You can slow the reaction (but not stop it completely) by painting the cut surface with a solution of lemon juice or vinegar and water.
What Happens When You Cook This Food In cooking, the starch granules in the Jerusalem artichoke absorb water, swell, and eventu- ally rupture, softening the root and releasing the nutrients inside.
Adverse Effects Associated with This Food Some people are unable to properly digest inulin, the carbohydrate in the Jerusalem arti- choke. For them, eating this tuber raw may cause painful gas. Cooking breaks down inulin and improves digestibility.... artichoke, jerusalem
Habitat: Cultivated in Punjab, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat.
English: Chinese Mustard, Brown Mustard.Ayurvedic: Raajikaa, Aasuri Raai, Tikshnagandhaa.Siddha/Tamil: Kadugu.Folk: RaaiAction: Raai is a substitute for Mustard. Antidysenteric, stomachic, diaphoretic, anthelmintic. Increases pancreatic secretions. A decoction of seeds is given in indigestion, cough. Used externally as a counter-irritant in several complaints of nervous systems.... brassica juncea
Habitat: Assam, Khasi Hills and Sikkim.
Ayurvedic: Vetra (related species of Calamus tenuis Roxb.)Action: Used as a vegetable for oedema, also in intrinsic haemorrhage.... daemonorops jenkinsianus
Habitat: Rajasthan and Northwestern parts of India.
Folk: Farid-booti.Action: Antirheumatic.... farsetia jacquemontii
Habitat: Peninsular India.
Folk: Kanvel (Maharashtra). Bella- gada (Telugu, Andhra Pradesh). (Soma is a disputed synonym)Action: The plant extract exhibits tranquilizing, hypotensive, hepa- toprotective, antiulcer, antipyretic, topically anaesthetic activities in experimental animals.
A pyridine alkaloid, cerpegin, together with a triterpene, lupeol has been isolated from the plant from Tiruneveli, Tamil Nadu.... ceropegia junceaHabitat: Warm and damp areas up to about 2,000 m, both wild and cultivated as an annual grass.
English: Job's Tears.Ayurvedic: Gavedhukaa.Siddha/Tamil: Kaatu Kunthumani.Folk: Garaheduaa, Gargari.Action: Fruits—a decoction is used for catarrhal affections of the air passage and inflammation of the urinary tract. Seed— diuretic. Root—used in menstrual disorders. Leaves—used as a drink for inducing fertility in women.
The seeds contain trans-ferulyl stig- mastanol and trans-ferulyl campes- tanol, which form part of an ovulation- inducing drug. Seed extract—immu- no-enhancer, used for the prevention of cancer and infections. Seeds exhibit anti-tumour and anticomplimenta- ry activities. Seeds contain coixeno- lides, a mixed ester of palmitoleic and vaccenic acids, which is an anticancer agent.The bigger var. of the grass is equated with Coix gigantea Koenig ex Roxb., also known as Gavedhukaa and Gar- gari.... coix lacryma-jobiAbnormal prion proteins accumulate in the brain and the spinal cord, damaging neurones (see NEURON(E)) and producing small cavities. Diagnosis can be made by tonsil (see TONSILS) biopsy, although work is under way to develop a diagnostic blood test. Abnormal prion proteins are unusually resistant to inactivation by chemicals, heat, X-RAYS or ULTRAVIOLET RAYS (UVR). They are resistant to cellular degradation and can convert normal prion proteins into abnormal forms. Human prion diseases, along with scrapie in sheep and BSE in cattle, belong to a group of disorders known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Abnormal prion proteins can transfer from one animal species to another, and variant CJD has occurred as a result of consumption of meat from cattle infected with BSE.
From 1995 to 1999, a scienti?c study of tonsils and appendixes removed at operation suggested that the prevalence of prion carriage may be as high as 120 per million. It is not known what percentage of these might go on to develop disease.
One precaution is that, since 2003, all surgical instruments used in brain biopsies have had to be quarantined and disposable instruments are now used in tonsillectomy.
Measures have also been introduced to reduce the risk of transmission of CJD from transfusion of blood products.
In the past, CJD has also been acquired from intramuscular injections of human cadaveric pituitary-derived growth hormone and corneal transplantation.
The most common form of CJD remains the sporadic variety, although the eventual incidence of variant CJD may not be known for many years.... creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd)
Jakkina, Jaakkinah, Jaakina, Jakina, Jakyna, Jakeena, Jadeana... jaakkina
Habitat: Throughout the plains of India, especially in South India.
English: Sun Hemp.Ayurvedic: Shana, Shanapushpi, Malyapushpa.Unani: Sunn.Siddha/Tamil: Sanal, Manji, Sannappu.Folk: Jhanjhaniaa.Action: Leaf—demulcent, purgative, emetic, emmenagogue, abortifa- cient, ant-implantation. Given in diarrhoea, dysentery and bleeding disorders. Seeds—used in psoriasis and impetigo.
Seeds—hepatotoxic. Seed oil gave fatty acids—linoleic, linolenic and oleic.Pyrrolizidine alkaloids—junceine, tricodesmine, riddelline, seneciphyl- line and senecionine were also obtained.Dosage: Seed—1-3 g powder. (API Vol. III.)... crotalaria junceaHabitat: Himalayas from Kashmir to Assam, ascending up to more than 300 m and in the north-western plains.
Ayurvedic: Bhuutikaa, Laamajja- ka, Laamajja. (Subs. Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash.)Unani: Izkhar.Action: Blood purifier, bechic, anticholerin, emmenagogue, febrifuge, antirheumatic (also used in gout). Flower—styptic. Essential oil—antimicrobial.
Major constituent of the essential oil is piperitone (64.7%) others include borneol, cadinene, camphene, camphor, farnesene, geraniol, alpha-and beta-pinene. The antibacterial activity is attributed to piperitone.... cymbopogon jwarancusaHabitat: Native to China; now cultivated mainly in Saharanpur, Dehradun, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Kanpur, Bareilly districts of Uttar Pradesh, Amritsar, Gurdaspur and Hoshiarpur districts of Punjab.
English: Loquat, Japanese Medlar.Ayurvedic: Lottaaka (non-classical).Unani: Lokaat.Siddha: Ilakotta, Nokkotta (Tamil).Action: Leaves—used in China and India for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and skin diseases. Fruit— sedative, antiemetic. Flower— expectorant.
The plant contains lipopolysaccha- rides (LPS), which exhibit antirheu- matic activity. LPS is also found useful for treating diabetes mellitus and lowering high cholesterol level. The ethanolic extract of the leaves showed anti-inflammatory activity on carra- geenan-induced oedema in rats and significant hypoglycaemic effect in normal rabbits like the standard drug tolbutamide. The sesquiterpene gly- coside and polyhydroxylated triterpe- noids showed a marked inhibition of glycosuria in genetically diabetic mice; also reduced blood glucose level in nor- moglycaemic rats. The hypoglycaemic effect is mediated through the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells.The leaves gave ionone-derived gly- cosides and triterpenes. Maslinic and ursolic acids have also been isolated. Maslinic acid possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity. It also exhibits inhibitory effect on histamine- induced contraction in isolated ileum of guinea pig.Hot aqueous extract of the leaves showed hepatoprotective activity experimentally.The leaves yield an essential oil containing nerolidol (61-74%).The presence of an antifungal compound, eriobofuran, is also reported.The methanolic extract of the plant exhibits antioxidant and radical scavenging activity.... eriobotrya japonicaHabitat: Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh from 2,000 to 4,000 m.
Ayurvedic: Hingupatri.Action: Abortifacient, antiimplantation. Being investigated as a potential contraceptive. A related species, F. silphion, was used in ancient Rome as a contraceptive.
The oil extracted from the leaves possesses mycotoxic property against dermatophytes, Trichophyton sp.The ethanolic extract of the aerial parts produced dilation and congestion and hypertrophy in liver in rats.The roots contain sesquiterpenoids. A coumarin, ferujol, isolated from the rhizome, showed abortifacient and anti-implantation activity at a single dose of 0.6 mg/kg in rats by oral administration in a suspension of gum acacia. The essential oil shows antimy- cotic activity.Action: Resin—less strong than asafoetida; used in the same way as asafoetida and galbanum. Used in Middle East for rheumatic affections and backache.... ferula jaeschkeana
Jacarannda, Jacarranda, Jacarandah, Jacarandia, Jacarandea, Jakaranda, Jackaranda... jacaranda
Habitat: Bengal, Assam, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Eastern Ghats.
English: Puneala Plum.Ayurvedic: Praachinaamalaka, Paaniyaamalaka. (Taalispatri (Hindi), Taalispatra (Gujarati), Taalisam (Malyalaam), Taalispatramu (Tel- ugu) are confusing synonyms of Paaniyaamalaka.)Unani: Taalisfar, Nabaq Hindi, Zarnab. In National Formulary of Unani Medicine, Zarnab, synonym Telispattar, is equated with F. catapracta, also with Cinnamonum tamala Nees. (Zarnab is also equated with Salix aegyptiaca Sprengel and Taalisfar with Rhododendron anthapogon D. Don or R. lipidotum by Unani scholars.)Siddha/Tamil: Saralu, Vayangarai.Folk: Paniyaalaa (Bihar).Action: Leaves—astringent, antidiarrhoeal, stomachic. Used in chronic bronchitis. Fruit—used in affections of the liver. Bark and fruit—antibilious. Infusion of bark is used as a gargle. Fruits contain (dry basis) protein 3.9%; vitamin C 218, Ca 175, K 158, P 147, Fe 118, Mg 57 mg/100 g. The fruit stem bark and bark yielded a coumarin, ostruthin, and limonoids, jangomolide and limonin.
(Taalisha, Taalisam, Taalisapatri, Taalisapatra—all the synonyms are now equated with Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Spach., synonym A. webbiana Lindl., Pinus webbiana Wall.)... flacourtia jangomasHabitat: Native to China and Japan; cultivated in Indian gardens.
English: Cape Jasmine.Ayurvedic: Gandharaaja.Siddha/Tamil: Karinga.Action: Plant—cathartic, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, antiperiodic. Root—antidysenteric. Also used in dyspepsia and nervous disorders. Fruits—used in gastric hyperacidity, constipation, cholestasis, internally and externally for inflammation and as a tranquilizer.
The plant contains iridoid glycosides—geniposide 56.03, genipin 1.72, gardenoside 2.16 and geniposidic acid 1.79 mg/g The stem and root contain oleanolic acid, D-mannitol and stig- masterol. The leaves contain an anti- fungal compound, cerbinal.Geniposide is an important active principle of the fruit. The fruit also contain the carotenoids, crocin and crocetin. Aqueous and methonalic extracts of the fruit exhibited antioxidant activity due to the presence of geniposide and crocin; crocin was more potent than geniposide.The extract as well as geniposide caused a remarkable decrease in GOT, GPT and ALP activities. They also produced a significant decrease in the level of total cholesterol in the serum of CCl4-induced and D-galactosamine- intoxicated rats. The crude extract as well as geniposide exhibited protective effect against induced hyperbiliru- binemia by effectively lowering serum bilirubin.... gardenia jasminoidesHabitat: The Himalayas, Khasi Hills and Western Ghats.
Ayurvedic: Manduukaparni (related species).Folk: Brahma-manduuki (Sikkim).Action: Used as a substitute for Centella asiatica, as a blood purifier (in cutaneous diseases); for indigestion, dysentery and nervousness.
The plant is used for treating leuco- derma.Hydrocotyle rotundifolia Roxb. (throughout India, up to 2,350 m) is also equated with Manduukaparni.... hydrocotyle javanicaHabitat: Gardens of Kerala and West Bengal.
Action: Leaves, flowers—cytotoxic, antitumour.
The ethanolic, extract of leaves showed cytotoxic activity against Dal- ton's lymphoma, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and Sarcoma 180 tumour cells in vitro. The flowers have been found to contain antitumour principles, active against experimentally induced tumour models.Jacaranda acutifolia auct. non-Humb. & Bonpl.Synonym: J. mimosifolia D. Don J. ovalifolia R. Br.Family: Bignoniaceae.Habitat: Cultivated in Indian gardens.
Folk: Nili-gulmohar.Action: Leaves' volatile oil—applied to buboes. Leaves and bark of the plant—used for syphilis and blennorrhagia. An infusion of the bark is employed as a lotion for ulcers.
The leaves contain jacaranone, ver- bascoside and phenylacetic-beta-glu- coside along with a glucose ester, jaca- ranose. Flavonoid scutellarein and its 7-glucuronide, and hydroquinones were also isolated. Fruits contain beta- sitosterol, ursolic acid and hentriacon- tane; stem bark gave lupenone and beta-sitosterol.The flowers contain an anthocyanin. In Pakistan, the flowers are sold as a substitute for the Unani herb Gul-e- Gaozabaan.The lyophylized aqueous extract of the stem showed a high and broad antimicrobial activity against human urinary tract bacteria, especially Pseudomonas sp.The fatty acid, jacarandic acid, isolated from the seed oil, was found to be a strong inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis in sheep.J. rhombifolia G. F. W. May., syn. J. filicifolia D. Don is grown in Indian gardens. Extracts of the plant show insecticidal properties.Several species of Jacaranda are used for syphilis in Brazil and other parts of South America under the names carobin, carabinha etc. A crystalline substance, carobin, besides resins, acids and caroba balsam, has been isolated from them.... ixora javanicaJachane, Jachana, Jachanne, Jachann, Jachanna... jachan
Jacobetta, Jacobette, Jacobine, Jacobyna, Jakobina, Jakoba, Jakobetta, Jakobette, Jakobine, Jakobyna, Jacobyne, Jackoba, Jackobine, Jackobina, Jackobyne, Jackobyna, Jakobe, Jakobie... jacoba
Jadwyge, Jadwig, Jadwyg, Jadwiga, Jadwyga, Jadriga, Jadryga, Jadreega... jadwige
Jahane, Jahania, Jahanea, Jahanna, Jahanne... jahana
Jaera, Jayra, Jairia, Jairea... jaira
Jalilah, Jalyla, Jalylah, Jaleela, Jaleelah, Jalil, Jaleala, Jalealah... jalila
Jamaeca, Jamaika, Jemaica, Jamika, Jamieka, Jameika, Jamyka, Jemayka, Jamaeka, Jemaeka... jamaica
Jameela, Jamela, Jamelia, Jamilah, Jamila, Jamilia, Jamilla, Jamille, Jamelia, Jemila, Jemilla, Jemeela, Jemyla, Jameala, Jemeala... jameelah
Jaima, Jaime, Jaimee, Jaimelynn, Jaimey, Jaimi, Jaimie, Jaimy, Jama, Jamee, Jamei, Jamese, Jamey, Jami, Jamia, Jamielee, Jamilyn, Jammie, Jayme, Jaymee, Jaymie, Jaymi, Jamesina, Jameson, Jamison, Jamese, Jaimica, Jame, Jamea, Jaimea... jamie
Janai, Janais, Janay, Janaya, Janaye, Janea, Jannae, Jeanae, Jeanay, Jeanay, Jenae, Jenai, Jenay, Jenee, Jennae, Jennay, Jinae, Jinnea... janae
Jaina, Jaine, Jainee, Janey, Jana, Janae, Janaye, Jandy, Janeczka, Janeen, Janel, Janela, Janelba, Janella, Janelle, Janean, Janeane, Janee, Janene, Janerita, Janessa, Jayney, Jania, Janica, Janie, Janina, Janine, Janique, Janka, Janna, Jannel, Jannelle, Janney, Janny, Jany, Jayna, Jayne, Jaynell, Jayni, Jaynie, Jenda, Jenella, Jenelle, Jenica, Jeniece, Jeni, Jenie, Jensina, Jensine, Jess, Jinna, Jonella, Jonelle, Joni, Jonie, Jeena, Jiana, Jianna, Janecska, Jenina, Jenine, Jensen, Jaen, Jaena... jane
Janeta, Janeth, Janett, Janetta, Janette, Janit, Jannet, Janneth, Janetta, Jannette, Janot, Jenetta, Jenette, Jennet, Jennette, Jinnet, Jinnett... janet
Janice, Janeece, Janess, Janessa, Janesse, Janessia, Janicia, Janiece, Janique, Janise, Janiss, Jannice, Jannis, Janyce, Jency, Jenice, Jeniece, Jenise, Jennice, Janisa, Janys, Jannys... janis
Jardina, Jardenah, Jardinah, Jardeena, Jardyna, Jardeina, Jardiena, Jardeana, Jardeenah, Jardynah, Jardeinah, Jardienah, Jardeanah... jardena
Jarine, Jarinah, Jarineh, Jaryne, Jaryna, Jaryn, Jareena, Jareene... jarina
Jarnsax, Jarnsaxe, Jarnsaxia, Jarnsaxea... jarnsaxa
Jashiere, Jasheria, Jasherea, Jashera, Jashiera... jasher
Habitat: South India.
English: Wild Jasmine.Ayurvedic: Bana-mallikaa, Vana- malli, Kaanan-mallikaa, Aasphotaa.Siddha/Tamil: Kaatumalli.Action: Root—used in ringworm. Leaves—juice is given as an emetic in cases of poisoning. Fresh flowers gave indole.... jasminum angustifolium
Habitat: Assam, Mizoram, Meghalaya and Western Ghats.
Ayurvedic: Maalati (var.).Siddha/Tamil: Ramabanam mullai.Folk: Chameli (var.).Action: See Jasminum officinale.... jasminum flexile
Habitat: Nepal, North Bengal, Assam hills, Khasi hills and Manipur.
Ayurvedic: Svarna-yuuthikaa (var.). Folk: Juuhi (yellow var.).Action: See Jasminum humile.... jasminum heterophyllum
Habitat: Deccan, West Coast, Western Ghats and in the Nilgiris.
Ayurvedic: Mudgara.Folk: Mogaraa (var.), Ran-mogaraa.Action: See Jasminum sambac.... jasminum malabaricum
Habitat: Sub-Himalayan tract, Bengal, Central and South India.
English: Tree Jasmine.Ayurvedic: Nava-mallikaa.Siddha/Tamil: Nagamalli.Folk: Chameli (var.), Maalati (var.).Action: Leaves—astringent and stomachic. Juice of the leaves, with pepper, garlic and other stimulants, is used as an emetic in obstruction of the bronchial tubes due to viscid phlegm.... jasminum arborescens
Habitat: Cultivated throughout India, especially in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. In Uttar Pradesh, cultivated on commercial scale in Ghazipur, Jaunpur, Farrukhabad and Kannauj for its fragrant flowers which yield an essential oil.
Ayurvedic: Yuuthikaa, Yuuthi, Mugdhee.Siddha/Tamil: Usimalligai.Folk: Juuhi.Action: See Jasminum humile.
The leaves gave lupeol, its epimer, hentriacontane and n-tricantanol, a triterpenoid, jasminol; d-mannitol; volatile constituent, jasmone. The pin type pointed flower buds (long styled) on solvent extraction yielded higher concrete content rich in indole and methyl anthranilate, whereas thrum type (short styled) buds yield higher absolute with benzyl acetate as the prominent constituent.... jasminum auriculatumHabitat: Sub-tropical Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal and in the Nilgiris, Palni Hills, Western Ghats and Kerala.
English: Yellow Jasmine, Nepal Jasmine, Italian Jasmine.Ayurvedic: Svarna-yuuthikaa, Svarnajaati, Hemapushpikaa, Vaasanti.Siddha/Tamil: Semmalligai.Folk: Juuhi (yellow var.).Action: Flower—astringent, cardiac tonic. Root—used in ringworm. The milky juice, exuded from incisions in the bark, is used for treating chronic fistulas. The plant is also used for treating hard lumps.
The leaves gave alpha-amyrin, be- tulin, friedelin, lupeol, betulinic, olea- nolic and ursolic acids; beta-sitosterol, 10-cinnamoyloxyoleoside-7-methyl- ester (jasminoside) and a secoiridoid glycoside.... jasminum humileHabitat: Western Peninsula, from Konkan southwards to Kerala.
Ayurvedic: Vana-mallikaa.Siddha/Tamil: Erumaimullai, Kattumalligei, Uyyakondan.Action: Leaf—used in eczema.... jasminum rottlerianum
Jauni, Jaunee, Jauny, Jauney, Jaunea... jaunie
Habitat: Sub-Himalayan tract and in moist forests of Western Ghats.
English: Downy Jasmine.Ayurvedic: Kunda, Kasturi Mogaraa.Siddha/Tamil: Magarandam, Malli.Folk: Kasturi Mogaraa.Action: Diuretic, emetic. Boiled bark—applied on burns.
Ethanolic extract of fresh leaves and flowers contain the secoiridoid lactones, jasmolactone A, B, C and D; and secoiridoid glycosides. Jas- molactone B and D and the secoiri- doid glycosides (multifloroside and 10-hydroxyoleuropein) exhibited va- sodilatory and cardiotropic activities.... jasminum multiflorumHabitat: North-Western Himalayas and Persia; cultivated in Kumaon, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh; in gardens throughout India.
English: Spanish Jasmine.Ayurvedic: Jaati, Jaatikaa, Jaatimalli, Pravaaljaati, Saumanasyaayani, Sumanaa, Chetikaa, Hriddgandhaa, Maalati, Chameli.Unani: Yaasmin.Siddha/Tamil: Manmadabanam, Mullai, Padar-malligai, Pichi, MalliFolk: Chameli.Action: Flowers—calming and sedative, CNS depressant, astringent and mild anaesthetic. A syrup prepared from the flowers is used for coughs, hoarsenesses and other disorders of the chest. Plant—diuretic, anthelmintic, emmenagogue; used for healing chronic ulcers and skin diseases. Oil—externally relaxing.
Indian oil sample gave benzyl acetate 26.3, benzyl benzoate 19.2, phytol 10.6, jasmone 8.5, methyl jasmonate 6.3, linalool 5.4, geranyl linalool 3.5, eugenol 2.9, isophytyl acetate 2.7, and isophytol 2.4%.The leaves gave ascorbic acid, an- thranilic acid and its glucoside, indole oxygenase, alkaloid jasminine and salicylic acid.The flowers contain pyridine and nicotinate derivatives; tested positive for indole.The flowers and leaf juice is used for treating tumours.Dosage: Dried leaves—10-20 g powder for decoction (API, Vol. III.); Juice—10-20 ml. (CCRAS.).... jasminum officinaleHabitat: Cultivated throughout India, especially in Uttar Pradesh, on a large scale in Jaunpur, Kannauj, Ghazipur and Farrukhabad for its fragrant flowers.
English: Arabian Jasmine, Tuscan Jasmine, Double Jasmine.Ayurvedic: Mallikaa, Madayanti, Madyantikaa, Nava-Mallikaa, Shita-bhiru, Vaarshiki.Unani: Mograa.Siddha: Malligai.Folk: Belaa, Motiaabelaa; Mogaraa (Maharashtra).Action: Root—emmenagogue, blood purifier. Flowers—lactifuge. Alcoholic extract—hypotensive. Leaves—antibacterial; used against indolent and breast tumours.
The leaves contain the secoiridoid glycosides, jasminin, quercitrin, iso- quercitrin, rutin, quercitrin-3-dirham- noglycoside, kaempferol-3-rhamno- glycoside, mannitol, alpha-amyrin, beta-sitosterol and an iridoid glyco- side, sambacin. The absolute contains several pyridine and nicotinate derivatives.Dosage: Decoction—50-100 ml. (CCRAS.)... jasminum sambacHabitat: Indigenous to south-east tropical Africa. Imported into India.
English: Calumba, Colombo.Ayurvedic: Kalambaka. (Coscinium fenestratum Colebr., known as False calumba, is used as a substitute for J. palmata.)Siddha/Tamil: Kolumbu.Action: Root—bitter tonic without astringency, carminative, gastric tonic, antiflatulent, hyptotensive, orexigenic, uterine stimulant, sedative. Used in anorexia, poor digestion, hypochlorhydria, amoebic dysentery and menstrual disorders. Antifungal.
Key application: As appetite stimulant. (The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)The root gave isoquinoline alkaloids 2-3%; palmatine, jaterorrhizine and its dimer bis-jateorrhizine, columbamine; bitters (including chasmanthin and palmanin). Volatile oil contains thymol.The alkaloid jateorrhizine is sedative, hypotensive. Palmatine is a uterine stimulant.As calumba contains very little volatile oil and no tannins, it is free from as- tringency which is common with other bitter herbs.The root alkaloids exhibit narcotic properties and side effects similar to morphine. It is no longer used (in Western herbal) as a digestive aid, and is rarely used as an antidiarrhoeal agent. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)... jateorhiza palmataHabitat: Native to tropical America. Now cultivated along with Cromandel Coast and in Travancore.
English: Physic Nut, Purging Nut.Ayurvedic: Vyaaghrairanda (var.), Sthula-eranda, Kaanan-eranda.Siddha/Tamil: Kattu Amanaku.Folk: Bagharenda (var.).Action: Seed—highly toxic. Nut— purgative. Plant—used for scabies, ringworm, eczema, whitlow, warts, syphilis. Stem bark—applied to wounds of animal bites; root bark to sores.
The protein of the seed contains the toxic albumin curcin (protein 18.0%, curcin 0.005%).Seed and seed oil—more drastic purgative than castor seed oil and milder than Croton tiglium oil.An aqueous (10%) infusion of leaves increased cardiac contraction is small doses. EtOH (50%) extract of aerial parts—diuretic and CNS depressant.The seed contain phorbol derivatives. The plant also contains cur- cosones and lathyrane diterpenes.... jatropha curcasHabitat: South India and Bengal.
Ayurvedic: Vyaaghrairanda.Siddha/Tamil: Adalai, Eliya- manakku.Folk: Bagharenda, Jangali-erandi.Action: Root and oil from seed— purgative. Oil—antirheumatic, antiparalytic. Used externally on ringworm and chronic ulcers. Root—used for glandular swellings.
Latex—applied to warts and tumours.The plant contain alkannins (iso- hexenylnaphthazarins). The presence of alkannins in this plant (a member of Euphorbiaceae) should be considered as an exception.The root gave jatropholone A, frax- etin and a coumarinolignan.Dosage: Seed—50-100 mg powder. (CCRAS.)... jatropha glanduliferaHabitat: Native to Brazil; cultivated as an ornamental.
English: Tua-Tua.Ayurvedic: Rakta-Vyaaghrairanda.Siddha/Tamil: Stalai.Folk: Laal Bagharenda.Action: Leaf and seed—purgative. Leaf—antidermatosis. Bark— emmenagogue. Seed—emetic. Seed fatty oil—used in paralytic affections, also in skin diseases.
The leaves contain triterpenes, a tri- hydroxy ketone and corresponding diosphenol. The root contains the diterpenes, jatropholone A and jat- rophatrione. A tumour-inhibitor ma- crocyclic diterpene, jatrophone, has been isolated from roots.The seeds contain phorbol derivatives, jatropholones A and B, hydroxy- jatrophone and hydroxyisojatrophone.Hot water extract of the plant exhibits antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum.... jatropha gossypifoliaHabitat: Native to South America. Naturalized in various parts of India.
English: Coral plant, Physic Nut.Ayurvedic: Brihat-Danti (bigger var. of Danti, also equated with Baliospermum montanum).Folk: Danti (var.).Action: Seeds—purgative, emetic. Fruits—poisonous. Leaves—used for scabies. Latex—applied to wounds and ulcers.
The latex from the plant showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococ- cus aureus. It contains immunologi- cally active acylphloroglucinols, mul- tifidol, phloroglucinol and multifidol beta-D-glucopyranoside. The latex also contains an immunologically active, cyclic decapeptide, labaditin.J. panduraefolia Andr. (native to America), widely grown in Indian gardens, is known as Fiddle-leaved Jat- ropha. The latex from the plant shows fungitoxic activity against ringworm fungus, Microsporum gypseum.... jatropha multifidaJayantie, Jayantee, Jayanty, Jayantey, Jayantea... jayanti
Jeanae, Jeanay, Jeane, Jeanee, Jeanelle, Jeanetta, Jeanette, Jeanice, Jeanie, Jeanna, Jehane, Jeanne, Jeana, Jeanine, Jeannine, Jeanea... jean
Jecolia, Jecolea, Jecoleah, Jecholia, Jekolia, Jecoliya, Jekoliya, Jekolea... jecoliah
Jalaina, Jalaine, Jalayna, Jalena, Jelina, Jelka, Jelaena... jelena
Jemmah, Jema, Jemah, Jemmalyn, Jemalyn, Jemmalynn, Jemalynn... jemma
Jenevieve, Jennavieve, Jeneva, Jenneva... jenavieve
Jendyosa, Jendyosia, Jendyosea, Jendyosi, Jendyosie... jendyose
Jenefer, Jeni, Jenifer, Jeniffer, Jenn, Jennee, Jenni, Jennica, Jennie, Jenniver, Jenny, Jen, Jenalee, Jenalynn, Jenarae, Jeneen, Jenene, Jenetta, Jeni, Jenica, Jenice, Jeniece, Jenika, Jenise, Jenita, Jenna, Jennessa, Jenni, Jennie, Jennika, Jennilee, Jennilyn, Jennis, Jennita, Jennyann, Jennylee, Jinni, Jinny, Jenai, Jenae, Jenay, Jenalyn, Jenaya, Jenara, Jenibelle, Jennelle... jennifer
Jerika, Jerrica, Jerrika, Jericka, Jericha, Jerricka, Jerricha... jerica
Jersy, Jersee, Jersi, Jersie, Jerzey, Jerzy, Jerzee, Jerzi, Jerzie, Jersea, Jerzea... jersey
Jess, Jessa, Jessaca, Jessaka, Jessalin, Jessalyn, Jesse, Jesseca, Jessey, Jessie, Jessika, Jesirae, Jeslyn, Jessika, Jessicka, Jeziree, Jessalynn, Jessamae, Jessana, Jessandra, Jesselyn, Jezeree, Jessi, Jessilyn, Jessina, Jesslyn, Jesslynn, Jessy, Jessye, Jesimae... jessica
Jethrah, Jethria, Jethrea, Jethriya, Jeth, Jethe... jethra
Jette, Jett, Jeta, Jete, Jettie, Jetty, Jetti, Jettey, Jettee, Jettea... jetta
Jessabell, Jetzabel, Jezabel, Jezabella, Jezebelle, Jezibel, Jezibelle, Jezybell, Jezabella... jezebel
Jillet, Jil, Jilli, Jillie, Jilly, Jillyan, Jyl, Jyll, Jyllina, Jylina... jill
Jimi, Jimmie, Jimie, Jimmy, Jimmey, Jimmee, Jimmea, Jimy, Jimey, Jimee, Jimea... jimmi
Joane, Joanie, Joannue, Jone, Jonee, Joni, Jonie, Jo, Joann, Jo-Ann, Joanne, Jo-Anne, Joeanne, Joeann, Joeanna, Joeanne, Johanna, Joanna, Johannah... joan
Johna, Johnelle, Johnetta, Johnette, Johnna, Johnnie, Johnda, Johyna, Jonalyn, Jonalynn, Jonay, Jonell, Jonetta, Jonette, Jonita, Jonna, Jonni, Jonnah, Jonnie, Jonnelle... johnna
All movable joints involve four structures: the bones whose junction forms the joint; a layer of cartilage covering the ends of these, making them smooth; a ?brous sheath, the capsule, thickened at various points into bands or ligaments, which hold the bones together; and, ?nally, the synovial membrane, which lines the capsule and produces a synovial ?uid, lubricating the movements of the joint. In addition, the bones are kept in position at the joints by the various muscles passing over them and by atmospheric pressure. Where the ends of the bones do not quite correspond, a subsidiary disc of ?bro-cartilage may help to adapt the ends of the bones more perfectly to each other. Larger cavities may be ?lled by movable pads of fat under the synovial membrane, giving additional protection to the joint.
Varieties After this main division of joints into those which are ?xed and those movable, the movable joints may be further subdivided. In gliding joints, such as the wrist and ankle, the bones have ?at surfaces capable of only a limited amount of movement. In hinge joints, such as the elbow and knee, movement takes place around one axis. Ball-and-socket joints, exempli?ed by the shoulder and hip, allow free movement in any direction. Subsidiary varieties are named according to the shape of the bones which enter the joint.... joints
Jardena, Johrdan, Jordain, Jordaine, Jordana, Jordane, Jordanka, Jordann, Jordanna, Jordanne, Jorden, Jordena, Jordenn, Jordie, Jordin, Jordyn, Jordynn, Jorey, Jori, Jorie, Jorrdan, Jorry, Jourdan, Jourdain... jordan
Joice, Joyceanne, Joycelyn, Joycelynn, Joyse, Joyceta... joyce
Juanita, Janita, Juanetta, Juanisha, Juniata, Junita, Juwaneeta, Juwanita, Juandalynn... juana
Jubileigh, Jubilie, Jubili, Jubily, Jubiley, Jubalee, Jubaleigh, Jubaley, Jubaly, Jubali, Jubalie, Jubalea, Jubilea... jubilee
BURSITIS, TENDINITIS and non-speci?c back pain (see BACKACHE).
Osteoarthritis (OA) rarely starts before 40, but by the age of 80 affects 80 per cent of the population. There are structural and functional changes in the articular cartilage, as well as changes in the collagenous matrix of tendons and ligaments. OA is not purely ‘wear and tear’; various sub-groups have a genetic component. Early OA may be precipitated by localised alteration in anatomy, such as a fracture or infection of a joint. Reactive new bone growth typically occurs, causing sclerosis (hardening) beneath the joint, and osteophytes – outgrowths of bone – are characteristic at the margins of the joint. The most common sites are the ?rst metatarsal (great toe), spinal facet joints, the knee, the base of the thumb and the terminal ?nger joints (Heberden’s nodes).
OA has a slow but variable course, with periods of pain and low-grade in?ammation. Acute in?ammation, common in the knee, may result from release of pyrophosphate crystals, causing pseudo-gout.
Urate gout results from crystallisation of URIC ACID in joints, against a background of hyperuricaemia. This high concentration of uric acid in the blood may result from genetic and environmental factors, such as excess dietary purines, alcohol or diuretic drugs.
In?ammatory arthritis is less common than OA, but potentially much more serious. Several types exist, including: SPONDYLARTHRITIS This affects younger men, chie?y involving spinal and leg joints. This may lead to in?ammation and eventual ossi?cation of the enthesis – that is, where the ligaments and tendons are inserted into the bone around joints. This may be associated with disorders in other parts of the body: skin in?ammation (PSORIASIS), bowel and genito-urinary in?ammation, sometimes resulting in infection of the organs (such as dysentery). The syndromes most clearly delineated are ankylosing spondylitis (see SPINE AND SPINAL CORD, DISEASES AND INJURIES OF), psoriatic or colitic spondylitis, and REITER’S SYNDROME. The diagnosis is made clinically and radiologically; no association has been found with autoantibodies (see AUTOANTIBODY). A particularly clear gene locus, HLA B27, has been identi?ed in ankylosing spondylitis. Psoriasis can be associated with a characteristic peripheral arthritis.
Systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (see AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS). RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) – see also main entry. The most common of these diseases. Acute in?ammation causes lymphoid synovitis, leading to erosion of the cartilage, associated joints and soft tissues. Fibrosis follows, causing deformity. Autoantibodies are common, particularly Rheumatoid Factor. A common complication of RA is Sjögren’s syndrome, when in?ammation of the mucosal glands may result in a dry mouth and eyes. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) and various overlap syndromes occur, such as systemic sclerosis and dermatomyositis. Autoantibodies against nuclear proteins such as DNA lead to deposits of immune complexes and VASCULITIS in various tissues, such as kidney, brain, skin and lungs. This may lead to various symptoms, and sometimes even to organ failure.
Infective arthritis includes: SEPTIC ARTHRITIS An uncommon but potentially fatal disease if not diagnosed and treated early with approriate antibiotics. Common causes are TUBERCLE bacilli and staphylococci (see STAPHYLOCOCCUS). Particularly at risk are the elderly and the immunologically vulnerable, such as those under treatment for cancer, or on CORTICOSTEROIDS or IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT drugs. RHEUMATIC FEVER Now rare in western countries. Resulting from an immunological reaction to a streptococcal infection, it is characterised by migratory arthritis, rash and cardiac involvement.
Other infections which may be associated with arthritis include rubella (German measles), parvovirus and LYME DISEASE.
Treatment Septic arthritis is the only type that can be cured using antibiotics, while the principles of treatment for the others are similar: to reduce risk factors (such as hyperuricaemia); to suppress in?ammation; to improve function with physiotherapy; and, in the event of joint failure, to perform surgical arthroplasty. NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS) include aspirin, paracetamol and many recently developed ones, such as the proprionic acid derivatives IBUPROFEN and naproxen, along with other drugs that have similar properties such as PIROXICAM. They all carry a risk of toxicity, such as renal dysfunction, or gastrointestinal irritation with haemorrhage. Stronger suppression of in?ammation requires corticosteroids and CYTOTOXIC drugs such as azathioprine or cyclophosphamide. Recent research promises more speci?c and less toxic anti-in?ammatory drugs, such as the monoclonal antibodies like in?iximab. An important treatment for some osteoarthritic joints is surgical replacement of the joints.... joints, diseases of
Joeline, Joeleen, Joeline, Jolaine, Jolean, Joleen, Jolena, Jolina, Joline, Jolleen, Jollene, Jolyn, Jolyna, Jolyne, Jolynn... jolene
Habitat: Native to Iran; now cultivated in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh., Khasi Hills and the hills of Uttar Pradesh.
Ayurvedic: Akshoda, Akshoda- ka, Akshota, Shailbhava, Pilu, Karparaal, Vrantphala.Unani: Akhrot.Siddha/Tamil: Akrottu.Action: Leaves and bark— alterative, laxative, antiseptic, mild hypoglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, antiscrofula, detergent. An infusion of leaves and bark is used for herpes, eczema and other cutaneous affections; externally to skin eruptions and ulcers. Volatile oil— antifungal, antimicrobial.
Key application (leaf) ? In mild, superficial inflammation of the skin and excessive perspiration of hands and feet. (German Commission E.). When English Walnuts (Juglans regia) are added to low fat diet, total cholesterol may be decreased by 412% and LDL by 8-16%. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)Walnut hull preparations are used for skin diseases and abscesses.Walnut is eaten as a dry fruit. Because of its resemblance to the brain, it was thought, according to the "doctrine of signatures", to be a good brain tonic. Walnuts are also eaten to lower the cholesterol levels.From the volatile oil of the leaves terpenoid substances (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpene and triter- pene derivatives) and eugenol have been isolated. Fatty acids, including geranic acid; alpha-and beta-pinene, 1,8,cincole, limonene, beta-eudesmol and juglone are also important constituents of the volatile oil.The leaves contain napthoquinones, mainly juglone. The root bark gave 3, 3',-bis-juglone and oligomeric ju- glones. Unripe fruit husk also gave napthoquinones.The kernels of Indian walnuts contain 15.6% protein, 11% carbohydrates, 1.8% mineral matter (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, phosphorus, sulphur and chorine). Iodine (2.8 mcg/100 g), arsenic, zinc, cobalt and manganese are also reported. Kernels are also rich in vitamins of the B group, vitamin A (30 IU/100 g), and ascorbic acid (3 mg/100 g).The juice of unripe fruits showed significant thyroid hormone enhancing activity (prolonged use of such extract may cause serious side effect).White Walnut, Lemon Walnut, Butternut, Oilnut of the USA is equated with Juglans cineraria L. The inner bark gave napthoquinones, including juglone, juglandin, juglandic acid, tannins and an essential oil.Butternut is used as a dermatologi- cal and antihaemorrhoidal agent. Ju- glone exhibits antimicrobial, antipara- sitic and antineoplastic activities.Dosage: Dried cotyledons—10-25 g (API, Vol. II.)... juglans regiaJiulia, Joleta, Joletta, Jolette, Julaine, Julayna, Julee, Juleen, Julena, Juley, Juli, Juliaeta, Juliaetta, Juliana, Juliane, Juliann, Julianne, Julie, Julienne, Juliet, Julieta, Julietta, Juliette, Julina, Juline, Julinka, Juliska, Julissa, Julita, Julitta, Julyana, Julyanna, Julyet, Julyetta, Julyette, Julyne, Jooley, Joolie, Julisa, Julisha, Julyssa, Jolyon, Julcsa, Julene, Jules... julia
Junot, Juneau, Juneaux... juno
Habitat: Watery and swampy places in Bihar and Orissa and in some parts of South India.
Ayurvedic: Jala-lavanga (var.).Action: See J. suffruticosa.
An infusion of the root is given in syphilis. The plant is employed in poultice for pimples.... jussiaea tenellaHabitat: Throughout greater parts of India, in waste lands, hedges and rocky ravines.
Siddha/Tamil: Velimungil.Folk: Had-paata (Bihar), Prameha- harati, Mokandar. (Madhya Pradesh).Action: Plant—used in diarrhoea; externally for swellings and boils.... justicia betonica
Habitat: Eastern Himalayas and Khasi Hills.
English: Rush, Matting Rush.Action: Pith—antilithic, discutient, diuretic, depurative, pectoral. Root—diuretic, especially in strangury.
The leaves gave flavonoids, lutcoline- 7-glucoside, diosmin and hesperidin; aerial parts gave phenolic constituents, effusol and juncusol. Juncusol is antimicrobial. A dihydrodibenzoxepin, isolated from the plant, showed cyto- toxic activity.... juncus effususHabitat: Native to Europe and North America. Distributed in Western Himalayas from Kumaon westwards at 1,700-4,200 m.
English: Common Juniper.Ayurvedic: Hapushaa, Havushaa, Haauber, Matsyagandha.Unani: Abahal, Haauber, Hubb-ul- arar, Aarar.Action: Berries—diuretic, urinary antiseptic, carminative, digestive, sudorific, anti-inflammatory, emmenagogue. Used for acute and chronic cystitis, renal suppression (scanty micturition), catarrh of the bladder, albuminuria, amenorrhoea, leucorrhoea. Aerial parts—abortifacient.
Key application: In dyspepsia. (German Commission E.) Juniper berry may increase glucose levels in diabetics. (ESCOP.) As a diuretic.(The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India recommends the dried fruit in malabsorption syndrome.Animal studies have shown an increase in urine excretion as well as a direct effect on sooth muscle contraction. (German Commission E, ESCOP.)Con- traindicated in kidney disease. (Sharon M. Herr.)(In Kerala, Hapushaa and Mundi are considered to be synonyms; Syphaer- anthus indicus,Asteraceae, is used as Hapushaa.)The major constituents of the volatile oil are alpha-pinene, sabinene and alpha-terpinene. Methanolic extract of the plant gave several labdane diter- penoids and diterpenes. The leaves contain the biflavones, cupressufla- vone, amentoflavone, hinokiflavone, isocryptomerin and sciadopitysin. The berries also contain condensed tannins. Seeds gave haemagglutinin.Juniperus recurva Buch-Ham ex D. Don, syn. J. excelsa auct. non-Bieb. (temperate Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan) is known as Weeping Blue Juniper. J. macropoda Boiss. (the Himalaya from Nepal onwards) is known as Himalayan Indian Juniper. Both the species are used like J. communis var. saxatillis.The berries gave a diterpene ketone, sugrol, beta-sitosterol glucoside and 10-nonacosanol.Plant extract can be used in toothpastes and mouth-rinses to reduce dental plaque and bleeding.Dosage: Dried fruit—2-6 g powder. (API, Vol. III.)... juniperus communisHabitat: Western Ghats, West Coast from Konkan to Kerala; abundant in the rainy season.
Ayurvedic: Parpata (substitute).Action: The plant contains naphthofuranones, justicidin A, B, C, D, G and H, and diphyllin, which are used for the treatment of osteoporosis. The flowers contain peonidine glucoside. Essential oil— antifungal.... justicia procumbens
Habitat: Native to North America; introduced into India.
English: Pencil Cedar, Red Cedar.Action: The berries in decoction are diaphoretic and emmenagogue like those of common juniper; leaves are diuretic. Red cedar oil is used in the preparation of insecticides. Small excrescences, called cedar apples, are sometimes found on the branches. These are used as an anthelmintic. (Yellow Cedar is equated with Thuja occidentalles.)
Juniperus procera Hochst. (East African Cedar), J. bermudiana Linn. (Bermuda Cedar) andJ.ChinensisLinn. (Chinese Juniper) have also been introduced into India.... juniperus virginianaHabitat: The Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon.
Ayurvedic: Jaatukanda, Gugguluka.Folk: Guugal, Dhuup.Action: Roots—used as incense. Stimulant, given in colic, also in fever after child birth. Bruised roots are applied to eruptions.
The alcoholic extract of the root inhibits about 50% growth of NK65 strain of Plasmodium berghei at a dose of 2 g/kg per day in 4 days.... jurinea macrocephalaHabitat: A native of the New World; found in marshy fields in India.
Ayurvedic: Jala-lavanga, Bhuu- lavanga, Bana-laung.Siddha/Tamil: Nirkkrambu.Action: Cooling, diuretic, astringent, mild laxative. Used in catarrhal affections of children; applied externally for burns and scalds. Pulp of the plant, steeped in buttermilk, is used for dysentery. Root—febrifuge.... jussiaea suffruticosa
Habitat: Deccan, Mysore southwards.
Folk: Sivanarvembu (Tamil Nadu).Action: Leaves—cooling, aperient; given for smallpox to children, bruised leaves applied to contusions.
The alcoholic extract of the aerial parts yielded several lignans, phy- tosterols, brassicasterol, campesterol, 7,22-ergostadienol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, spinasterol, 28-isofucostil and a sterol glucoside, beta-sitosterol-3-O- glucoside.Justica vasculosa Wall. (Eastern Himalayas, Assam Khasi Hills) is also used for inflammations.... justica tranquebariensisHabitat: Throughout the greater part of India and Andaman Islands.
Ayurvedic: Krishna Vaasaa (blue var.), Nila-nirgundi, Krishna- nirgundi, Nila-manjari.Siddha/Tamil: Karunochhi, Vadaikkuthi.Action: Febrifuge, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue. Infusion of leaves—given internally in cephalal- gia, hemiplegia and facial paralysis. Fresh leaves—used topically in oedema and rheumatism. Bark— emetic.
The leaves contain beta-sitosterol, an alkaloid, lupeol, friedelin and aromatic amines.... justicia gendarussaClinical features There are various types. The oligoarthritic type involves 1–4 joints (usually knee or ankle) which become hot, swollen and painful. One complication is an in?ammation of the eyes – UVEITIS. The condition often ‘burns out’, but may reappear at any time, even years later.
The polyarthritic type is more like RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS in adults, and the child may have persistent symptoms leading to major joint deformity and crippling.
The systemic type, previously called Still’s disease, presents with a high fever and rash, enlarged liver, spleen and lymph nodes, and arthritis – although the latter may be mild. In some children the illness becomes recurrent; in others it dies down only to return as polyarthritis.
Complications These include uveitis, which can lead to loss of vision; a failure to thrive; osteoporosis (see under BONE, DISORDERS OF); joint deformity; and psychosocial diffculties.
Treatment This includes ANTIPYRETICS and ANALGESICS, including NON-STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS), intra-articular steroid injections, anti-tumour necrosis factor drugs and steroids.
Physiotherapy is vital, and children may need to wear splints or other orthotic devices to alleviate deformity and pain. Orthopaedic operative procedures may be necessary.... juvenile idiopathic arthritis (jia)
Habitat: Assam (Lushai hills); cultivated in gardens.
English: Japanese Honeysuckle.Action: The plant is used in China as an antipyretic, stomachic and in dysentery, also as an antidote to consumption of poisonous mushroom. Dried flowers are considered diuretic.
The plant contains tannin and a sa- ponin; lutolin and i-inositol have been isolated from the flowers. The berries are rich in carotenoids of which cryp- toxanthin is the major component. Lonicera angustifolia Wall. ex DC. (the Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim at altitudes of 1,800-3,600 m), known as Geaang, Chulu and Mithik in Punjab; and L. glaucea Hook. f. Thoms. (the Himalayas from Kashmir to Ku- maon at altitudes of 3,600-4,800 m), known as Sheaa and Shevaa in Punjab and Kumaon, possess antispasmodic properties.Lonicera periclymenum Linn., Woodbine Honeysuckle, cultivated in hill stations of India, possesses an- tispasmodic, diuretic and sudorific properties. Flowers are used in the form of syrup in diseases of the respiratory tract. The leaves contain an amorphous glycoside and salicylic acid. Sec- oiridoid and secoxyloganin have been isolated from the plant.Lonicera quinquelocularis Hardw. is equated with Himalayan Honeysuckle, found in the Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan, up to an altitude of 4,000 m.Honeysuckle, also known as Duch Honeysuckle, Goat's Leaf, is equated with Lonicera caprifolium Linn.... lonicera japonicaHabitat: North-West Himalayas, Bengal and Manipur.
English: Four-O'Clock Plant, Marvel of Peru.Ayurvedic: Trisandhi.Unani: Gul-abbaas.Siddha/Tamil: Andhimalligai.Action: Leaf—used for treating uterine discharge; as poultice for abscesses and boils; fresh juice is applied to body in urticaria, also for inflammations and bruises. Tuber— used as a poultice on carbuncles. Root—mild purgative, spasmolytic.
The tuberous roots were erroneously thought to be the source of jalap.The plant is used for its antitumour and virus-inhibitory activity.The plant contains triterpenes, al- pha-amyrin and its acetate. Mirabilis Antiviral Protein (MAP) was isolated from the tuberous roots. MAP also showed antiproliferative effect on tumour cells. (MAP is abortifacient.)Two Mirabilis jalapa antimicrobial proteins, Mj-AMP-1 and Mj-AMP-2, isolated from seeds, showed broad spectrum antifungal actvity involving a number of pathogenic fungi.Miraxanthins I, II, III and IV, indi- caxanthin and vulgaxanthin have been isolated from flowers.... mirabilis jalapaHabitat: West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya and Western Ghats.
Siddha/Tamil: Shutthi.Action: Bark—febrifuge. The bark is chewed as a substitute for betel leaves.... vernonia javanica
Habitat: Alpine Himalayas, Kumaon, Sikkim and Bhutan.
English: Spikenard, Musk-root.Ayurvedic: Maansi, Jataamaansi, Bhuutajataa, Tapaswini, Sulo- mashaa, Jatilaa, Naladaa.Unani: Sumbul-e-Hindi, Sambul-ut- Teeb, Naardeen-e-Hindi, Baalchhar.Siddha/Tamil: Sadamanchil.Action: Used as a substitute for Valerian. Tranquilizer, sedative, hypotensive. Used for the treatment of epilepsy, hysteria, convulsive affections, palpitation of heart and in intestinal colic. A decoction of powdered roots is prescribed as a home remedy for high blood pressure. It is used in dysmenorrhoea for pain relief and smooth menstrual flow. It is used in hair oil for arresting hair loss and greying of hair.
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India recommends dry rhizomes in obstinate skin diseases, erysipelas, disturbed mental state and insomnia.The rhizome is rich in sesquiter- penoids. The crude drug gave an oil (yield 2.5% v/w), which contains d- nardostachone, valeranone and jata- mansone as the major ketonic sesqui- terpenes. The oil potentiated phenobarbital narcosis in rats, reduced brain serotonin content and decreased the conditioned avoidance performance in cats.Jatamansone was shown to exert tranquilizing effect in mice and monkeys. In rabbits, jatamansone was found to impair biosynthesis of serotonin in the brain leading to a reduction in brain level of 5-hydroxytrypta- mine. The degradation of serotonin was unaffected. The mode of action of jatamansone was thus in variance with that of reserpine which has direct action on the cell to liberate serotonin.On the other hand, the alcoholic extract of the roots of Indian Nard caused an overall increase in the levels of central monamines, 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid and the inhibitory amino acids, gamma-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in rat brain.In a clinical trial on hyperkinetic children, jatamansone showed significant reduction in hyperactivity and improvement in restlessness and aggressiveness, almost at par with D- amphetamine.The volatile oil was found to be less active than quinidine in several tests. It did not counteract digitalis induced ventricular arrhythmias.Jatamansone semicarbazone, a sesquiterpene ketone, was found to possess antiestrogenic activity.N. jatamansi is also used in place of Muraa (Selinum tenuifolium Wall. ex DC.)Dosage: Root—2-3 g powder; 5-10 g for infusion; 50-100 ml infusion. (API, Vol. I; CCRAS.)... nardostachys jatamansiHabitat: Assam, Bihar, Orissa and Deccan Peninsula. Often cultivated in parks and gardens.
Siddha/Tamil: Chilanti, Sherundi.Folk: Kanaka Champaa. (Bhuin- champaa, Bhuumi-champaka (Ochna pumila).Action: Bark—digestive tonic. Root—a decoction is used in asthma, tuberculosis and in menstrual disorders. Leaves— boiled and used as emollient cataplasm; used as a poultice in lumbago.
Isoflavones, along with beta-sitos- terol and oleanolic acid, have been isolated from the heartwood.A related species, Ochna pumila Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don., found in outer Himalayas and sub-Himalayan tract from Kumaon to Assam, is reported to exhibit antitubercular activity. Tetrahydroamentoflavone has been isolated from the leaves. The plant is also used for epilepsy in folk medicine.... ochna jabotapitaHabitat: Marshy places and river banks in North India from Kashmir to Assam.
Folk: Jateraa (Meghalaya); Pan- turasi (Bengal).Action: The plant extract showed strong antimutagenic and antitu- mour activity.
From the herb, beta-sitosteryl gluco- side, stigmasteryl glucoside, isorham- netin and hyperin were isolated. The fruit yield 1.5% of an essential oil, containing phellandrene and myristicin.Linalool (70.0%) was determined in the flower oil.Evening Primrose is equated with Oenothera biennis L. (native to North America). The oil from seeds, known as Evening Primrose oil, contains about 70% cis-linolenic acid and about 9% cis-gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). Evening Primrose oil is one of the most widely prescribed plant-derived medicines in the world. Sold under the trade name Epogam, it is recognized by the governments of Great Britain, Germany, Denmark, Ireland, Spain, Greece, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand as a treatment for eczema. A combination, known as Efamol Marine, used for eczema, contains 80% Evening Primrose Oil and 20% fish oil.Evening Primrose Oil has become a frontline treatment in Great Britain for initial treatment of cyclical breast pain and fibrocystic breast disease.... oenanthe javanicaAction. Anti-inflammatory, adaptogen, vasodilator, anti-stress, aphrodisiac, tonic. Action resembles Ginseng.
Uses: Diabetes. To reduce concentration of fats in the blood. Inflammation. Allergies: asthma, skin disorders. ... angelica, japanese
Habitat: The Western Himalayas and Kashmir at elevation of 3,0003,900 m.
Folk: Poshkar, Hatermuula (Kashmir).Action: Root—nervine tonic. Used as an adulterant of Saussurea lappa.
Whole plant extract gave senecio- nine.Habitat: The Nilgiris and Uttar Pradesh. Introduced into Indian gardens
English: Groundsel.Action: Formerly used as a diuretic, diaphoretic and emmenagogue, in dysmenorrhoea and bilious pains. No more recommended for internal use due to high concentration of hepatotoxic alkaloids. Infusion is used as a lotion in chronic mastitis, gout and haemorrhoids. Extracts of the plant are haemostatic.
From the dried plant material alkaloids (0.053-00.095%) have been isolated, including, seneciphylline, sene- cionine and retrorsine. Senecionine and retrorsine have been demonstrated to induce hepatic necrosis in experimental animals. The plant contains 950 mcg/kg of iodine on fresh basis.A related species used in Western herbal, Senecio aureus Linn. (Golden Groundsel, Squaw Weed) is a uterine relaxant, stimulant to gravid uterus and a soothing drug for nervous and vascular irritability, menopausal symptoms, hot flushes. Alkaloids include senecifo- line, senescine, senecionine and otose- nine—pyrrolizidine alkaloids, in isolation, are highly toxic to liver. The plant is recommended only for external use as a douche for excessive vaginal discharge.... senecio jacquemontianusHabitat: Kashmir; also introduced into forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun.
English: Japanese Pagoda tree, Chinese Scholar tree, Umbrella tree.Action: Flower—bitter, astringent, styptic, antibacterial.
Flower buds are a very rich source of rutin (16.0-23.0% dry weight basis), several times more than that present in Buckwheat which is an important source of the flavonoid.The plant is used for the treatment of bleeding due to hemorrhoids and ulcerative colitis. The antihaemorrhagic principle, quercetin, has been isolated from aqueous extract of dried buds.The flower extract has been reported to exhibit hepato-protective activity.... sophora japonicaPotato Poultice. 1 part potato juice to 3-4 parts hot water, applied on suitable material. Cover with protective. ... big toe joint, inflammation
First to grow potatoes in England. His garden at Holborn, London, and now Fetter Lane, was then a village. ... gerard, john
Habitat: Cultivated in gardens.
English: Brazilian Tea, Bastard Vervain, Aaron's Rod.Ayurvedic: Kariyartharani.Siddha/Tamil: Simainayuruvi, Simainaivirunji, Naioringi.Folk: Chirchiti, Marang Chirchiti.Action: Febrifuge, antiinflammatory. In Brazil, the plant is externally used for purulent ulcers and internally for rheumatic inflammations and fever. An infusion of the bark is used against diarrhoea and dysentery.
The leaves contain friedelin, stig- masterol, ursolic acid, hispidulin, scu- tellarein, choline, phenolic acids, chlo- rogenic acid and flavonoids—6-hy- droxyluteolol-7-glucuronide, luteolol- 7-glucuronide and apigenol-7-glucu- ronide. Stems and leaves gave an iri- doid glycoside, tarphetalin (ipolami- ide). The leaves are reported to be used for colds and cough.... stachytarpheta jamaicensisHabitat: Cultivated in many parts of India.
English: Rose Apple.Ayurvedic: Raaj-Jambu. (Fruits— pale yellow or pinkish white).Siddha/Tamil: Peru Navel.Folk: Gulaabjaamun.Action: Fruit—used in liver complaints. Bark—astringent, antidiarrhoeal, antidysenteric. Leaves—astringent, anti-inflammatory.
The juice of fresh fruit contains alanine, aspartic acid, cystine or cysteine, glutamine, threonine and tyrosine. The essential oil, obtained from leaves, is a good source of dl-alpha-pinene (2684%) and l-limonene (23-84%).Ethyl acetate and methanolic extract of the leaves are very effective in curing pedal oedema and in acute and chronic swelling; also gave encouraging results in arthritis. Though all extracts (methanolic, hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate) of the leaves exhibit anti-inflammatory activity, a 10% aqueous extract of the leaves is found significantly effective when compared to 80 mg/kg of phenylbutazone.In Brazil, a decoction of dry leaves is given in diabetes.Aerial parts exhibit diuretic activity.... syzygium jambosConstituents: Flavones, glycosides.
Uses: Kidney disorders. (Traditional)
Preparation. Tea. 1-2 teaspoons leaves to each cup water gently simmered 15 minutes. 1 cup 2-3 times daily. ... java tea
Internal: Echinacea. Acid tincture of Lobelia (10-20 drops). Wounds may be severe enough to require surgical exploration, herbal antibiotic therapy or tetanus prophylaxis. Pain control is essential (Black Willow, Black Cohosh) as pain may be intense and patient restless from respiratory and cardiac distress. Wash with strong spirit (methylated, whiskey, etc). ... jelly fish sting
Treatment. BHP (1983) recommends: Meadowsweet, Balm of Gilead, Poke root, Bogbean, Hart’s Tongue fern, Mountain Grape.
Teas: Singly or in combination (equal parts): Chamomile, Bogbean, Nettles, Yarrow. 1-2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-10 minutes. 1 cup thrice daily before meals.
Tablets/capsules. Blue Flag root, Dandelion root, Poke root, Prickly Ash bark.
Formula. White Poplar bark 2; Black Cohosh half; Poke root quarter; Valerian quarter; Liquorice quarter. Mix. Dose: Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon) (children 5-12 years: 250mg – one 00 capsule or one-sixth teaspoon). Liquid extracts: 1 teaspoon: (children 5-12: 3-10 drops). Tinctures: 2 teaspoons: (children 5-12: 5-20 drops).
Evening Primrose oil. Immune enhancer.
Topical. Hot poultice: Slippery Elm, Mullein or Lobelia.
Diet: Lacto vegetarian. Kelp. Comfrey tea. Molasses. Low fat.
General. Adequate rest, good nursing, gentle manipulation but no massage to inflamed joints. Natural lifestyle. Parental emotional support.
Oily fish. See entry. ... arthritis, juvenile, chronic
The procedure is usually successful in relieving arthritic pain and enabling the patient to use his or her hands again, but it rarely restores normal movement.... finger-joint replacement
The Bartrams’ friends included Benjamin Franklin and Washington who often visited their house, resting in the garden with giant trees planted by the Bartrams. John (1699-1777) was described by Linnaeus as the “greatest contemporary natural botanist”. His son, William, was also an explorer- naturalist and artist whose works are now collector’s pieces. ... bartram, john and william
Stinging capsules discharge when jellyfish tentacles are touched.
Usually, the sting causes only a mildly painful or itchy rash, but some jellyfish and Portuguese men-of-war (other members of the same group) can cause a severe sting.
Rarely, venom may cause vomiting, sweating, breathing difficulties, and collapse.
Dangerous species live mainly in tropical waters.
Antivenoms may be available.... jellyfish stings
Alternatives: tablets, capsules, tinctures, extracts etc. Alfalfa, Primrose flowers, Ginseng, Vervain, Skullcap, Valerian, Passiflora, Ginkgo, Siberian Ginseng, Hops.
Powders, Liquid Extracts, Tinctures. Formula. Equal parts: Skullcap, Valerian, Mistletoe. Doses. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid Extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons. In water thrice daily.
On retiring. Cup Passion flower tea. (1-2 teaspoons to cup boiling water) ... examinations jitters
Constituents: piscidin, calcium oxalate, isoflavones, organic acids.
Action: sedative, antispasmodic, nerve relaxant, mild analgesic, hypnotic, antitussive, anti-inflammatory. Synergy: action resembles Wild Yam, Black Haw, Pulsatilla, Bryonia, Black Cohosh and Gelsemium regarding nerve symptoms.
Uses: Infantile hyperactivity, brain excitability, nervous instability, neuralgia, insomnia from excess coffee or mental activity, toothache, spasm of the womb, migraine.
Combines well with Valerian and Hops for over-excitability and sleeplessness. Preparations. Thrice daily.
Dried root bark. 2-4g or in decoction.
Liquid extract BPC 1934. (1:1 60 per cent alcohol). Dose: 2-8ml.
Tincture. 1 part to 5 parts alcohol (45 per cent). Dose: 5-15ml.
Tablets/capsules. The remedy is frequently combined with Valerian, Skullcap, Black Cohosh and Cayenne for nerve weakness and tension.
Not given in pregnancy or weak heart. ... jamaica dogwood
Keynote: anti-diabetic.
Constituents: jambosine (alkaloid), phenols.
Action: astringent diuretic, carminative, reputed hypoglycaemic (not specific).
Uses: Diabetes. (India – traditional) To reduce sugar in the urine. Colic, with severe griping pain. Preparations. 0.3 to 2 grams. Thrice daily.
Decoction: half-1 teaspoon to each cup water gently simmered 5 minutes. Dose: one-third to half a cup. Liquid Extract BHP (1983) 1:1 in 25 per cent alochol; dose 2-4ml in water.
Tincture: from powdered fruit stones: 1 part to 5 parts alcohol. Macerate 8 days; shaking daily.
Dose: 30-60 drops.
Powdered seeds: 0.3 to 2 grams. ... jambul
Alternatives. Teas. Agrimony, Boldo, Balmony, Dandelion, Plantain, Gotu Kola.
Cold infusion. 2 teaspoons Barberry bark to each cup cold water; steep overnight. Half-1 cup every 3 hours.
Tablets/capsules. Goldenseal, Dandelion, Blue Flag, Devil’s Claw.
Formula. Equal parts: Dandelion, Devil’s Claw, Barberry. Dose – Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid Extracts: one 5ml teaspoon. Tinctures: two 5ml teaspoons. Every 3 hours. ... jaundice, catarrhal
Treatment: emphasis is on new red cell production. Dosage would be according to individual tolerance. Alternatives. Tea. Mix equal parts: Agrimony, Clivers, Red Clover flowers. 2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-15 minutes; one cup every 3 hours.
Decoction. Equal parts: Fringe Tree, Gentian, Milk Thistle. 2 teaspoons to each cup water gently simmered 20 minutes. Half-1 cup every 3 hours, or as much as tolerated.
Tablets/capsules. Red Clover, Ginseng.
Formula. Equal parts: Fringe Tree, Yellow Dock root, Dandelion. Dose – Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid Extracts: one 5ml teaspoon. Tinctures: two 5ml teaspoons. Every 3 hours in water or honey. ... jaundice, haemolytic
Indicated: anti-bacterials, anti-microbials that activate the body’s immune system to inhibit growth of bacteria and germs. The following have special reference to the liver.
Alternatives. Teas. From any of the following: Holy Thistle, Thyme.
Tablets/capsules. Echinacea. Goldenseal. Blue Flag.
Formula. Echinacea 2; Milk Thistle 1; Blue Flag root 1. Dose – Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid Extracts: one 5ml teaspoon. Tinctures: two 5ml teaspoons. Every 3 hours. Tincture Myrrh BPC (1973) 20-30 drops in water every 3 hours.
See: NOTIFIABLE DISEASES. ... jaundice, infective
Symptoms: skin has a yellow tinge especially whites of the eyes. Motions become clay-coloured due to absence of bile in the intestines. Bitter herbs keep the bile fluid and flowing.
Alternatives. Teas. Agrimony, Bogbean, Clivers, Hyssop. Mix. One heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. 1 cup freely.
Decoction. 2 teaspoons shredded Gentian root to each cup cold water. Allow to stand overnight. Half cup every two hours.
Tablets/capsules. Dandelion, Goldenseal, Prickly Ash.
Formula. Milk Thistle 2; Blue Flag root 1; Valerian half. Dose – Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid Extracts: one 5ml teaspoon. Tinctures: two 5ml teaspoons. Every 3 hours. Frank Roberts MNIMH. Liquid extracts: Celandine (greater), Butternut, Fringe Tree, Dandelion; 2 drachms (8ml) of each. Purified or spring water to 12oz. Dose: tablespoon every 2 hours. ... jaundice, obstructive
Uses: Used by the native population for indigestion from a ‘cold’ stomach, for wounds that refuse to heal, and by the squaws for painless delivery. Internally, said to inhibit the spread of tuberculosis.
External: Mexican men still apply the oil to their eye-brows and hair for growth while their women use it to dress their braids and tresses. To the scalp the oil removes excess sebum, moistens dry skin and expels dandruff. Used for minor skin disorders, acne, sunburn, minor burns, chapped skin, nappy-rash, soft fingernails and facial blemishes.
Preparations: Nuts – eaten freely by Mexicans, their children and farm animals. Roasted to make coffee. Meal left over after oil extraction contains no less than 17 amino acids. With its 35 per cent protein Jojoba is a valuable nutrient. Oil is obtained from Mexican beans by cold pressing to ensure that properties provided by nature are not destroyed by chemical processing. It has now replaced some animal oils, especially whale oil (spermaceti) as a base for ointments, creams, bath oils, suntan lotions, and other cosmetic preparations. So successful it is as a substitute for whale oil that the sperm whale now has a new lease of life. It is both non-toxic and non-allergenic. May substitute Olive oil in salads. ... jojoba
When a fracture is being treated, the jaws are kept wired in a fixed position for about 6 weeks. For promoting weight loss, the jaws are wired for as long as a year. In both cases, the person is unable to chew and can take only a liquid or semi-liquid diet. This form of diet treatment often fails because the person resumes previous eating habits following removal of the wires.... wiring of the jaws
Constituents: volatile oil, resin, grape sugar, diterpene acids, tannins, Vitamin C.
Action: urinary antiseptic, stimulating diuretic, digestive tonic, emmenagogue, parasiticide (externally), carminative, sudorific. The action of gin as a diuretic is due to oil expressed from the berries. Anti- diabetic (unconfirmed).
Uses: Cystitis, renal suppression (scanty micturition), catarrh of the bladder, proteinuria (albuminuria). Digestive weakness caused by poor secretion of gastric juices, flatulence. Aching muscles due to excess lactic acid. Amenorrhoea.
External. Aromatherapy for gout: lotion for joints. As an ingredient of massage oils for rheumatism and arthritis. Cirrhosis of the liver: upper abdominal massage.
Combination: Parsley Piert enhances action in bladder disorders. Combines well with Wild Carrot and Hydrangea for stone.
Preparations: Thrice daily, or as prescribed.
Tea: half-1 teaspoon crushed berries to each cup boiling water; infuse 30 minutes. Half-1 cup.
Tablets/capsules. 250mg. 1-2.
Tincture BHP (1983): 1 part to 5 parts 45 per cent alcohol. 1-2ml.
Basis of Martini and gin (gin and tonic).
Oil: 5-6 drops in honey after meals.
Aromatherapy. 3-6 drops in two teaspoons Almond oil or other base oil, for massage. Precaution. Not used internally without a break for every two weeks. Contra-indicated: pregnancy, Bright’s disease. ... juniper berries
Action: alterative, febrifuge, astringent, stimulating tonic, expectorant.
Uses: Enlargement of the spleen from infection or toxic self-poisoning. Deep-seated pain in the left hypochondrium. Cannot lie down for pain on left side.
“It is a curious fact that many dropsical patients can be cured by spleen remedies.” (Dr Rademacher, 1879)
Combines well with Fringe Tree bark.
Preparations: Thrice daily.
Tea. 1 teaspoon to each cup boiling water. Dose: quarter to half a cup.
Liquid extract. 5-30 drops.
Injection for gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea or chronic vaginal discharge: 2oz herb to 2 pints water; bring to boil, simmer for 1 minute; strain when warm. Inject. Use confined to practitioner. ... new jersey tea
Symptoms are similar for all variants. Progressive dementia and myoclonus (sudden muscular contractions) occur; muscular coordination diminishes; the intellect and personality deteriorate; and blindness may develop. As the disease progresses, speech is lost and the body becomes rigid. There is no treatment and death usually occurs within 2–3 years.... creutzfeldt–jakob disease
Pain and inflammation may be relieved by analgesic drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and injections of corticosteroid drugs.
Swelling usually reduces with rest, firm bandaging, icepacks, and keeping the affected joint raised.
In some cases, the fluid is drawn out with a needle and syringe.... effusion, joint
Jaundiced babies usually require extra fluids and may be treated with phototherapy.
Exchange transfusion (see blood transfusion) may be needed in severe cases.
If severe neonatal jaundice is not treated promptly, kernicterus may occur.... jaundice, neonatal
joint The junction between 2 or more bones. Many joints are highly mobile, while others are fixed or allow only a small amount of movement.
Joints in the skull are fixed joints firmly secured by fibrous tissue. The bone surfaces of mobile joints are coated with smooth cartilage to reduce friction. The joint is sealed within a tough fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane (see synovium), which produces a lubricating fluid. Each joint is surrounded by strong ligaments that support it and prevent excessive movement. Movement is controlled by muscles that are attached to bone by tendons on either side of the joint. Most mobile joints have at least one bursa nearby, which cushions a pressure point.
There are several types of mobile joint. The hinge joint is the simplest, allowing bending and straightening, as in the fingers. The knee and elbow joints are modified hinge joints that allow some rotation as well. Pivot joints, such as the joint between the 1st and 2nd vertebrae (see vertebra), allow rotation only. Ellipsoidal joints, such as the wrist, allow all types of movement except pivotal. Ball-and-socket joints include the hip and shoulder joints. These allow the widest range of movement (backwards or forwards, sideways, and rotation).
Common joint injuries include sprains, damage to the cartilage, torn ligaments, and tearing of the joint capsule.
Joint dislocation is usually caused by injury but is occasionally congenital.
A less severe injury may cause subluxation (partial dislocation).
Rarely, the bone ends are fractured, which may cause bleeding into the joint (haemarthrosis) or effusion (build-up of fluid in a joint) due to synovitis (inflammation of the joint lining).
Joints are commonly affected by arthritis.
Bursitis may occur as a result of local irritation or strain.... jogger’s nipple
Possible complications include short stature, anaemia, pleurisy, pericarditis, and enlargement of the liver and spleen. Uveitis may develop, which, if untreated, may damage vision. Rarely, amyloidosis may occur or kidney failure may develop. Diagnosis is based on the symptoms, together with the results of X-rays and blood tests, and is only made if the condition lasts for longer than 3 months.
Treatment may include antirheumatic drugs, corticosteroid drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or aspirin. Splints may be worn to rest inflamed joints and to reduce the risk of deformities. Physiotherapy reduces the risk of muscle wasting and deformities.
The arthritis usually clears up after several years. However, in some children, the condition remains active into adult life.
– kala-azar A form of leishmaniasis that is spread by insects. Kala-azar occurs in parts of Africa, India, the Mediterranean, and South America.... juvenile chronic arthritis
When sensation to pain is lost, abnormal stress and strain on a joint do not stimulate the protective reflex spasm of the surrounding muscles; this failure of the protective reflex allows exaggerated movement that can damage the joint. Osteoarthritis, swelling, and deformity are features of a neuropathic joint.An orthopaedic brace or caliper splint may be necessary to restrict any abnormal movement of the joint.
Occasionally, an arthrodesis (a surgical operation to fuse a joint) is performed.
The nerve damage is irreversible.... neuropathic joint
The affected bone may be immobilized in an orthopaedic brace or plaster cast. In Perthes’ disease, surgery may be required to prevent more deformity. The bone usually regenerates within 3 years and rehardens, but deformity may be permanent and increases the risk of osteoarthritis in later life.... osteochondritis juvenilis
FAMILY: Rutaceae
SYNONYMS: Pernambuco jaborandi, P. pennatifolius, iaborandi, jamborandi, arrudo do mato, arruda brava, jamguaraddi, juarandi.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A woody shrub up to 2 metres high with a smooth, greyish bark, large brownish-green leathery leaves containing big oil glands and reddish-purple flowers.
DISTRIBUTION: Native to Brazil; other species are found in Paraguay, Cuba, the West Indies and Central America.
OTHER SPECIES: There are many members of the Rutaceae and Piperaceae family known simply as jaborandi, such as Piper jaborandi. Others include maranham jaborandi (P. microphyllus), ceara jaborandi (P. trachylophus) and aracti jaborandi (P. spicatus).There is consequently some confusion about the exact botanical source of the oil.
HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: Jaborandi induces salivation and most gland secretions; it was also used at one time to promote hair growth. ‘Useful in psoriasis, prurigo, deafness ... chronic catarrh, tonsillitis and particularly dropsy.’ .
ACTIONS: Antiseptic, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, galactagogue, stimulant (nerve).
EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the dried leaflets.
CHARACTERISTICS: An orange or yellow liquid with a sweet-herbaceous fruity odour.
PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Pilocarpine is the main active constituent; also isopilocarpine, pilocarpidine, methyl nonyl ketone, dipentene and other hydrocarbons.
SAFETY DATA: Oral toxin, skin irritant, abortifacient.
AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE None.
OTHER USES: Various hypodermic solutions are prepared from pilocarpine: the crude oil is rarely used. Little used in perfumery or flavour work due to toxicity.... jaborandi
Accumulation of toxins (M,S,B):
Angelica, white birch, carrot seed, celery seed, coriander, cumin, sweet fennel, grapefruit, juniper, lovage, parsley.
Aches and pains (M,C,B):
Ambrette, star anise, aniseed, French basil, West Indian bay, cajeput, calamintha, camphor (white), chamomile (German & Roman), coriander, eucalyptus (blue gum & peppermint), silver fir, galbanum, ginger, immortelle, lavandin, lavender (spike & true), lemongrass, sweet marjoram, mastic, mint (peppermint & spearmint), niaouli, nutmeg, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, sage (clary & Spanish), hemlock spruce, thyme, turmeric, turpentine, vetiver.
Arthritis (M,S,C,B):
Allspice, angelica, benzoin, white birch, cajeput, camphor (white), carrot seed, cedarwood (Atlas, Texas & Virginian), celery seed, chamomile (German & Roman), clove bud, coriander, eucalyptus (blue gum & peppermint), silver fir, ginger, guaiacwood, juniper, lemon, sweet marjoram, mastic, myrrh, nutmeg, parsley, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, Spanish sage, thyme, tumeric, turpentine, vetiver, yarrow.
Cellulitis (M,S,B):
White birch, cypress, sweet fennel, geranium, grapefruit, juniper, lemon, parsley, rosemary, thyme.
Debility/poor muscle tone (M,S,B):
Allspice, ambrette, borneol, ginger, grapefruit, sweet marjoram, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, Spanish sage.
Gout (M,S,B):
Angelica, French basil, benzoin, carrot seed, celery seed, coriander, guaiacwood, juniper, lovage, mastic, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, thyme, turpentine.
High blood pressure & hypertension (M,B,V):
cananga, garlic, true lavender, lemon, sweet marjoram, melissa, clary sage, yarrow, ylang ylang.
Muscular cramp & stiffness (M,C,B):
Allspice, ambrette, coriander, cypress, grapefruit, jasmine, lavandin, lavender (spike & true), sweet marjoram, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, thyme, vetiver.
Obesity (M,B):
White birch, sweet fennel, juniper, lemon, mandarin, orange (bitter & sweet).
Oedema & water retention (M,B):
Angelica, white birch, carrot seed, cypress, sweet fennel, geranium, grapefruit, juniper, lavage, mandarin, orange (bitter & sweet), rosemary, Spanish sage.
Palpitations (M):
Neroli, orange (bitter & sweet), rose (cabbage & damask), ylang ylang.
Poor circulation & low blood pressure (M,B):
Ambrette, Peru balsam, West Indian bay, benzoin, white birch, borneol, cinnamon leaf, coriander, cumin, cypress, eucalyptus blue gum, galbanum, geranium, ginger, lemon, lemongrass, lovage, neroli, niaouli, nutmeg, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rose (cabbage & damask), rosemary, Spanish sage, hemlock spruce, thyme, violet.
Rheumatism (M,C,B):
Allspice, angelica, star anise, aniseed, Peru balsam, French basil, West Indian bay, benzoin, white birch, borneol, cajeput, calamintha, camphor (white), carrot seed, cedarwood (Atlas, Texas & Virginian), celery seed, chamomile (German & Roman), cinnamon leaf, clove bud, coriander, cypress, eucalyptus (blue gum & peppermint), sweet fennel, silver fir, galbanum, ginger, immortelle, juniper, lavandin, lavender (spike & true), lemon, lovage, sweet marjoram, mastic, niaouli, nutmeg, parsley, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, Spanish sage, hemlock spruce, thyme, turmeric, turpentine, vetiver, violet, yarrow.
Sprains & strains (C):
West Indian bay, borneol, camphor (white), chamomile (German & Roman), clove bud, eucalyptus (blue gum & peppermint), ginger, immortelle, jasmine, lavandin, lavender (spike & true), sweet marjoram, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, thyme, turmeric, vetiver.... circulation, muscles and joints: