Severe protein deficiency disease seen in malnourished children.... kwashiorkor
Hard lumpy nodule of the skin due to overgrowth of ?brous tissue in the dermis. It usually follows surgical or accidental trauma or burns, but, rarely, may complicate acne on the upper trunk. Most commonly seen in the skin over the sternum, shoulders and upper back; coloured people are particularly prone. Injection of corticosteroid into the keloid may cause partial resolution. Excision should be avoided.... keloid
Inflammation of the cornea.... keratitis
See KIDNEYS, DISEASES OF.... horseshoe kidney
See visceral leishmaniasis.... kala azar
The substance of which horn and the surface layer of the skin are composed.... keratin
Inflammation of the cornea and the conjunctiva.... keratoconjunctivitis
Softening of the cornea due to a severe vitamin A de?ciency (see EYE, DISORDERS OF).... keratomalacia
See CORNEAL GRAFT.... keratoplasty
Also known as actinic keratosis; a rough, scaly area on exposed skin caused by chronic solar damage from exposure to sun. The face and backs of the hands are most commonly affected. (See also MELANOMA; PHOTODERMATOSES.) CRYOTHERAPY is e?ective, but prevention by appropriate clothing and sun-blocking creams is a better strategy.... keratosis
A suppurating form of RINGWORM.... kerion
The staining with BILE of the basal nuclei of the BRAIN, with toxic degeneration of the nerve cells, which sometimes occurs in severe HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN – especially if prompt treatment by exchange TRANSFUSION has not been carried out. Rare nowadays, the result is a form of CEREBRAL PALSY.... kernicterus
An imidazole (see IMIDAZOLES) antifungal drug available for both oral and topical use. Better absorbed orally than other imidazoles, it also has an anti-androgen e?ect which may give rise to GYNAECOMASTIA and IMPOTENCE in men. In view of its potential hepatotoxicity it should not be given orally for trivial infections, but reserved instead for SYSTEMIC fungal infections (see FUNGAL AND YEAST INFECTIONS).... ketoconazole
Another name for acetone or dimethyl ketone. The term, ketone bodies, is applied to a group of substances closely allied to acetone, especially beta-hydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetic acid. These are produced in the body from imperfect oxidation of fats and protein foods, and are found in especially large amount in severe cases of DIABETES MELLITUS. Ketonuria is the term applied to the presence of these bodies in the urine.... ketone
See NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS).... ketoprofen
A condition in which an excessive amount of ketones (see KETONE) are produced by the body and these accumulate in the bloodstream. The affected person becomes drowsy, suffers a headache, breathes deeply, and may lapse into a COMA. The condition results from an unbalanced metabolism of fat, which may occur in DIABETES MELLITUS or starvation.... ketosis
See MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY (MIS).... keyhole surgery
Emergency mouth-to-mouth resuscitation of an unconscious person (see APPENDIX 1: BASIC FIRST AID).... kiss of life
A bacteria genus of the Enterobacteriaceae. K. pneumoniae is implicated in much pneumonia, particularly when it is a secondary infection following a simple chest cold.... klebsiella
A psychological disorder in which the person a?icted has an irresistible compulsion to steal things, without necessarily having any need for the object stolen.... kleptomania
Knock-knee, or genu valgum, is a deformity of the lower limbs in such a direction that when the limbs are straightened the legs diverge from one another. As a result, in walking the knees knock against each other. The amount of knock-knee is measured by the distance between the medial malleoli of the ankles, with the inner surfaces of the knee touching and the knee-caps facing forwards. The condition is so common in children between the ages of 2–6 years that it may almost be regarded as a normal phase in childhood. When marked, or persisting into later childhood, it can be corrected by surgery (osteotomy).... knock-knee
The term applied to nails that are hollow and depressed like a spoon, a condition sometimes associated with chronic iron de?ciency.... koilonychia
A slowly progressive, fatal disease due to spongiform degeneration in the central nervous system, particularly the cerebellum (see BRAIN). It is con?ned to the Fore people in the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea, and causes increasingly severe muscular trembling. Kuru is believed to be due to an infection with a PRION, similar to that causing CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD), acquired from the cannibalistic rite of eating the organs, particularly the brains, of deceased relatives (out of respect). This origin of the disease was suggested by the fact that originally it was a disease of women and children, and it was they who practised this rite. Since the rite was given up, the disease has largely disappeared.... kuru
A combination of SCOLIOSIS and KYPHOSIS in which the spine (see SPINAL COLUMN) is abnormally curved sideways and forwards. The condition may be the result of several diseases affecting the spinal muscles and vertebrae, or it may happen during development for no obvious reason. Although braces may reduce the deformity, an operation may be necessary to correct it.... kyphoscoliosis
The term applied to curvature of the spine in which the concavity of the curve is directed forwards. (See SPINE AND SPINAL CORD, DISEASES AND INJURIES OF.)... kyphosis
An ENZYME which is proving to be of value in the investigation and diagnosis of muscular dystrophy (see MUSCLES, DISORDERS OF – Myopathy), in which it is found in the blood in greatly increased amounts.... creatine kinase
A cancer or tumour of the blood and/or lymphatic vessel walls. It usually appears as blue-violet to brownish skin blotches or lumps. Before the appearance of AIDS, it was rare in the developed world. AIDSassociated Kaposi’s sarcoma is much more aggressive than the earlier form of the disease and is associated with Human Herpes Virus 8.... kaposi’s sarcoma
An anaesthetic drug, administered by intravenous or intramuscular injection and used mainly in children. The drug has good analgesic properties when used in subanaesthetic doses. One disadvantage is that when used as an anaesthetic, a high incidence of hallucinations occur. Ketamine is contraindicated in patients with HYPERTENSION.... ketamine
The production of ketones (see KETONE) in the body; abnormal ketogenesis may result in KETOSIS.... ketogenesis
This contains such an excess of fats that acetone and other KETONE bodies appear in the urine. The diet is sometimes used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and chronic infections of the urinary tract by Escherichia coli; butter, cream, eggs and fat meat are allowed, whilst sugar, bread and other carbohydrates are cut out as far as possible.... ketogenic diet
Tender leaves of a shrub that grows in the Middle East called Catha edelis. The leaves are wrapped around betel nuts and chewed: the result is a feeling of EUPHORIA and an ability to tolerate harsh living conditions.... khat
Small, hard stone that may form in the kidneys and cause intense pain... kidney stone
See REFLEX ACTION.... knee jerk
A surgical operation to replace a diseased – usually osteoarthritic – KNEE with an arti?cial (metal or plastic) implant which covers the worn cartilage. As much of the original joint as possible is retained. The operations, like hip replacements, are usually done on older people (there is some restriction of movement) and about 90 per cent are successful.... knee-joint replacement
A series of key cellular chemical reactions starting and ending with oxaloacetic acid. Also called the citric acid or tricarboxylic acid cycle, it produces energy in the form of ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) and is the last stage in the biological oxidation of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Named after Sir Hans Krebs, a German biochemist working in England in 1900, who won the Nobel Prize for his discovery.... krebs cycle
Star-shaped cells present in the blood-sinuses of the LIVER. They form part of the RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM and are to a large extent responsible for the breakdown of HAEMOGLOBIN into the BILE pigments.... kupffer cells
The characteristic histological test used for the diagnosis of SARCOIDOSIS. The test involves an intradermal injection of sarcoid SPLEEN tissue. If positive, non-caseating granulomata (see GRANULOMA) are seen at the injection site in 4– 6 weeks. A positive test is highly speci?c for sarcoid, but if negative, this would not be excluded.... kveim test
The kidneys are responsible for the excretion of many waste products, chiefly urea from the blood. They maintain the correct balance of salts and water. Any of the individual kidney disorders may interfere with these important functions. See: ABSCESS (kidney). BRIGHT’S DISEASE. CARDIAC DROPS. RENAL FLUID RETENTION. GRAVEL. HYDRONEPHROSIS. NEPHROSIS. PROTEINURIA. PYELITIS. RENAL COLIC. RETENTION OF URINE. STONE IN THE KIDNEY. SUPPRESSION OF URINE. URAEMIA. ... kidney disorders
The characteristics of chromosomes, in terms of number, size, and structure, in an individual or a species. The term “karyotype” is also applied to adiagram of chromosome pairs arranged in their assigned numerical order.... karyotype
A type of harmless skin nodule that commonly occurs in elderly people, most often on the face or arm. The cause is unknown, but many years of exposure to strong sunlight or long-term use of immunosuppressant drugs may be factors. Initially, the nodule resembles a small wart, but it grows to 1–2cm across in about 8 weeks. Although the nodule usually disappears gradually after this, surgical removal is often recommended to prevent scarring.... keratoacanthoma
An inherited disorder of the eye in which the cornea becomes gradually thinned and conical. The condition affects both eyes and usually develops around puberty, giving rise to increasing myopia and progressive distortion of vision that cannot be fully corrected by glasses. Hard contact lenses improve vision in the early stages, but when vision has seriously deteriorated and contact lenses are no longer helpful it generally becomes necessary to perform a corneal graft.... keratoconus
A combination of acidosis and ketosis.... ketoacidosis
Aristolochia bracteolataAristolochiaceaeSan: KitamariHin: Kiramar, Kitamar Mal: Attuthottappala, AtuthinnappalaTam: AtutinnappalaiImportance: The bracteated birthwort or worm killer is a perennial prostrate herb. As the name suggests it is a killer of intestinal worms especially roundworms. It is also used in vitiated conditions of kapha and vata, constipation, inflammations, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, foul ulcers, boils, syphilis, gonorrhoea, dyspepsia, colic, skin diseases, eczema, artheralgia and intermittent fevers. The plant is an insect repellent due to the presence of aristolochic acid, which is poisonous to man and livestock. Plant is also used against scorpion sting. Seeds ground in water to form a lotion and used for softening hair. Powdered root is used in fertility control.Distribution: The plant is found in Sri Lanka, Arabian countries and tropical Africa. In India, the plant is grown in Deccan and Carnatic Plateau.Botany: Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. syn. A. bracteata Retz. belongs to the family Aristolochiaceae. It is a perennial prostrate herb with weak, glabrous stems. Leaves are simple, alternate, reniform or broadly ovate, cordate at the base with a wide sinus upto 7.5cm in diameter, reticulately veined. Flowers are solitary with a large sessile orbicular bract at the base. Perianth tube is cylindric with dark purple tip having revolute margins. Fruits are oblong-ellipsoid 12-ribbed glabrous capsules. Seeds are deltoid with slightly cordate base (Warrier et al, 1993) Another important species belonging to the genus Aristolochia is A. indica Linn. The plant grows wild throughout the low hills and plains of India from Nepal to West Bengal and South India. It is a valuable anti-dote to snake bite and to bites of poisonous insects as scorpion, etc. It is given in cases of cholera and diarrhoea after macerating with black pepper corns. The juice of the leaves has stimulant, tonic and antiperiodic properties.Agrotechnology: Shady areas and well-drained soils are most suited to Aristolochia. The plant can be seed propagated. 3-month-old seedlings raised in polybags are required for transplanting. Pits of size 50cm cube are to be taken at a distance of 3m and filled with sand, topsoil and dried cowdung. To these pits, the seedlings are to be transplanted. Regular irrigation and organic manure application is beneficial. The plant is to be trailed on iron wires tied to poles. The plant is not attacked by any serious pests or diseases. Plant attains good spread within one year. Leaves can be collected for the next 10 years. Roots and leaves constitute the economi c parts (Prasad et al, 1997).Properties and activity: Leaves and fruits yield ceryl alcohol, -sitosterol and aristolochic acid. Root contains aristolochic acid. Seeds give an alkaloid magnoflorine, aristolochic acid, fatty oil comprising palmitic, stearic, lignoseric and oleic acids and -sitosterol.The plant is anthelmintic, cathartic, antiperiodic and emmenagogue. Leaf is antigonorrhoeic, larvicidal and used in eczema on children’s leg and ulcers. The plant is oxytocic (Husain et al,1992).... worm killer
A chromosomal abnormality in which a male has 1, or occasionally more, extra X chromosomes in his cells, giving a complement of instead of. The risk of a baby having the condition increases with maternal age. Features of the syndrome vary in severity and may not become apparent until puberty, when gynaecomastia (breast enlargement) occurs and the testes remain small. Affected males are usually infertile (see infertility). They tend to be tall and thin with a female body shape and absence of body hair. Incidence of learning difficulties is higher in people with Klinefelter’s syndrome than in the general population. There is no cure for the disorder, but hormonal treatment can induce secondary sexual characteristics, and mastectomy may be used to treat gynaecomastia.... klinefelter’s syndrome
Tiny, grey-white spots that appear in the mouth during the incubation period of measles.... koplik’s spots
A surgical treatment for astigmatism, myopia, and hypermetropia, in which areas of the cornea are shaved away by laser.... photorefractive keratectomy
See DIALYSIS.... artificial kidney
Arctostaphylos uvaursiDescription: This plant is a common evergreen shrub with reddish, scaly bark and thick, leathery leaves 4 centimeters long and 1 centimeter wide. It has white flowers and bright red fruits.Habitat and Distribution: This plant is found in arctic, subarctic, and temperate regions, most often in sandy or rocky soil.Edible Parts: Its berries are edible raw or cooked. You can make a refreshing tea from its young leaves.... bearberry or kinnikinnick
Non-cash forms of payment or assistance.... benefit in kind
Royle.
Family: Gentianaceae.
Habitat: Kashmir and North-West Himalayas.
English: Himalayan Gentian, Indian Gentian Root.
Ayurvedic: Traayamaana, Traayanti, Traayanta, Traayantikaa, Neelkan- thi, Anujaa, Girijaa, Girishaanujaa, Balbhra, Paalani. (Paakhaanabheda is a wrong synonym)
Unani: Ghaafis.
Action: Sialagogue, digestant, appetite-stimulant, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, emmenagogue. Used for alkalosis, feeble digestion in the elderly from gastric acid deficiency (increases gastric juices without altering PH); also used for jaundice, nausea, vomiting, travel sickness, diarrhoea, malaria and nervous exhaustion. (In Chinese medicine, Gentiana sp., known as Longdan, are used for jaundice, hepatitis, urinary tract infections, pruritis and eczema.)
Key application: Gentiana lutea— internally, for digestive disorders, such as lack of appetite, fullness and flatulence (German Commission E, WHO), for anorexia following illness and dyspepsia (ESCOP). The British Herbal Compendium approves gentian for lack of appetite, anorexia, atonic dyspepsia, gastrointestinal atony, and as antiemetic. The British Herbal Pharmacopoia recognizes it as a bitter tonic.The rhizome and roots of G. Kur- roo contain iridoid glycoside; major component was identified as 6'- cinnamoylcatalpol.The rhizomes and roots of Picro- rhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth., found in the Himalayas, have similar properties and uses and are mixed or substituted for those of G. kurroo.Gentiana lutea (Yellow Gentian) is a native of Europe and Asia Minor and is imported into India. The most important constituents of the drug are secoiridoid bitter compounds, amaro- gentin and gentiopicroside, together with traces of swertiamarin and sweroside. The roots also contain alkaloids, gentianine and gentioflavine, xanthones, and bitter oligosaccharides, gentiobiose and gentianose.Amarogentin, gentiopicrin, swer- tiamarin, sioeroside (iridoid monoter- penes) are toxic constituents.Gentiana tenella Rottb., synonym Gentianella tenella H. Smith and G. decumbens Linn.f. occur at high altitudes in the Himalayas, and are used as substitutes for gentian. G. tenella is known as Kadu in Kashmir and Titaa in Punjab. The rhizome is used as Traayamaana in Ayurvedic medicine.The flowering tops of G. olivieri Griseb., synonym G. dahurica Fisch., used in Unani medicine as Gul-e- Ghaafis, are imported into India from Persia.
Dosage: Root—1-3 g powder. (CCRAS.)... gentiana kurroo
An in?ammation of the bursa in front of the knee-cap, often mistaken for some disease in the joint itself (see BURSITIS).... housemaid’s knee
See PATELLAR TENDINITIS.... jumper’s knee
(African) A petite woman Kabybe... kabibe
(African) One who is powerful Kabirah, Kabyra, Kabyrah, Kabeera, Kabeerah, Kabeira, Kabeirah, Kabiera, Kabierah, Kabeara, Kabearah... kabira
(African) A great huntress Kacelah, Kacella, Kacellah... kacela
(American) One who is bold Kacondrah, Kacondria, Kacondriah, Kacondrea, Kacondreah, Kaecondra, Kaycondra, Kakondra, Kaekondra, Kaykondra... kacondra
(American) Rhythmic and melodious; a musical woman Kadian, Kadienne, Kadianne, Kadiene, Kaydence, Kaedence, Kadense, Kaydense, Kaedense... kadence
(Arabic) A beloved companion Kadyn, Kadan, Kaden, Kadon, Kadun, Kaedin, Kaeden, Kaydin, Kayden... kadin
(Japanese) Resembling a maple leaf Kaide, Kayde... kaede
(Hebrew) Crowned with laurel Kailah, Kailan, Kaela, Kaelah, Kailene, Kailyn, Kailynne, Kailin, Kalea... kaila
(Hawaiian) Of the sky and sea Kailanie, Kaylani, Kaylanie, Kaelani, Kaelanie, Kailany, Kaylany, Kailaney, Kaylaney, Kailanee, Kaylanee, Kailanea, Kaylanea, Kaelany, Kaelaney, Kaelanee, Kaelanea... kailani
(Indian) From the silver mountain Kailasah, Kailassa, Kaylasa, Kaelasa, Kailas, Kailase... kailasa
(Greek) Woman of opportunity Kayros, Kaeros... kairos
(Greek) Form of Katherine, meaning “one who is pure, virginal” Kaitlin, Kaitlan, Kaitleen, Kaitlynn, Katalin, Katalina, Katalyn, Katelin, Kateline, Katelinn, Katelyn, Katelynn, Katilyn, Katlin... kaitlyn
(Japanese) A forgiving woman Kaiyo, Kaeya, Kaeyo... kaiya
(Indian) A woman with appealing eyes... kajal
(Native American) A bitter woman... kakawangwa
(Egyptian) The younger of twins Kakrah... kakra
(Arabic / Hawaiian) A moment in time / form of Sarah, meaning “princess; lady” Kalah, Kalla, Kallah... kala
(Hawaiian) From the heavens Kalanie, Kalany, Kalaney, Kalanee, Kaloni, Kalonie, Kalonee, Kalony, Kaloney, Keilana, Keilani, Kalanea, Kalonea... kalani
(Hebrew) Resembling a flower... kalanit
(Slavic) Resembling a delicate flower Kaleena, Kaline, Kalynne, Kalyne, Kalina, Kalyna, Kaleene, Kalene, Kalena, Kaleane, Kaleana... kaleen
(French) Having beautiful energy Kalett, Kalete, Kalette, Kalay, Kalaye... kalet
(Hindi) The dark one; in Hinduism, a destructive force... kali
(Greek) The most beautiful woman Kalydas, Kaleedas, Kaleidas, Kaliedas, Kaleadas... kalidas
(Somali) A chaste and holy woman Kalifah, Kalyfa, Kalyfah, Kaleefa, Kaleefah, Kalipha, Kalypha, Kaleepha, Kaleafa, Kaleafah, Kaleapha... kalifa
(Greek / Arabic) Resembling a rosebud; one who is dearly loved Kalikah, Kalyka, Kalykah, Kaleeka, Kaleekah, Kalica, Kalicca, Kalyca, Kaleeca, Kaleaka, Kaleakah... kalika
(Arabic) A darling girl; sweetheart Kalila, Kaleila, Kaleyla, Kaleela, Kaleilah, Kaleylah, Kaleelah, Kaliyah, Kaliya, Kaleala, Kalealah... kalilah
(Arabic) An eloquent speaker Kalimah, Kalyma, Kaleema, Kallima, Kalleema, Kallyma, Kaleama, Kalleama... kalima
(Indian) Of the sun Kalindah, Kalynda, Kalinde, Kalindeh, Kalindi, Kalindie, Kalyndi, Kalyndie, Kalindee, Kalyndee... kalinda
(Scandinavian / Gaelic) Of the flowing water / powerful in battle... kallan
(English) A beautiful girl Kalli, Kallita, Kally, Kalley, Kallee, Kalleigh, Kallea, Kalleah... kallie
(Greek) Having a beautiful voice; in mythology, the muse of epic poetry Kalliopee, Kalliopy, Kalliopi, Kalliopie, Kaliope, Kaliopi, Kaliopie, Kaliopy, Kaliopee, Kalliopea, Kalipea... kalliope
(Finnish) In mythology, goddess of the dead... kalma
(Greek) A victorious beauty Kalonyce, Kaloneece, Kaloneace, Kaloniece, Kaloneice... kalonice
(Indian) Having a great imagination Kalpanah, Kalpanna, Kalpannah ... kalpana
(Finnish) A heroine... kalwa
(Indian) One who loves and is loved Kamah, Kamma, Kammah... kama
(Arabic) A woman of perfection Kamalah, Kammala, Kamalla... kamala
(Indian) One who is desired Kamanah, Kammana, Kamanna, Kamna... kamana
(African) Of the moon Kamariah, Kamarea, Kamareah, Kamariya, Kamariyah... kamaria
(African) A hardworking woman... kambo
(English) A woman of Wales Kambriah, Kambreea, Kambrea, Kambriya... kambria
(Hawaiian) The one and only; precious one Kameo... kamea
(Japanese) A turtle child; having a long life Kamyko, Kamiko... kameko
(English) Form of Cameron, meaning “having a crooked nose” Kamerin, Kameryn, Kamrin, Kamron, Kamryn, Kamren, Kameren, Kamran, Kameran... kameron
(Arabic / Italian) The perfect one / form of Camilla, meaning “ceremonial attendant; a noble virgin” Kamila, Kamilla, Kamillia, Kamille, Kamelia, Kamelea, Kamilia, Kamilea, Kami, Kamili, Kamlyn, Kammi, Kammie, Kamiila, Kamillra, Kamikla, Kamela, Kamella... kamilah
(Indian) A joyful child Kamen, Kamon, Kaman... kamin
(American) Surrounded by light Kamira, Kamera, Kamiera, Kameira, Kameera, Kameara... kamyra
(Japanese) A powerful woman... kana
An antibiotic derived from Streptomyces kanamyceticus. It is active against a wide range of organisms, including Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.... kanamycin
(Indian) From the garden... kanan
(Hawaiian) The beautiful girl Kananie, Kanany, Kananey, Kananni, Kananee, Kananea, Kananeah... kanani
(Hebrew) Resembling a small bird Kanarah, Kanarra, Kanarrah... kanara
(Native American) A magical woman Kandah... kanda
(English) Form of Candace, meaning “a queen / one who is white and glowing” Kandee, Kandi, Kandice, Kandis, Kandiss, Kandy, Kandyce, Kandys, Kandyss, Kandake, Kandie, Kandey, Kandea... kandace
(African) The firstborn daughter... kande
(American) A shining woman Kandrah... kandra
(Irish) A warrior woman ready for battle Kaine, Kayne, Kaene, Kain, Kayn, Kaen... kane
(American) A dark-skinned beauty Kaneisha, Kaniesha, Kaneasha, Kanesha, Kanisha, Kanysha... kaneesha
(Native American) Resembling a raven... kanga
(African) A dark, beautiful woman Kanikah, Kanyka, Kanicka, Kanycka, Kaneeka, Kaneecka, Kaneaka, Kaneacka... kanika
(Arabic) A servant girl Kaneez, Kanyz... kaniz
(Vietnamese) An angelic woman Kannytha, Kanitha, Kanytha... kannitha
(African) Resembling a little bird Kanonni, Kanonie, Kanony, Kanoney, Kanonee, Kanonea... kanoni
(Native American) Of the south wind people; from the state of Kansas... kansas
(Indian) A delicate woman Kanthah, Kanthe, Kantheh, Kanthia, Kanthia, Kanthea, Kantheah, Kanthiya, Kanthiyah, Kanthya, Kanthyah... kantha
(Native American) One who sings beautifully Kantie, Kanty, Kantey, Kantee, Kantea ... kanti
(Thai) A young girl; a virgin... kanya
Kaolinosis is a form of PNEUMOCONIOSIS caused by the inhaling of clay dust.... kaolinosis
(Japanese) A fragrant girl Kaori... kaoru
(English) Form of Caprice, meaning “one who is impulsive and unpredictable” Kapricia, Kaprisha, Kapryce, Kaprycia, Kaprysha, Kapri, Kaprie, Kapry, Kaprey, Kapree, Kaprea, Kaprise, Kapryse, Kaprece, Kaprese, Kapreese, Kapreece, Kapreace, Kaprease... kaprice
(African) The firstborn daughter Kapukie, Kapuky, Kapukey, Kapukee, Kapukea... kapuki
(Greek / Italian / Gaelic) One who is pure / dearly loved / a good friend Karah, Karalee, Karalie, Karalyn, Karalynn, Karrah, Karra, Khara, Kahra... kara
(African) Full of wisdom and life Karasie, Karasy, Karasey, Karasee, Karasea... karasi
(American) An energetic woman Karbi, Karby, Karbey, Karbee, Karbea... karbie
(French) A joyful singer Karcsie, Karcsy, Karcsey, Karcsee, Karcsea... karcsi
(Greek) Form of Katherine, meaning “one who is pure; virginal” Karan, Karena, Kariana, Kariann, Karianna, Karianne, Karin, Karina, Karine, Karon, Karren, Karrin, Karyn, Karna, Keran, Keren, Keryn, Kerin, Kerryn, Kerrin... karen
(Arabic) Feminine form of Karim; one who is generous and noble Karimah, Kareema, Karyma, Kareama... karima
(English) Form of Charisma, meaning “blessed with charm” Kharisma, Karizma, Kharizma... karisma
(Indian) One’s actions determine one’s destiny Karmah... karma
(Latin) Form of Carmel, meaning “of the fruitful orchard” Karmelle, Karmell, Karmele, Karmela, Karmella... karmel
(Hebrew) Of God’s vineyard Karmelita, Kannelite, Karmelitah, Karmelyte, Karmelyta, Karmelite, Karmit... karmelit
(Latin) Form of Carmen, meaning “a beautiful song” Karman, Karmin, Karmon, Karmine, Karmia, Karmina, Karmita, Karmyn... karmen
(Native American) From the trees Karmitie, Karmity, Karmitey, Karmitee, Karmyty, Karmyti, Karmytie, Karmytee, Karmitea, Karmytea... karmiti
(American) A feisty woman Karneshah, Karnisha, Karnishah, Karnysha, Karnyshah... karnesha
(English) Form of Carol, meaning “a joyous song; a small, strong woman” Karola, Karole, Karolle, Karolla, Karoly, Karoli, Karolie, Karolee, Karoleigh, Karel, Karal, Karil... karol
(English) Form of Caroline, meaning “a joyous song; a small, strong woman” Karolina, Karolinah, Karolyne, Karrie, Karie, Karri, Kari, Karry, Kary, Karlotta, Karee, Karielle... karoline
(English) One who is admired Karington, Karryngton, Karyngton... karrington
(American) Feminine form of Carson; from the swamp Karson, Karsin, Karsan, Karsyn... karsen
(Greek) The anointed one Karstin, Karstine, Karstyn, Karston, Karstan, Kiersten, Keirsten... karsten
(Indian) A compassionate woman Karunah, Karoona, Karoonah, Karouna, Karounah... karuna
(Armenian) The dark one... karyan
(Scandinavian) One who is pure; chaste Kasin, Kasyn, Kasan, Kason, Kasienka... kasen
(Sanskrit) From the state in India Kashmira, Kasha, Kashmeer, Kazmir, Kazmira, Kazmeer, Kazhmir... kashmir
(American) A dramatic woman Kashondah, Kashaunda, Kashaundah, Kashawnda, Kashawndah, Kashanda, Kashandah... kashonda
(American) A bright woman Kashawndra, Kaseandra, Kashaundra, Kashandra, Kashondre, Kachaundra, Kachondra... kashondra
(Indian) From the holy city; shining... kasi
(Slavice) A peacemaker Kasmirah, Kasmeera, Kasmeerah, Kasmyra, Kasmyrah, Kazmira, Kazmirah, Kazmyrah, Kazmyra, Kazmeera, Kazmeerah... kasmira
(English) Form of Cassandra, meaning “an unheeded prophetess” Kassandrah, Kasandra, Kasaundra, Kassondra, Kassi, Kassia, Kassie, Kassy... kassandra
(English) Form of Cassidy, meaning “curly-haired girl” Kassidey, Kassidi, Kassidie, Kassidee, Kasidy, Kasidey, Kasidi, Kasidie, Kasidee, Kassidea, Kasidea... kassidy
(Japanese) From the mist Kasumie, Kasume, Kasumy, Kasumey, Kasumee, Kasumea... kasumi
(Hebrew) A young girl Kataniyah, Katanya, Katanyah... kataniya
A syndrome characterised by allergic symptoms and involving the respiratory tract (i.e. fever, cough, rash and marked eosinophilia) sometimes seen in patients who have had exposure to a large number of schistosome cercariae, especially Schistosoma japonicum, sometimes S. mansoni, rarely S. haematobium. Sydrome occurs during the invasive stage of schistosomiasis from the time of cercarial penetration of the skin to the time of early egg laying in the veins.... katayama syndrome
(American) A sassy woman Katchie, Katchy, Katchey, Katchee, Katchea... katchi
(American) One who celebrates Katerah, Katerra, Katerrah, Katura, Katurah, Katurra, Katurrah... katera
(Greek) Form of Catherine, meaning “one who is pure; virginal” Katharine, Katharyn, Kathy, Kathleen, Katheryn, Kathie, Kathrine, Kathryn, Kathryne, Kaythrynn, Kady, Kadie, Kaethe, Kaira, Kaisa, Kaska, Kat, Katherina, Kata, Katakin, Katanyna, Katarina, Katarin, Katarzyna, Katchen, Kate, Katen, Katerina, Kath, Kathe, Kathelyn, Kathleena, Kathlene, Kathlynn, Kathrina, Kati, Katia, Katica, Katie, Katine, Katinka, Katiya, Katja, Katle, Katina, Katoka, Katri, Katria, Katriane, Katriana, Katrien, Katrikki, Katrin, Katrina, Katrine, Katrya, Katy, Katya, Katyenka, Katyuska, Kayiyn, Kaysa, Kolina, Koline, Kolena, Kolene, Koleyna, Kethryn, Kiska, Kitlyn... katherine
(American) A stylish woman... kathlaya
(American) A daughter with power Katimah, Kateema, Katyma, Katiema, Kateima, Kateama... katima
(American) A graceful woman Katryce, Katriece, Katreice, Katreace, Katrise, Katryse, Katriese, Katreise, Katrease... katrice
(Hebrew) Crowned by God Katriele, Katrielle, Katriell, Katriela, Katriella... katriel
(Egyptian) In mythology, an ancient goddess Keket... kauket
(Polynesian) Child of the heavens... kaula
Visions, Protection, Luck... kava-kave
(Indian) From the sacred river Kaverie, Kauveri, Kauverie, Kavery, Kaverey, Kaveree, Kaverea, Kauvery, Kauverey, Kauveree, Kauverea... kaveri
(Indian) A great poetess Kavita, Kavindra, Kavie, Kavy, Kavey, Kavee, Kavea... kavi
(American) One who is eager Kavinlie, Kavinly, Kavinley, Kavinlee, Kavinlea, Kavinleigh... kavinli
(Arabic) From the river in paradise Kawthare, Kawthara, Kawtharr... kawthar
(African) A long-awaited daughter Kayen, Kayan, Kayon... kayin
(Arabic / Hebrew) Form of Kaila, meaning “crowned with laurel” Kaylah, Kalan, Kalen, Kalin, Kalyn, Kalynn, Kaylan, Kaylana, Kaylin, Kaylen, Kaylynn, Kaylyn, Kayle... kayla
(Hawaiian) A fiery woman Keahie, Keahy, Keahey, Keahee, Keahea... keahi
(Hawaiian) Resembling a cool mountain breeze... keanu
(Irish) The winner Kearny, Kearni, Kearnie, Kearnee, Kearnea... kearney
(English) From a shed town Keatan, Keatyn, Keatin, Keatun... keaton
(Irish) A lovely and graceful girl Keavey, Keavi, Keavie, Keavee, Keavea... keavy
(Hebrew) Woman of the East... kedma
(Gaelic) Small and fiery woman Keygan, Keigan, Kiegan, Kegan, Keagan... keegan
(Native American) One who is chaste; a virgin... keegsquaw
(Irish) A slender and beautiful woman Keylan, Keilan, Kielan, Kelan, Kealan, Keelia... keelan
Keemun tea is a popular Chinese black tea produced in Qimen County in the Anhui Province of China. It is classified as being a top quality black tea around the globe, especially in the British market whereKeemun tea is considered a delicacy. The tea gained popularity very quickly in England where it has become an important ingredient in English Breakfast tea blends.
Keemun tea comes from a sub-variety of the Chinese tea plant
Camellia Sinensis, named Zhu-ye-zhing which grows in a mountainous area covered by forest in Anhui Province. In that area, the lack of sun, high humidity and low temperature allow the growth of perfect thin black tea leaves which are withered, rubbed, twirled and then baked dry.
There are many Keemun tea varieties such as:
- Keemun Gongfu or Congou which has thin, dark and tight shaped leaves.
- Keemun Mao Feng which has slightly twisted leaf buds and a smoother flavor. For a proper taste, it is recommended to brew a smaller quantity of this type of tea and let it steep for 7 minutes.
- Keemun Xin Ya - a type of tea with a less bitter taste.
- Keemun Hao Ya
Keemun Tea brewing
If it is properly brewed, you will obtain a clear red color cup of
Keemun tea with a fruity, exotic and floral (but not as floral as
Darjeeling tea ) aroma. To get a perfect cup of tea, add 1-2 teaspoons of tea leaves per 8 oz cup into the teapot. Boil the water, pour it over the tea leaves and let it steep between 2 - 3 minutes.
In China, people drink Keemun tea without any kind of sweetener or milk.
Keemun tea benefits
Keemun tea has many benefits even though it does not contain as many antioxidants as green or white tea. The caffeine in the Keemun tea helps enhancing your memory and gives you energy during the day. Since this tea is a type of black tea, it has many benefits for the human body:
- Accelerates your metabolism and allows you to burn fat much easier and faster. With a balanced diet and regular exercise,Keemun tea is a strong allied in the process of weight loss.
- Keemun tea can be a good alternative for coffee. The caffeine in the black tea will give you the energy that you need in the morning and will make you feel full of energy all day long.
- Improves your digestion by dissolving the excess acidity.
- Inhibits the growth of cancer cells and the development of rheumatoid arthritis.
Keemun tea side effects
Being a black tea, Keemun tea has a significant amount of caffeine which can cause anxiety, insomnia or irritability if you drink it before bed.
Pregnant women are not advised to drink black tea during the pregnancy since it has been related to spontaneous abortions and birth defects. Also, if you are breastfeeding you should consider reducing the amount of black tea.
People who suffer from anemia are strongly recommended not to drink Keemun tea since it can cause dizziness, blurred vision or headaches.
It is often said that
Keemun tea has an orchid fragrance that leaves a lasting impression in people`s memory. It has a reputation for being a truly exquisite tea with its fruity and wine-like flavor that, combined with the wonderful health benefits, make the tea drinking a delightful experience.... keemun tea - the black tea with an orchid fragrance
(Irish) A small woman Keanan, Keynan, Keinan, Kienan... keenan
(African) Resembling a flower Keeyah, Kieya, Keiya, Keyya... keeya
(Hebrew) Resembling a young lioness Kefirah, Kefiera, Kefeira, Kefeera, Kefyra, Kephira, Kepheera, Kepheira, Kephiera, Kephyra, Kepheara, Kefeara... kefira
(African) The second-born of twins Kehindeh, Kehynde, Kehyndeh... kehinde
(American) One who is alert; aware Keidrah, Kiedra, Kiedrah, Keadra, Keadrah, Keydra, Keydrah, Keedra, Keedrah... keidra
(American) The favorite child; form of Kezia, meaning “of the spice tree” Keishla, Keishah, Kecia, Kesha, Keysha, Keesha, Kiesha, Keshia, Keishia, Keasha, Keashia... keisha
(Hawaiian) The second-born child... kekona
(Gaelic) From the waters Kelbey, Kelbi, Kelbie, Kelbee, Kelda, Keldah, Kelbea... kelby
(Hebrew) A victorious woman Kelila, Kelula, Kelulah, Kelyla, Kelylah... kelilah
(Irish) One who is daring Kellers, Kellar, Kellir, Kellyr... keller
(American) A fun-loving woman... kember
(Spanish) Having great strength Kemina, Kemeena, Kemyna... kemena
(English) From the meadow Kemply, Kempli, Kemplie, Kemplee, Kempleigh, Kemplea, Kempleah... kempley
(Irish) A good-looking woman Kenai, Kenay, Kenaye, Kennae, Kennai, Kennay, Kennaye... kenae
(Welsh) From the royal valley Kendal, Kendyl, Kendahl, Kindall, Kyndal, Kyndall, Kenda... kendall
(African) One who is dearly loved Kendie, Kendee, Kendy, Kendey, Kendea... kendi
(English) From the royal meadow Kenlie, Kenli, Kenly, Kenlee, Kenleigh, Kenlea... kenley
(Celtic) Feminine form of Kenneth; a beauty; born of fire... kenna
(Gaelic) A helmeted chief Kennedi, Kennedie, Kennedey, Kennedee, Kenadia, Kenadie, Kenadi, Kenady, Kenadey, Kenadee, Kennedea, Kenadea... kennedy
(English) A brash lady Kensyngton, Kensingtyn, Kinsington, Kinsyngton, Kinsingtyn... kensington
(Native American) From the land of tomorrow; from the state of Kentucky Kentucki, Kentuckie, Kentuckey, Kentuckee, Kentuckea... kentucky
(Arabic) Resembling a water lily... kenwei
(African) An innocent; from the country of Kenya Kenyatta, Kenia, Keniya, Kennya... kenya
(English) Form of Mackenzie, meaning “daughter of a wise leader; a fiery woman; one who is fair” Kenzi, Kenzy, Kenzey, Kenzee, Kenzea... kenzie
(American) One who is clever Keoshawna, Keosean, Keoseana, Keoshaun, Keoshauna... keoshawn
(Basque) As solid as a stone Kepah, Keppa, Keppah... kepa
Deposition of KERATIN in cells, in particular those in the skin. The cells become horny and ?attened and lose their nuclei, forming hair and nails or hard areas of skin.... keratinisation
(Greek) In mythology, vengeful spirits of death and doom... keres
(English) A gilded woman Kermilda, Kermilla, Kermillie... kermeilde
This is found in MENINGITIS. A healthy person’s thigh can be bent to a right-angle with the body when the knee is straight; in cases of meningitis the knee cannot be straightened when the thigh is bent this way – not without causing the patient intense pain.... kernig’s sign
(Scottish) From the marshland... kerr
(English) Form of Kiera, meaning “little dark-haired one” Kerri, Kerrie, Kerrey, Kerree, Keri, Kerie, Kery, Keree, Keriana, Kerianna, Keriane, Kerianne, Kerilyn, Keriam, Kerilynne, Kern, Kerrianne, Kerrea, Kerea... kerry
(Teutonic) A brave woman warrior Kertta, Kertu, Kerttu... kerta
(American) A giving woman Kerthiah, Kerthea, Kertheah, Kerthiya, Kerthiyah, Kerthie, Kerthi, Kerthee, Kerthea, Kerthy, Kerthey... kerthia
(American) Filled with happiness Keyshon, Keshawn, Keyshawn, Kesean, Keysean, Keshaun, Keyshaun, Keshonna, Keyshonna, Keshawna, Keyshawna, Keseana, Keyseana, Keshauna, Keyshauna... keshon
(American) Form of Keshon, meaning “filled with happiness” Keshondrah, Keshawndra, Keshawndrah, Keshaundra, Keshaundrah, Keshondriah, Keshondria, Keshondrea, Keshondreah... keshondra
(Indian) The golden daughter Ketakie, Ketaky, Ketakey, Ketakee, Ketakea... ketaki
A non-opioid analgesic (see ANALGESICS) used in the short-term management of moderate to severe acute post-operative pain. It may be given orally or by intramuscular or intravenous injection. Gastrointestinal side-effects are common in elderly people, and there are a range of side-effects from ANAPHYLAXIS to HYPERTENSION, prolonged bleeding time and liver function changes. Contraindications include hypersensitivity to ASPIRIN, ASTHMA, renal impairment and pregnancy (including during labour and delivery).... ketorolac
(Hebrew) Resembling incense Keturah, Keturra... ketura
(Gaelic) Feminine form of Kevin; a beautiful and beloved child Kevinah, Keva, Kevia, Kevinne, Kevyn, Kevynn, Kevynne, Keveena, Keveene, Kevinna, Kevine, Kevlyn, Kevlynne, Kevan, Kevay, Keveana, Keveane... kevina
(American) A knowledgeable woman Keydey, Keydi, Keydie, Keydee, Keydea... keydy
(English) A wise daughter... keyla
(American) An energetic woman Keyonnah, Keyona, Keyonah... keyonna
(Hebrew) Of the spice tree Keziah, Kesia, Kesiah, Kesi, Kessie, Ketzia... kezia
(Arabic / African) The prophet Muhammad’s first wife; a perfect woman / a child born prematurely Khadeeja, Khadijah, Khadyja, Kadija, Kadijah, Kadeeja, Kadyja, Khadeaja, Kadeaja... khadija
(American) Unlike the others; unusual Khae, Khay, Khaye... khai
(American) Full of personality Khakie, Khaky, Khakey, Khakee, Khakea... khaki
(American) A lively woman Khalie, Khaly, Khaley, Khalee, Khaleigh, Khalea... khali
(Arabic) Feminine form of Khalid; an immortal woman Khalidah, Khaleeda, Khalyda, Khaalida, Khulud, Khulood, Khaleada... khalida
(Arabic) Feminine form of Khaliq; a creator; one who is well-behaved Khaliqah, Khalyqa, Khaleeqa, Kaliqua, Kaleequa, Kalyqua, Khaleaqa, Kaleaqua... khaliqa
(Arabic) Of an ancient people Khasah, Khassa, Kahsa, Kahsah... khasa
(Arabic) Feminine form of Khatib; one who leads the prayers; an orator Khateeba, Khatyba, Khateba, Khatibah, Khateaba... khatiba
(African) A petite woman Khatitie, Khatyty, Katiti, Katitie, Khatitee, Khatitey, Khatitea, Katitee, Katitea, Katity, Katitey... khatiti
(Arabic) A dancing servant girl Khawalah, Khawalla, Kawala, Kawalah... khawala
(Arabic) A charitable woman Khayriyah, Khariyyah, Khariya, Khareeya... khayriyyah
(Egyptian) Born of the morning sun Kheprie, Kepri, Keprie, Khepry, Kepry, Khepree, Kepree, Kheprea, Keprea, Kheprey, Keprey... khepri
(American) One who is different Khianna, Khiane, Khianne, Khian, Khyana, Khyanna, Kheana, Kheanna... khiana
(Greek) A flourishing woman; blooming... khloe
(Vietnamese) An advisor... khuyen
(Hawaiian / Irish) Of the mountains / feminine form of Kian; of an ancient family Kianna, Kiahna, Keanna, Keiana, Keona, Keonna, Kia, Kiah, Kiahna, Kiani, Kianni, Kiauna, Kiona, Kionah, Kioni, Kionna, Kiandra, Keyanna, Keyah, Keya... kiana
(African) Of the sunshine Kyanga, Keanga... kianga
(Japanese) Having great fortune... kiaria
(African) The little lady Kibibe, Kibebe... kibibi
(Japanese) The fortunate one Kichie, Kichy, Kichey, Kichee, Kichea... kichi
(African) Daughter born after sons... kiden
See DIALYSIS.... kidney, artificial
These are a pair of glands located in the upper abdomen close to the spine and embedded in fat and loose connective tissue.... kidneys
Diseases affecting the kidneys can be broadly classi?ed into congenital and genetic disorders; autoimmune disorders; malfunctions caused by impaired blood supply; infections; metabolic disorders; and tumours of the kidney. Outside factors may cause functional disturbances – for example, obstruction in the urinary tract preventing normal urinary ?ow may result in hydronephrosis (see below), and the CRUSH SYNDROME, which releases proteins into the blood as a result of seriously damaged muscles (rhabdomyolosis), can result in impaired kidney function. Another outside factor, medicinal drugs, can also be hazardous to the kidney. Large quantities of ANALGESICS taken over a long time damage the kidneys and acute tubular NECROSIS can result from certain antibiotics.
K
Diagram of glomerulus (Malpighian corpuscle).
Fortunately the body has two kidneys and, as most people can survive on one, there is a good ‘functional reserve’ of kidney tissue.
Symptoms Many patients with kidney disorders do not have any symptoms, even when the condition is quite advanced. However,
others experience loin pain associated with obstruction (renal colic) or due to infection; fevers; swelling (oedema), usually of the legs but occasionally including the face and arms; blood in the urine (haematuria); and excess quantities of urine (polyuria), including at night (nocturia), due to failure of normal mechanisms in the kidney for concentrating urine. Patients with chronic renal failure often have very di?use symptoms including nausea and vomiting, tiredness due to ANAEMIA, shortness of breath, skin irritation, pins and needles (paraesthesia) due to damage of the peripheral nerves (peripheral neuropathy), and eventually (rarely seen nowadays) clouding of consciousness and death.
Signs of kidney disease include loin tenderness, enlarged kidneys, signs of ?uid retention, high blood pressure and, in patients with end-stage renal failure, pallor, pigmentation and a variety of neurological signs including absent re?exes, reduced sensation, and a coarse ?apping tremor (asterixis) due to severe disturbance of the body’s normal metabolism.
Renal failure Serious kidney disease may lead to impairment or failure of the kidney’s ability to ?lter waste products from the blood and excrete them in the urine – a process that controls the body’s water and salt balance and helps to maintain a stable blood pressure. Failure of this process causes URAEMIA – an increase in urea and other metabolic waste products – as well as other metabolic upsets in the blood and tissues, all of which produce varying symptoms. Failure can be sudden or develop more slowly (chronic). In the former, function usually returns to normal once the underlying cause has been treated. Chronic failure, however, usually irreparably reduces or stops normal function.
Acute failure commonly results from physiological shock following a bad injury or major illness. Serious bleeding or burns can reduce blood volume and pressure to the point where blood-supply to the kidney is greatly reduced. Acute myocardial infarction (see HEART, DISEASES OF) or pancreatitis (see PANCREAS, DISORDERS OF) may produce a similar result. A mismatched blood transfusion can produce acute failure. Obstruction to the urine-?ow by a stone (calculus) in the urinary tract, a bladder tumour or an enlarged prostate can also cause acute renal failure, as can glomerulonephritis (see below) and the haemolytic-uraemia syndrome.
HYPERTENSION, DIABETES MELLITUS, polycystic kidney disease (see below) or AMYLOIDOSIS are among conditions that cause chronic renal failure. Others include stone, tumour, prostatic enlargement and overuse of analgesic drugs. Chronic failure may eventually lead to end-stage renal failure, a life-threatening situation that will need DIALYSIS or a renal transplant (see TRANSPLANTATION).
Familial renal disorders include autosomal dominant inherited polycystic kidney disease and sex-linked familial nephropathy. Polycystic kidney disease is an important cause of renal failure in the UK. Patients, usually aged 30–50, present with HAEMATURIA, loin or abdominal discomfort or, rarely, urinary-tract infection, hypertension and enlarged kidneys. Diagnosis is based on ultrasound examination of the abdomen. Complications include renal failure, hepatic cysts and, rarely, SUBARACHNOID HAEMORRHAGE. No speci?c treatment is available. Familial nephropathy occurs more often in boys than in girls and commonly presents as Alport’s syndrome (familial nephritis with nerve DEAFNESS) with PROTEINURIA, haematuria, progressing to renal failure and deafness. The cause of the disease lies in an absence of a speci?c ANTIGEN in a part of the glomerulus. The treatment is conservative, with most patients eventually requiring dialysis or transplantation.
Acute glomerulonephritis is an immune-complex disorder due to entrapment within glomerular capillaries of ANTIGEN (usually derived from B haemolytic streptococci – see STREPTOCOCCUS) antibody complexes initiating an acute in?ammatory response (see IMMUNITY). The disease affects children and young adults, and classically presents with a sore throat followed two weeks later by a fall in urine output (oliguria), haematuria, hypertension and mildly abnormal renal function. The disease is self-limiting with 90 per cent of patients spontaneously recovering. Treatment consists of control of blood pressure, reduced ?uid and salt intake, and occasional DIURETICS and ANTIBIOTICS.
Chronic glomerulonephritis is also due to immunological renal problems and is also classi?ed by taking a renal biopsy. It may be subdivided into various histological varieties as determined by renal biospy. Proteinuria of various degrees is present in all these conditions but the clinical presentations vary, as do their treatments. Some resolve spontaneously; others are treated with steroids or even the cytotoxic drug CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE or the immunosuppressant cyclosporin. Prognoses are generally satisfactory but some patients may require renal dialysis or kidney transplantation – an operation with a good success rate.
Hydronephrosis A chronic disease in which the kidney becomes greatly distended with ?uid. It is caused by obstruction to the ?ow of urine at the pelvi-ureteric junction (see KIDNEYS – Structure). If the ureter is obstructed, the ureter proximal to the obstruction will dilate and pressure will be transmitted back to the kidney to cause hydronephrosis. Obstruction may occur at the bladder neck or in the urethra itself. Enlargement of the prostate is a common cause of bladder-neck obstruction; this would give rise to hypertrophy of the bladder muscle and both dilatation of the ureter and hydronephrosis. If the obstruction is not relieved, progressive destruction of renal tissue will occur. As a result of the stagnation of the urine, infection is probable and CYSTITIS and PYELONEPHRITIS may occur.
Impaired blood supply may be the outcome of diabetes mellitus and physiological shock, which lowers the blood pressure, also affecting the blood supply. The result can be acute tubular necrosis. POLYARTERITIS NODOSA and SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) may damage the large blood vessels in the kidney. Treatment is of the underlying condition.
Infection of the kidney is called pyelonephritis, a key predisposing factor being obstruction of urine ?ow through the urinary tract. This causes stagnation and provides a fertile ground for bacterial growth. Acute pyelonephritis is more common in women, especially during pregnancy when bladder infection (CYSTITIS) spreads up the ureters to the kidney. Symptoms are fever, malaise and backache. Antibiotics and high ?uid intake are the most e?ective treatment. Chronic pyelonephritis may start in childhood as a result of congenital deformities that permit urine to ?ow up from the bladder to the kidney (re?ux). Persistent re?ux leads to recurrent infections causing permanent damage to the kidney. Specialist investigations are usually required as possible complications include hypertension and kidney failure.
Tumours of the kidney are fortunately rare. Non-malignant ones commonly do not cause symptoms, and even malignant tumours (renal cell carcinoma) may be asymptomatic for many years. As soon as symptoms appear – haematuria, back pain, nausea, malaise, sometimes secondary growths in the lungs, bones or liver, and weight loss – urgent treatment including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy is necessary. This cancer occurs mostly in adults over 40 and has a hereditary element. The prognosis is not good unless diagnosed early. In young children a rare cancer called nephroblastoma (Wilm’s tumour) can occur; treatment is with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. It may grow to a substantial size before being diagnosed.
Cystinuria is an inherited metabolic defect in the renal tubular reabsorption of cystine, ornithine, lysine and arginine. Cystine precipitates in an alkaline urine to form cystine stones. Triple phosphate stones are associated with infection and may develop into a very large branching calculi (staghorn calculi). Stones present as renal or ureteric pain, or as an infection. Treatment has undergone considerable change with the introduction of MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY (MIS) and the destruction of stone by sound waves (LITHOTRIPSY).... kidneys, diseases of
(American) A loyal woman Kidrea, Kidreah, Kidria, Kidriah, Kidri, Kidrie, Kidry, Kidrey, Kidree... kidre
(Hawaiian) Resembling the gardenia Kielle, Kiel, Kiell, Kiela, Kiella... kiele
(American) Surrounded by light Kienall, Kienale, Kienalla, Kienala, Kienal... kienalle
(American) A brash woman Kiennah, Kiena, Kienah, Kyenna, Kyennah, Kyena, Kyenah, Kienne, Kyenne... kienna
(Vietnamese) One who is beloved... kieu
(African) From the fog... kiho
(African) A youthful woman Kijanna, Kijann, Kijan, Kijane, Kijanne... kijana
(German) The mistress of all Kika, Kykka, Kyka... kikka
(Japanese) Resembling a mum... kiku
(Native American) Resembling a butterfly Kimimela... kimama
(American) Girl from the meadow Kimanah, Kimanna, Kimannah, Kymana, Kymanah, Kymanna, Kymannah... kimana
(Indian) A seductive woman... kimatra
(English) Chief of the warriors; possessing royal boldness Kimbal, Kimbell, Kimbel, Kymball, Kymbal... kimball
(English) Of the royal fortress Kimberley, Kimberli, Kimberlee, Kimberleigh, Kimberlin, Kimberlyn, Kymberlie, Kymberly, Kymberlee, Kim, Kimmy, Kimmie, Kimmi, Kym, Kimber, Kymber, Kimberlie, Kimbra, Kimbro, Kimbrough, Kinborough, Kimberlea, Kimberleah, Kymberlea, Kymberleah... kimberly
(American) One who smiles a lot Kimbrelle, Kimbrel, Kimbrele, Kimbrella, Kimbrela, Kymbrell, Kymbrelle, Kymbrel, Kymbrele, Kymbrella, Kymbrela... kimbrell
(American) Filled with happiness Kimeyo... kimeo
(American) Filled with joy Kimethah, Kymetha, Kymethah, Kimethia, Kymethia, Kimethea, Kymethea... kimetha
(Japanese) A noble child; without equal... kimiko
(American) A darling daughter Kymone... kimone
(Hawaiian) Woman of China... kina
A term used to describe those sensations which underlie muscle tension and position of joint and muscle. These sensations send impulses along nerves to the brain, and thus inform it of the position of the limb in space and of the relative position to each other of individual muscles and muscle-groups and of joints.... kinaesthetic sensations
(American) To set fire; to arouse Kindel, Kyndle, Kyndel... kindle
(Native American) Resembling a rosebud... kineks
(Greek) One who is active; full of energy Kinetikos... kineta
Small highly staining body at the base of the flagellum of flagellate protozoa.... kinetoplast
The highest taxonomic level. See Taxonomy.... kingdom
Substances present in the body which are powerful VASODILATORS. They also induce pain and are probably involved in the production of the headache of MIGRAINE. In addition, they play a part in the production of ALLERGY and ANAPHYLAXIS.... kinins
(Hawaiian) One who is fair; white wave... kinipela
(English) The king’s victory Kinnsee, Kinnsey, Kinnsie, Kinsee, Kinsie, Kinzee, Kinzie, Kinzey, Kinnsea, Kinsea... kinsey
(English) From the king’s meadow Kinsly, Kinslee, Kinsleigh, Kinslea, Kinsli, Kinslie, Kingsley, Kingsly, Kingslee, Kingsleigh, Kingslea, Kingsli, Kingslie... kinsley
(American) A joyous woman Kintrah, Kentra, Kentrah, Kintria, Kentria, Kintrea, Kentrea, Kintrey, Kintry, Kintri, Kintrie, Kintree, Kintrea... kintra
(American) A kinswoman Kinzah, Kynza, Kynzah... kinza
(Japanese) A daughter born with happiness... kioko
(English) From the small pointed hill Kip, Kipling, Kippling, Kypp, Kyp... kipp
(African) A gift from God... kirabo
(Indian) From the mountain Kiratie, Kiraty, Kiratey, Kiratee, Kiratea... kirati
(English) From the church town Kirbey, Kirbi, Kirbie, Kirbee, Kirbea, Kirbeah... kirby
(Indian) Resembling the amaranth flower Kirie, Kiry, Kirey, Kiree, Kirea... kiri
(Eskimo) From the hill Kirimah, Kiryma, Kirymah, Kirema, Kiremah, Kireema, Kireemah, Kireama, Kireamah... kirima
(Indian) One who is crowned Kitra... kirit
(Russian) A genius Kishah, Kysha, Kyshah... kisha
(African) From the hills Kishie, Kishy, Kishey, Kishee, Kishea... kishi
(English) One’s destiny; fate Kizmet... kismet
(African) Daughter born after twins Kissah, Kyssa, Kyssah... kissa
(Japanese) Woman from the north... kita
(African) A beautiful woman... kitoko
(Hebrew) Protected by God Kivah, Kivi, Kiba... kiva
(African) A lively woman Kiwah, Kywa, Kywah, Kiewa, Kiewah, Keiwa, Keiwah, Keewa, Keewah, Keawa, Keawah... kiwa
(Native American) Woman of the wind... kiwidinok
(Australian) Form of Kylie, meaning “from the narrow channel” Kiyah, Kya, Kyah... kiya
(African) An energetic woman Kizzey, Kizzi, Kizzie, Kizzee, Kizzea... kizzy
(Scandinavian) Form of Clara, meaning “famously bright” Klarah, Klaire, Klariss, Klarissa, Klari, Klarika, Kalara, Kalate, Klarisza, Klarysa... klara
(Polish) A beautiful woman Klarybel, Klaribell, Klarybell, Klaribelle, Klarybelle, Klaribela, Klarybela, Klaribella, Klarybella... klaribel
(English) Form of Claudia, meaning “one who is lame” Klaudiah, Klaudine, Klaudeene, Klaudyne, Klaudette, Klaudett, Klaudete, Klaudeta, Klaudina, Klaudeena, Klaudyna, Klaudelle, Klaudele, Klaudell, Klauda, Klavdia... klaudia
(Polish) Form of Clementine, meaning “one who is merciful” Klem, Klemence, Klemency, Klementia, Klementina, Klementya, Klementyna, Klementyn, Klemmie, Klemmy, Klementyne... klementine
(Hungarian) A well-known lady Klotilde, Klotilda, Klothild, Klothilde, Klothilda... klotild
Injury as a result of the stretching of a baby’s brachial plexus during its birth may cause partial paralysis of the arm with atrophy of the muscles of the forearm and hand.... klumpke’s paralysis
Binding, Health... knotweed
Knowledge may be regarded as the distillation of information that has been collected, classified, organized, integrated, abstracted and value added. Knowledge is at a level of abstraction higher than the data and information on which it is based and can be used to deduce new information and new knowledge. When considering knowledge, it is usually within the context of human expertise used in solving problems.... knowledge
(American) Woman from California Kobie, Koby, Kobee, Kobey, Kobea... kobi
The original name for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes TUBERCULOSIS. It stems from the name of the German doctor who ?rst identi?ed the bacillus.... koch’s bacillus
(Hebrew) Resembling a star... kochava
(Japanese) Having a small smile Koemie, Koemy, Koemey, Koemee, Koemea... koemi
(African) Born on a Friday Koffie, Koffee, Kofea, Kofy, Kofey, Kofe... koffi
(English) A self-assured woman Kogann, Kogen, Kogon, Kogin, Kogie, Kogi, Kogy, Kogey, Kogee, Kogea... kogan
(Japanese) The stork has come... koko
Kola vera contains xanthines that are helpful for relieving fatigue and enabling your body to naturally replenish and rejuvenate itself to its normal levels. This helps boost your overall sexual energy as well.... kola nut
(English) Form of Colby, meaning “from the coal town” Kolbey, Kolbi, Kolbie, Kolbee, Kolbea... kolby
(Teutonic) A renowned warrior Koldobike... koldobika
(English) Form of Colette, meaning “of the victorious people” Kolete, Kolett, Koleta, Koletta, Kolet... kolette
(Danish) Born to the victors Kolinka, Koleenka, Kolynka, Kolenka... kolinka
(Hawaiian) A girly woman Konah, Konia, Koniah, Konea, Koneah, Koni, Konie, Koney, Kony, Konee... kona
(Hawaiian) Daughter of the moonlight... konane
(English) Form of Constanza, meaning “one who is constant; steadfast” Konstanze, Konstanzia, Konstanzea... konstanza
Bluish-white spots appearing on the mucous membrane of the mouth in cases of MEASLES about the third day, and forming the ?rst part of the rash in this disease.... koplik’s spots
(Greek) A maiden; in mythology, another name for the goddess Persephone Korah, Korra, Kore, Koren, Kori, Korie, Koree, Kory, Korey... kora
(American) Form of Coral, meaning “resembling the semiprecious sea growth” Korale, Korall, Koralle... koral
(Latin) Form of Corina, meaning “a spear-wielding woman” Korinna, Koreen, Koreene, Koren, Korena, Korine, Korreen, Korreena, Korrin, Korrina, Korrine, Korenne, Korin, Korinda, Korinn, Korinne, Korrena, Korrianne, Korrienne, Korrinda, Korrinn, Korrinna, Korryn, Koryn, Korynn, Korynne, Korrenda, Korynna, Koreana, Korreana... korina
(Polish) Form of Cornelia, meaning “referring to a horn” Korneliah, Kornelie, Korneli, Kornela, Kornella, Kornelea, Korneliya, Korneleah... kornelia
A form of mental disturbance occurring in chronic alcoholism and other toxic states, such as URAEMIA, lead poisoning and cerebral SYPHILIS. Its special features are talkativeness with delusions in regard to time and place – the patient, although clear in other matters, imagining that he or she has recently made journeys.... korsakoff’s syndrome
(Greek) A universal woman Kosma, Kosmah, Kozmo, Kozma, Kasma, Kasmah, Kasmo, Kazma, Kazmo... kosmo
(Latin) A steadfast woman Kostia, Kostiah, Kostya, Kostya, Kostea, Kosteah, Kostusha... kosta
(Slavic) One who is faithful... kostya
(Japanese) A harp player... koto
(American) Form of Courtney, meaning “a courteous woman; courtly” Kourtny, Kordney, Kortney, Kortni, Kourtenay, Kourtneigh, Kourtni, Kourtnee, Kourtnie, Kortnie, Kortnea, Kourtnea... kourtney
(Japanese) Of the trees Kozu, Kozoo, Kozou... kozue
Sea kraits (Genus Laticauda) are similar to, and can be regarded as sea snakes, although they are more heavily-built and their nostrils are not situated on the upper surface of the snout. Laticauda colubrina (the banded sea snake) and Laticauda laticaudata (the black-banded sea snake) are the most common in Australia.... kraits
(Slavic) A beautiful daughter Krasava... krasna
(American) A charming and kind girl Kreelie, Krieli, Krielie, Kryli, Krylie, Kreely, Kriely, Kryly, Kreelee, Krielee, Krylee, Kreelea, Krielea, Krylea... kreeli
(American) A capable woman Kreni, Kreny, Kreney, Krenee, Krenea... krenie
(American) A talkative woman Kryshen, Krishon, Kryshon, Krishan, Kryshan, Krishin, Kryshin... krishen
(American) One who is friendly Krissey, Krissi, Krissie, Krissee, Krissea... krissy
(English) Form of Christina, meaning “follower of Christ” Kristena, Kristine, Kristyne, Kristyna, Krystina, Krystine, Kristjana, Krisalyn, Kris, Kristy, Kristi, Kristie, Kriszta, Krisztina, Karasi, Kristin, Kristen, Kristyn, Krysten, Krystin, Krystyn, Kristian, Kristiana, Kristiane, Kristianna, Kristianne, Kristel, Kristell, Kristeena, Kristeene, Krista, Krysta, Krystka, Kriska, Krystianna, Krystiana, Krystynka, Krystyna, Krysia, Khristeen, Khristen, Khristin, Khristina, Khristine, Khristyana, Khristyna, Khrystina, Khrystyn, Khrystyna, Khrystyne, Khrustina, Kerstin, Kirsten, Kirstie, Kirstin, Kirsty, Kirstyn, Kirsi... kristina
(Indian) An exquisite work of art Kritie, Krity, Kritey, Kritee, Kryti, Kryty, Krytie, Krytee, Kritea, Krytea... kriti
(Indian) A forgiving woman Krupalie, Krupaly, Krupaley, Krupalee, Krupaleigh, Krupalea, Krupaleah, Krupalia... krupali
(English) Form of Crystal, meaning “resembling clear, sparkling, brilliant glass” Kristal, Krystle, Krystalyn, Krystalynn, Krystalynne, Kristabelle, Krystabelle, Kristalena, Kristalyn, Khrystalline... krystal
(Russian) Praise be to God Ksanochka, Ksena, Ksanna, Ksann, Ksane, Ksanne... ksana
(Arabic) A wise elder Kubrea, Kubriah, Kubriya, Kubreah, Kubriyah... kubria
(Japanese) Resembling a bear Kumah, Kooma, Koomah... kuma
(African) Fulfilling one’s destiny Kumanie, Kumany, Kumaney, Kumanee, Kumanea... kumani
(Japanese) An everlasting beauty Kumie, Kumy, Kumey, Kumee, Kumea... kumi
(Japanese) A child who is forever beautiful Kumeeko, Kumyko... kumiko
(Indian) Resembling a flower Kumud, Kumudia, Kumudea... kumuda
(Indian) A woman among lotuses... kumudavati
(Japanese) From the country estate Kuneeko, Kunyko... kuniko
A surgical nail inserted into the medulla of a fractured bone to ?xate it. First introduced by a 20th-century German surgeon.... kuntscher nail
(German) One who provides bold counsel... kuonrada
(Turkish) Of the river Kurah... kura
(African) One who gives thanks... kuron
(Scandinavian) Form of Kirsten, meaning “follower of Christ” Kursten, Kurrstin, Kurstin, Kursti, Kurstie, Kursty, Kurstee, Kurstea... kurrsten
(Native American) God is gracious Kwanitah, Kwaneeta, Kwanyta, Kwaneata... kwanita
(Greek) In mythology, another name for the moon goddess Kynthiah, Kynthea, Kinthia, Kinthea, Kynthiya, Kinthiya... kynthia
(Japanese) One who sees her true image... kyoko
(French) A poetess Kyriell, Kyriele, Kyriel, Kyriella, Kyriela... kyrielle
An inherited disease in which the KIDNEYS contain many cysts. These grow in size until normal kidney tissue is largely destroyed. Cysts may also occur in other organs such as the liver. In adults, the disease will cause HYPERTENSION and kidney failure. There is also a juvenile form. There is no e?ective treatment, although symptoms can be alleviated by DIALYSIS and sometimes kidney transplant (see TRANSPLANTATION).... polycystic disease of the kidney
A protozoan disease caused by Leishmania donovani, found around parts of the Mediterranean basin, tropical Africa, South America, and central and eastern Asia. The disease is transmitted byfemale sandflies of the genus, Phlebotomus in the Old World and Lutzomyia in the New World. Full-blown disease is often fatal, if untreated. Growth nodules of the disease or leishmanioma form initially and, if spontaneous recoverydoes not occur, proliferating parasites burst out of the nodules, disseminating throughout the body.... visceral leishmaniasis (kala azar)
(Native American) Resembling a flying bird Zintkalah Kinyan, Zintkalla Kinyan, Zintkallah Kinyan, Zyntkala Kinyan, Zyntkalah Kinyan, Zyntkallah Kinyan, Zyntkalla Kinyan... zintkala kinyan
The Khil plant is native to the Nile Valley. Seeds have a long traditional reputation as a kidney-stone breaker. Half an ounce seeds to 1 pint water; bring to boil and simmer for 5 minutes. All is drunk over the course of the day. Continue until positive response, allowing one week’s rest after each three weeks. ... bisr khil
Formula. Each tablet contains: Hops 45mg; Extract Valeriana officinalis 33.75mg; Extract Gentiana lutea 4:1 22.50mg. To relieve periods of worry and irritability. Two tablets thrice daily after meals. Non-habit-forming, with no known side-effects. Not suitable for children, pregnancy or lactation. (Lane’s UK) ... kalms
Kudzu Tea has been used for many years in traditional Chinese medicine for treating various health conditions. Kudzu herb grows in different regions of Japan, China, parts of Asia and southeastern parts of the United States. These regions are typically mountains, roadsides, fields or thin forests.
The
constituents of kudzu are responsible for improving blood circulation along the coronary arteries. These are mainly isoflavones such as daidzin, daidzein, glycosides and puerarin.
How To Make Kudzu Tea
You can make
Kudzu Tea either from the leaves or roots of kudzu.
To make Kudzu Tea from
leaves you will need to boil Kudzu Tea leaves in water for about 15 minutes. Then let the mix steep for about 5 minutes and, using a strainer to catch the kudzu leaves, pour the tea into your cup. If you want you can sweeten it with sugar or honey.
However, in traditional Chinese medicine it is used more often Kudzu Tea made with kudzu
roots. To make it, you will need to brew black or oolong tea and after that, add a handful of kudzu roots. Let the whole mix steep for about 10 minutes and then enjoy!
Kudzu Tea Benefits
The most common and popular benefit of
Kudzu Tea is suppressing the craving for alcohol. For people who find themselves consuming alcohol and drink also Kudzu Tea, they may not suffer from hangovers as bad as they normally do.
But Kudzu Tea has many other health benefits:
- Kudzu Tea helps enhancing the blood flow to the brain for those who suffer from atherosclerosis.
- Alleviates muscle pain especially in the neck and back areas.
- Alleviates some menopausal symptoms.
- Improves cardiovascular health.
- Helps treating headaches and dizziness.
Kudzu Tea Side Effects
- Pregnant and breastfeeding women should not drink Kudzu Tea or any other herbal tea without consulting their doctor first.
- Kudzu might slow blood clotting and may interfere with cardiovascular treatments.
- Kudzu Tea may affect blood sugar levels in people with diabetes.
In conclusion, you can say that
Kudzu Tea has more heath benefits than side effects. Just remember not to drink too much kudzu tea since overconsumption can lead to the side effects listed above!... the amazing benefits of kudzu tea
6.5 cm wide, 5 cm thick, and weighs around 140 grams.
Adult kidneys have a smooth exterior, enveloped by a tough ?brous coat that is bound to the kidney only by loose ?brous tissue and by a few blood vessels that pass between it and the kidney. The outer margin of the kidney is convex; the inner is concave with a deep depression, known as the hilum, where the vessels enter. The URETER, which conveys URINE to the URINARY BLADDER, is also joined at this point. The ureter is spread out into an expanded, funnel-like end, known as the pelvis, which further divides up into little funnels known as the calyces. A vertical section through a kidney (see diagram) shows two distinct layers: an outer one, about 4 mm thick, known as the cortex; and an inner one, the medulla, lying closer to the hilum. The medulla consists of around a dozen pyramids arranged side by side, with their base on the cortex and their apex projecting into the calyces of the ureter. The apex of each pyramid is studded with tiny holes, which are the openings of the microscopic uriniferous tubes.
In e?ect, each pyramid, taken together with the portion of cortex lying along its base, is an independent mini-kidney. About 20 small tubes are on the surface of each pyramid; these, if traced up into its substance, repeatedly subdivide so as to form bundles of convoluted tubules, known as medullary rays, passing up towards the cortex. One of these may be traced further back, ending, after a tortuous course, in a small rounded body: the Malpighian corpuscle or glomerulus (see diagram). Each glomerulus and its convoluted tubule is known as a nephron, which constitutes the functional unit of the kidney. Each kidney contains around a million nephrons.
After entering the kidney, the renal artery divides into branches, forming arches where the cortex and medulla join. Small vessels come o? these arches and run up through the cortex, giving o? small branches in each direction. These end in a tuft of capillaries, enclosed in Bowman’s capsule, which forms the end of the uriniferous tubules just described; capillaries with capsule constitute a glomerulus.
After circulating in the glomerulus, the blood leaves by a small vein, which again divides into capillaries on the walls of the uriniferous tubules. From these it is ?nally collected into the renal veins and then leaves the kidney. This double circulation (?rst through the glomerulus and then around the tubule) allows a large volume of ?uid to be removed from the blood in the glomerulus, the concentrated blood passing on to the uriniferous tubule for removal of parts of its solid contents. Other arteries come straight from the arches and supply the medulla direct; the blood from these passes through another set of capillaries and ?nally into the renal veins. This circulation is con?ned purely to the kidney, although small connections by both arteries and veins exist which pass through the capsule and, joining the lumbar vessels, communicate directly with the aorta.
Function The kidneys work to separate ?uid and certain solids from the blood. The glomeruli ?lter from the blood the non-protein portion of the plasma – around 150–200 litres in 24 hours, 99 per cent of which is reabsorbed on passing through the convoluted tubules.
Three main groups of substances are classi?ed according to their extent of uptake by the tubules:
(1) SUBSTANCES ACTIVELY REABSORBED These include amino acids, glucose, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and chlorine (for more information, see under separate entries).
(2) SUBSTANCES DIFFUSING THROUGH THE TUBULAR EPITHELIUM when their concentration in the ?ltrate exceeds that in the PLASMA, such as UREA, URIC ACID and phosphates.
(3) SUBSTANCES NOT RETURNED TO THE BLOOD from the tubular ?uid, such as CREATINE, accumulate in kidney failure, resulting in general ‘poisoning’ known as URAEMIA.... structure each kidney is about 10 cm long,
The common name for the machine used in dialysis.... artificial kidney
Inflammation of the bursa that cushions the pressure point over the tibial tubercle (the bony prominence just below the knee) caused by prolonged kneeling (see bursitis).... clergyman’s knee
Consumption of tea can lead to many health benefits, as it is a natural beverage. There are various types of tea which help with kidney problems, as well. Find out more about teas for kidney!
Why drink tea for kidney
Damage of kidney (nephropathy) can lead to various problems. Some of the more common ones include kidney failure (also known as renal failure), kidney tumors (Wilms tumor or renal cell carcinoma), and kidney stones.
Consumption of tea can help treat these problems, prevent them or slow down their progress. They also help maintain the kidneys in a healthy condition, which leads to other health benefits, such as regulating the blood pressure.
Teas for kidney
There are several types of tea which help with kidney problems. Most of them are herbal teas.
Club moss tea, elderberry tea, saw palmetto tea, and cleavers tea have a cleansing effect, helping with the detoxification process. In the case of kidney failures, you can add centaury tea and Ceylon tea to your treatment.
For other kidney problems, as well as the ones mentioned before, drink fenugreek tea, burdock tea, sassafras tea, banaba tea, sage tea, juniper tea, privet tea, orris tea, or milk thistle tea. Also, in order to have a pair of healthy kidneys, you can drink cranberry tea, goji tea, rehmannia tea, dandelion tea, lemongrass tea, or kukicha tea.
Tea for kidney stones
Kidney stones are some of the most common kidney problems. They are solid concretions or crystal aggregations which are formed in the kidneys and eliminated through urine.
Black tea is one type of tea that can help with kidney stones. Other teas, herbal ones this time, are butterbur tea, corn silk tea, uva ursi tea, stone root tea, triphala tea, marshmallow tea, alfalfa tea, pipsissewa tea, and abuta tea.
Tea for kidney side effects
Side effects vary from one tea to another. Generally, it is recommended to speak to your doctor first, before consuming one of these teas, if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Also, you have to be careful with black tea, which has a pretty high caffeine content. If your body can’t take caffeine, it might lead to unwanted side effects: headaches, nervousness, sleep problems, vomiting, diarrhea, irritability, irregular heartbeats, tremors, dizziness, or ringing in the ears.
Teas you shouldn’t drink
If you’ve got kidney problems, there are a few types of tea you should not drink. The list includes oolong tea, horse chestnut tea, lovage tea, wu yi tea, lemon verbena tea, rue tea, and periwinkle tea.
Also, you might get kidney problems (even kidney stones) if you drink a high amount of boneset tea, yohimbe tea, yerba mate tea, essiac tea, parsley tea, osha tea, and meadowsweet tea.
However, juniper tea and horsetail tea are part of a special class. They both help with kidney problems, but they have to be consumed properly. Over consumption can lead to kidney pains in the case of juniper tea, or kidney stones in the case of horsetail tea.
You can protect your kidney, as well as treat various kidney problems, by drinking tea. Besides this, you’ll discover that, based on the type of tea you drink, you’ll get plenty of health benefits, as well. Have a cup of tea for kidney!... tea for kidney
Persistent dryness of the cornea and conjunctiva caused by deficiency in tear production. The condition is associated with autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Prolonged dryness may lead to blurred vision, itching, grittiness, and, in severe cases, the formation of a corneal ulcer. The most effective treatment is frequent use of artificial tears (see tears, artificial).... keratoconjunctivitis sicca
If you’re experiencing abdominal pain and you’re sure it’s not a digestive tract ailment, it’s very possible that you’re suffering from a kidney disorder.
The same if the pain is localized in the back or on one side of your body. Usually, kidney problems appear when there’s something wrong with your urinary tract and not only.
Overexposing your body to low temperatures may cause urinary infections, impurity accumulations lead to kidney stones. Also, kidney problems can be caused by other health complaints, such as pulmonary edema and cancers.
However, it’s best to schedule an appointment with your doctor in order to find out what’s actually going on with your body.
How a Tea for Kidney Problems Works
A Tea for Kidney Problems’ main goal is to purify your body by triggering a positive response from it.
Once the main substances of these teas reach the affected areas, your organism produces enough endorphins (which are cells specialized in making you feel a lot better by bringing relief to your wounds) and antibodies to reconstruct the damaged tissue.
Efficient Tea for Kidney Problems
In order to work properly, a Tea for Kidney Problems needs to be both efficient and one hundred percent safe. Also, it must contain the right amount of nutrients, natural enzymes, volatile oils, antioxidants and minerals (sodium, magnesium, iron and manganese).
This way, that tea will make your body eliminate the unwanted impurities and improve your kidney function. If you don’t know which teas would be appropriate for your condition, here’s a list to choose from:
- Dandelion Tea – can be prepared from dandelion roots and it’s also a great adjuvant in diarrhea and urinary infection cases. This Tea for Kidney Problems has a bitter taste, but you can add ginger, lemon, mint or honey in order to make it more adequate for you.
Avoid it at all costs if you’re pregnant or breastfeeding: due to its strong purgative and diuretic properties, Dandelion Tea can cause uterine contractions which may lead to miscarriages.
- Marshmallow Root Tea – this lovely tea with a hint of Christmas is useful for a large variety of problems, from infertility to gastrointestinal and digestive complaints. Take a sip at every 5 minutes for an hour and enjoy the wonderful health benefits!
- Buchu Tea – contains antioxidants and antibacterial agents, being a great help in cases of cystitis, urethritis and kidney failure. This Tea for Kidney acts like a natural diuretic and should not be taken by pregnant women.
- Green Tea – as the scientists have proved, this decoction contains all the ingredients necessary to sustain life, so it’s useful for many problems, not just kidney disorders. However, don’t take it if you’re experiencing menstrual and menopausal symptoms (it can cause uterine contractions and stomach acidity).
Tea for Kidney Problems Side Effects
When taken properly, these teas are generally safe. However, exceeding the number of cups recommended per day might lead to a number of health problems such as miscarriages, hallucinations, headaches and skin rash.
If you’ve been taking one of these teas and something doesn’t feel quite right, talk to your doctor as soon as possible. Don’t take a Tea for Kidney Problems if you’re pregnant, breastfeeding, on blood thinners or anticoagulants. The same advice if you’re preparing for a surgery.
If you have the medical approval and there’s nothing that could interfere with your treatment, choose a Tea for Kidney problems that fits best your needs and give it a try today!
... tea for kidney problems
Ava Pepper. Piper methysticum, Forster. German: Kawa pfeffer. French: Kawa. Spanish: Kava kava. Italian: Pepe kava. Parts used: rhizome and root.
Constituents: Pipermethysticine (alkaloid), Pyrone derivative.
Action: antimicrobial with special reference to STDs with mucopurulent discharge, including gonorrhoea. Also effective against Bacillus Coli. Antiseptic stimulant, mild analgesic for painful spasm, antispasmodic, nerve relaxant, diuretic, stimulant, tonic.
Uses: Genito-urinary infections, orchitis, vaginitis, urethritis, Candida, violent itching, ichthyosis, metritis, inflammation of the Fallopian tubes, incontinence in the aged with bladder weakness, infection of kidney, bladder and prostate gland, conditions arising from excess of uric acid, joint pains of rheumatism following STD infection, bed-wetting. A powerful soporific for chronic insomnia, ensuring dreamless sleep with no known ill-effects on rising.
Combinations: with Sarsaparilla for STDs. With Black Cohosh for rheumatism following STDs. Preparations. Average dose: 2-4g. Thrice daily.
Decoction. 1oz to 1 pint (30g to 500ml) water, simmer in gentle heat down to three-quarters volume. Dose: half-1 cup.
Liquid Extract. Half-1 teaspoon in water.
Powder: 2-4g.
Lotion. 1oz powdered root to 8oz glycerine, macerate 8 days, shake daily. External: for pruritus and most forms of intolerable itching. Add 10 drops Oil Eucalyptus for chronic cases. ... kava kava
Having a lucid dream means dreaming while being aware of the fact that you are dreaming.
However, many people become lucid in the middle of the dream or, on the contrary, fall lose reality contact after being lucid at first.
Although traditional medicine can’t be very helpful in these cases, alternative medicine has a few tricks up its sleeve.
How a Tea for Lucid Dreams Works
A Tea for Lucid Dreams’ main purpose is to make you recall what you have dreamed by calming your nervous system and improving your memory function.
These teas are good for a number of other diseases, such as memory loss, headaches or migraines. However, talk to an herbalist or to your doctor before starting any kind of herbal treatment in order to make sure everything will be alright.
Efficient Tea for Lucid Dreams
In order to work properly, a Tea for Lucid Dreams needs to be both very efficient and one hundred percent safe (since lucid dreams are not exactly a medical problem, you may want to avoid developing one).
A tea that is rich in antioxidants, nutrients, tannins, volatile oils and minerals (sodium, magnesium, iron, manganese) would be very adequate.
You may want to avoid teas with a large amount of acid agents (they could cause stomach pain). If you don’t know which teas could be useful for lucid dreams, here’s a list for guidance:
- Green Tea – contains all the ingredients necessary to sustain life, so it’s useful for a wide range of ailments, not just lucid dreams. If you’re suffering from infertility, anemia, asthenia, loss of appetite, digestive tract complaints or nervous system failure, this decoction could also be useful.
However, you must avoid it at all costs if you’re experiencing some menstrual or menopausal symptoms. The same advice if you’re pregnant (it may cause uterine contractions and therefore miscarriage).
- Valerian Tea – was been used as a sleep aid since ancient times, when the Romans and the Greeks took it before going to bed. This Tea for Lucid Dreams, thanks to its active compounds, is a mild sedative and could also work miracles on your nervous system.
However, you need to make sure that you don’t exceed the number of cups recommended per day in order to avoid hallucinations, tiredness or even death.
- Chamomile Tea – of course, the world’s greatest panacea shouldn’t be left aside. If you’re having trouble remembering your dreams, try a cup of Chamomile Tea before you go to bed! This Tea has a great fragrance and a pleasant smell. Plus, it’s one hundred percent safe so you can drink as much as you want.
Tea for Lucid Dreams Side Effects
When taken according to specifications, these teas are generally safe. However, exceeding the number of cups recommended per day may lead to a number of health problems, such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, upset stomach or even death!
If you’ve been taking one of these decoctions for a while and you’re experience a negative response from your body, ask for medical assistance right away!
Don’t take a Tea for Lucid Dreams if you’re pregnant, breastfeeding, on blood thinners or anticoagulants. The same advice in case you’re preparing for a surgery.
If your doctor says it’s ok to start an herbal treatment, choose a tea that fits best your requirements and enjoy its wonderful benefits!
... tea for lucid dreams
A fluid-filled sac in the kidney. Most kidney cysts are noncancerous. Cysts commonly develop in people over 50 and may occur singly or multiply in 1 or both kidneys. Most cysts occur for no known reason and do not usually produce symptoms unless they become large enough to cause pain in the lower back due to pressure. However, large numbers of cysts in the kidneys may be associated with polycystic kidney disease (see kidney, polycystic), which often leads to kidney failure. Treatment of simple cysts is not usually necessary, but aspiration (withdrawal of fluid) or surgical removal may be carried out if a cyst is painful or recurs.... kidney cyst
A cancerous tumour of the kidney. Most kidney cancers originate in the kidney itself, but in rare cases cancer spreads to the kidney from another organ. There are 3 main types of kidney cancer. The most common, renal cell carcinoma, usually occurs in people over 40. Nephroblastoma (also called Wilms’ tumour) is a fast-growing tumour that mainly affects children under 5. Transitional cell carcinoma arises from cells lining the renal pelvis; it is more common in smokers or those who have taken analgesic drugs for a long time.Symptoms of kidney cancer vary. It is often symptomless in the early stages, although later there may be blood in the urine. All types require surgical removal of the kidney and sometimes also of the ureter. For nephroblastoma, surgery is followed by treatment with anticancer drugs. Kidney cancer is likely to be fatal if it has spread to other organs before treatment is started.... kidney cancer
The unit of energy equal to 1,000 joules, abbreviated to kJ. One kcal (see kilocalorie) equals 4.2 kJ.... kilojoule
Techniques for visualizing the kidneys, usually performed for diagnosis. Ultrasound scanning can be used to identify kidney enlargement, a cyst or tumour, and the site of any blockage. Conventional X-rays show the outline of the kidneys and most kidney stones. Intravenous urography shows the internal anatomy of the kidney and ureters. Angiography is used to image blood circulation through the kidneys. CT scanning and MRI provide detailed cross-sectional images and can show abscesses or tumours. Two types of radionuclide scanning are used for the kidney: DMSA and DTPA scanning. DMSA is a substance given by intravenous injection that binds to cells in the kidney tubule, giving a single, static picture of the kidneys. DTPA, also given intravenously, is filtered in the kidneys and passes out in the urine. Pictures taken at intervals record its passage through the urinary tract and show kidney function. ... kidney imaging
The name for a finger joint.... knuckle
See Wernicke– Korsakoff syndrome.... korsakoff’s psychosis
See vulvitis.... kraurosis vulvae
A temporary inability to move the knee joint. A locked knee may be caused by a torn cartilage or by loose bodies in the joint.... locked knee
See kidney, polycystic.... polycystic kidney
A popular term for accumulation of fluid within or around the knee joint. The most common cause is bursitis. (See also effusion, joint).... water on the knee
see AKI.... acute kidney injury
a curved incision made in the periphery of the cornea. It is usually performed in the region of greatest curvature of the cornea in order to flatten it and hence reduce *astigmatism.... arcuate keratotomy
(ALK) excision of the outer layers of the cornea using an automated *keratome. It is usually used as part of a surgical procedure, to alter the shape of the cornea to correct errors of refraction.... automated lamellar keratectomy
the deposition of calcium in the superficial layers of the cornea, usually as a horizontal band starting peripherally and moving centrally. It is associated with chronic eye disease, e.g. chronic *uveitis, particularly juvenile chronic uveitis. It is treated by application of EDTA (see edetate) or with an *excimer laser.... band keratopathy
a pathological condition of the cornea of the eye due to failure in the functioning of its endothelium. It results in corneal oedema, seen as small blisters in the cornea that cause blurring of vision. See Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy.... bullous keratopathy
see spasticity.... clasp-knife rigidity
(DKA) a metabolic state resulting from a profound lack of insulin, usually found only in type 1 *diabetes mellitus but sometimes arising in people of Afro-Caribbean ethnicity with type 2 diabetes. Inability to inhibit glucose production from the liver results in *hyperglycaemia, which can be extreme and lead to severe dehydration. The concurrent failure to suppress fatty-acid production from adipose tissue results in the excess conversion of fatty acids to ketones in the liver (*ketosis) and the development of a metabolic *acidosis, which can be severe. Patients often present with vomiting (from the ketosis), which contributes to the dehydration. The condition is treated as a medical emergency with intravenous fluid and insulin; patients should be monitored in high-dependency units.... diabetic ketoacidosis
any developmental abnormalities resulting from anomalous metanephric differentiation (see metanephros). Most dysplastic kidneys are associated either with an abnormally located ureteral orifice or with urinary tract anomalies that are expected to produce unilateral, bilateral, or segmental urinary obstruction.... dysplastic kidneys
a device that allows high doses of radiation in the form of gamma rays to be accurately focused on pathological tissue, with less risk of damaging adjacent normal tissue compared with conventional radiotherapy. Multiple cobalt-60 sources deliver the gamma irradiation. The device is used in the treatment of vestibular schwannomas, certain brain tumours, vascular lesions of the brain, trigeminal neuralgia, and some forms of epilepsy.... gamma knife
(prepatellar bursitis) inflammation and resultant swelling of the bursa in front of the kneecap, usually due to repetitive friction and pressure over the kneecap, as from frequent episodes of prolonged kneeling. Treatment includes pressure bandaging, *NSAIDs, and avoidance of kneeling. See bursitis.... housemaid’s knee
an operation to correct severe degrees of myopia (short-sightedness). A disc of corneal tissue (from the *stroma of the cornea) is removed, frozen, and remodelled on a lathe, then replaced into the cornea to alter its curvature and thus reduce the myopia. *Excimer laser treatment, which is easier to perform, has now replaced this (see LASIK).... intrastromal keratomileusis
(patellar tendinitis) a form of *tendinitis that is common in athletes and dancers. Repeated sudden contracture of the quadriceps muscle at take-off causes inflammation of the attachment of the patellar tendon to the lower end of the patella. Treatment includes rest, physiotherapy, and anti-inflammatory medication.... jumper’s knee
a test for syphilis, in which antibodies specific to the disease are detected in a sample of the patient’s blood by means of a *precipitin reaction. This test is not as reliable as some. [R. L. Kahn (20th century), US bacteriologist]... kahn reaction
n. a naturally occurring polypeptide consisting of ten amino acids. Kallidin is a powerful vasodilator and causes contraction of smooth muscle; it is formed in the blood under certain conditions. See kinin.... kallidin
n. one of a group of enzymes found in the blood and body fluids that act on certain plasma globulins to produce bradykinin and kallidin. See kinin.... kallikrein
a familial condition that is the most common form of isolated *gonadotrophin deficiency; it is combined with underdevelopment of the olfactory lobes, causing *anosmia. The syndrome is caused by a gene *deletion on the short arm of the X chromosome. Patients often present with delayed puberty. There is an association with *ichthyosis, learning disabilities, obesity, renal and skeletal abnormalities, and undescended testes, but these features are very variable. [F. J. Kallmann (1897–1965), US geneticist]... kallmann’s syndrome
approaches to moral questions based on the thought of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). These seek to discover what is morally right by asking what basic rules all rational people (see autonomy) could adopt for themselves and then act on as an *imperative matter of *duty, regardless of their personal desires or of the possible consequences (see deontology; consequentialism). The Kantian tradition has been influential in medical ethics, especially in its insistence that every human life must be treated as an end in itself and not simply as a means.... kantian ethics
a hereditary condition in which the heart and other internal organs lie on the opposite side of the body to the norm (i.e. the heart lies on the right; see dextrocardia); it is associated with chronic sinusitis and bronchiectasis. [M. Kartagener (1897–1975), German physician]... kartagener’s syndrome
(karyo-) combining form denoting a cell nucleus.... kary
n. division of the nucleus of a cell, which occurs during cell division before division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis). See mitosis.... karyokinesis
n. the breakdown of a cell nucleus, which occurs during cell *necrosis and is preceded by fragmentation of the nucleus (karyorrhexis).... karyolysis
n. see nucleoplasm.... karyoplasm
n. the dense mass of *chromatin found in the cell nucleus, which is composed mainly of chromosomes.... karyosome
n. a thermometer used to measure the cooling power of the air surrounding it, having its bulb covered with water-moistened material. The instrument is brought to a steady temperature of 100°F and then exposed to the air. The time taken for the temperature recorded by the thermometer to fall to 95°F gives an index of the air’s cooling power.... katathermometer
a brownish-yellow ring in the outer rim of the cornea of the eye. It is a deposit of copper granules and is diagnostic of *Wilson’s disease. When well developed it can be seen by unaided observation, but faint Kayser-Fleischer rings may only be detected by specialized *slit-lamp ophthalmological examination. [B. Kayser (1869–1954), German ophthalmologist; B. Fleischer (1848–1904), German physician]... kayser–fleischer ring
(pelvic-floor muscle training, pelvic-floor exelrcises) active rehabilitation of the pelvic-floor muscles by conscious contractions, which leads to a cure in 50–80% of patients with stress incontinence. [A. H. Kegel (20th century), US gynaecologist]... kegel exercises
pain in the left shoulder caused by irritation of the undersurface of the diaphragm by blood leaking from a ruptured spleen. The pain impulses are referred along the *phrenic nerve. [H. Kehr (1862–1913), German surgeon]... kehr’s sign
a group of antigens that may or may not be present on the surface of red blood cells, forming the basis of a *blood group. This group is important in blood transfusion reactions. [Mrs Kell (20th century), patient in whom they were first demonstrated]... kell antigens
an operation for *hallux valgus (see also bunion) or *hallux rigidus that involves an excision *arthroplasty of the metatarsophalangeal joint, at the base of the big toe. The toe will be slightly shorter and floppy, but usually this improves alignment and range of movement. [W. L. Keller (1874–1959), US surgeon]... keller’s operation
n. the *SI unit of temperature, formally defined as the fraction 1/273.16 of the temperature of the triple point of water. A temperature in kelvins is equal to a Celsius temperature plus 273.15°C. Symbol: K.... kelvin
see otoacoustic emissions.... kemp echoes
(kerato-) combining form denoting 1. the cornea. Example: keratopathy (disease of). 2. horny tissue, especially of the skin.... kerat
n. pain arising from the cornea.... keratalgia
n. bulging of the cornea at the site of scar tissue (which is thinner than normal corneal tissue).... keratectasia
n. an operation in which a part of the cornea is removed, usually a superficial layer. This procedure is now frequently done by an *excimer laser, either to correct refractive errors (myopia, hypermetropia), by reshaping the surface of the cornea (photorefractive keratectomy; PRK), or to remove diseased corneal tissue (phototherapeutic keratectomy). See also automated lamellar keratectomy.... keratectomy
(cornification) n. the process by which cells become horny due to the deposition of *keratin within them. It occurs in the *epidermis of the skin and associated structures (hair, nails, etc.), where the cells become flattened, lose their nuclei, and are filled with keratin as they approach the surface.... keratinization
n. a type of cell that makes up 95% of the cells of the epidermis. Keratinocytes migrate from the deeper layers of the epidermis and are finally shed from the surface of the skin.... keratinocyte
(descemetocele) n. outward bulging of the base of a deep ulcer of the cornea. The deep layer of the cornea (Descemet’s membrane) is elastic and relatively resistant to perforation; it therefore bulges when the overlying cornea has been destroyed.... keratocele
(fibroblast) n. a cell, derived from *mesenchyme, of the corneal *stroma. Such cells are normally quiescent but can readily respond to injury and change into repair types.... keratocyte
(megalocornea) n. a congenital disorder of the eye in which the whole cornea bulges forward in a regular curve. Compare keratoconus.... keratoglobus
n. any instrument designed for cutting the cornea. The simplest type has a flat triangular blade attached at its base to a handle, the other two sides being very sharp and tapering to a point. Power-driven keratomes have oscillating or rotating blades. An automated keratome is used in *automated lamellar keratectomy. See also microkeratome.... keratome
(ophthalmometer) n. an instrument for measuring the radius of curvature of the cornea. Usually the vertical and horizontal curvatures are measured. All keratometers work on the principle that the size of the image of an object reflected from a convex mirror (in this case, the cornea) depends on the curvature of the mirror. The steeper the curve, the smaller the image. The keratometer is used for assessing the degree of curvature of the cornea in different meridians. —keratometry n.... keratometer
n. see intrastromal keratomileusis; LASIK.... keratomileusis
n. an optically clear prosthesis that is implanted into the cornea to replace an area that has become opaque. Due to its poor success rate, it is used only as a last resort in an attempt to restore some sight to patients with severe disease where corneal transplantation (see keratoplasty) is unlikely to succeed.... keratoprosthesis
(Placido’s disc) n. an instrument for detecting abnormal curvature of the cornea. It consists of a black disc, about 20 cm in diameter, marked with concentric white rings. The examiner looks through a small lens in the centre at the reflection of the rings in the patient’s cornea. A normal cornea will reflect regular concentric images of the rings; a cornea that is abnormally curved (for example in *keratoconus) or scarred reflects distorted rings. Modern keratoscopes can print out a contour map of the corneal surface.... keratoscope
an abnormal build-up of *keratin and dead skin cells within the ear canal that can block the canal, cause conductive hearing loss (see deafness), and erode the bone of the ear canal. It is associated with *bronchiectasis and chronic sinusitis.... keratosis obturans
n. an incision into the cornea. See arcuate keratotomy; radial keratotomy.... keratotomy
n. inflammation involving both the cornea (see keratitis) and the uvea (see uveitis).... keratouveitis
fine horizontal lines seen in the angle between the diaphragm and the chest wall on a chest X-ray. It is a sign of pulmonary *oedema and therefore heart failure. [P. J. Kerley (20th century), British radiologist]... kerley b lines
a symptom of *meningitis in which the hamstring muscles in the legs are so stiff that the patient is unable to extend his legs at the knee when the thighs are held at a right angle to the body. [V. Kernig (1840–1917), Russian physician]... kernig’s sign
(Kernohan’s syndrome) *hemiplegia that is *ipsilateral to the brain lesion that caused it, due to pressure of the lesion (which is often a haematoma) on surrounding structures in the brain. It is unusual because normally a lesion of the brain causes dysfunction in the *contralateral limbs. [J. W. K. Kernohan (20th century), US pathologist]... kernohan’s phenomenon
n. the presence in the blood of *ketone bodies.... ketonaemia
(acetonuria) n. the presence in the urine of *ketone (acetone) bodies. This may occur in diabetes mellitus, starvation, or after persistent vomiting and results from the partial oxidation of fats. Ketone bodies may be detected by adding a few drops of 5% sodium nitroprusside solution and a solution of ammonia to the urine; the gradual development of a purplish-red colour indicates their presence.... ketonuria
n. a simple sugar that terminates with a keto group (?C=O); for example, *fructose.... ketose
obstetric forceps used to rotate a baby whose head is presenting in the occipitoposterior or occipitotransverse position (see occiput). Potentially dangerous, when carefully used under regional anaesthesia they can achieve a controlled atraumatic delivery. [C. Kielland (20th century), Norwegian obstetrician]... kielland’s forceps
necrosis of the *lunate bone of the wrist caused by interruption of its blood supply (see osteochondritis; osteonecrosis). It usually follows chronic stress or injury to the wrist and presents with pain and stiffness, with reduced grip strength. Initially, X-rays may show no abnormality; if the disease is suspected, a bone scan or MRI is indicated. Treatment is with rest, splintage, and *NSAIDs, but some cases require surgical shortening of the radius or *arthrodesis of the wrist. [R. Kienböck (1871–1953), Austrian radiologist]... kienböck’s disease
a collection of capillaries in the mucosa at the anterior part of the nasal septum. Nosebleeds frequently have their origin from this plexus. See epistaxis; Little’s area. [W. Kiesselbach (1839–1902), German laryngologist]... kiesselbach’s plexus
prefix denoting a thousand.... kilo
n. the *SI unit of mass equal to 1000 grams and previously defined in terms of the international prototype kept at Sèvres, near Paris; from 20 May 2019 it is defined in terms of the Planck constant. Symbol: kg.... kilogram
n. one thousand *volts (symbol: kV). In radiography, the kilovoltage of the X-ray machine determines the maximum energy of the X-rays produced. The setting is important in controlling the exposure of the film and is generally higher when more penetration is required, depending on the thickness of the body part being imaged. See also milliamp.... kilovolt
n. a nodular form of glomerulosclerosis associated with diabetic nephropathy. See also diabetic glomerulosclerosis. [P. Kimmelstiel and C. Wilson (20th century), US physicians]... kimmelstiel–wilson lesion
n. the sense that enables the brain to be constantly aware of the position and movement of muscles in different parts of the body. This is achieved by means of *proprioceptors, which send impulses from muscles, joints, and tendons. Without this sense, coordinated movement would be impossible with the eyes closed.... kinaesthesia
n. an instrument for measuring a patient’s awareness of the muscular and joint movements of his own body: used during the investigation of nervous and muscular disorders and certain forms of brain damage.... kinaesthesiometer
n. inability to sense the positions and movements of parts of the body, with consequent disordered physical activity.... kinanaesthesia
n. 1. an agent that can convert the inactive form of an enzyme (see proenzyme) to the active form. 2. an enzyme that catalyses the transfer of phosphate groups. An example is *phosphofructokinase.... kinase
n. the study of motion and the forces required to produce it. This includes the different forces at work during the movement of a single part of the body, and more complex movements such as running and climbing.... kinematics
n. see centromere.... kinetochore
see obscure auditory dysfunction.... king–kopetzky syndrome
n. one of a group of naturally occurring polypeptides that are powerful *vasodilators, which lower blood pressure, and cause contraction of smooth muscle. The kinins bradykinin and kallidin are formed in the blood by the action of proteolytic enzymes (kallikreins) on certain plasma globulins (kininogens). Kinins are not normally present in the blood, but are formed under certain conditions; for example when tissue is damaged or when there are changes in the pH and temperature of the blood. They are thought to play a role in inflammatory response.... kinin
killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors, which are present on the surface of *natural killer cells.... kirs
n. a protein that appears to have an important role in initiating secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) at puberty.... kisspeptin
see cholangiocarcinoma. [G. Klatskin (20th century), US physician]... klatskin tumour
see Corynebacterium. [T. Klebs (1834–1913) and F. A. J. Loeffler (1852–1915), German bacteriologists]... klebs–loeffler bacillus
a test to detect and measure fetal red blood cells in the maternal circulation of Rh-negative women who have *antepartum haemorrhage or have previously had a Rh-positive baby. It is used to calculate the correct dose of *anti-D immunoglobulin that will prevent *haemolytic disease of the newborn.... kleihauer–betke test
a rare episodic disorder characterized by periods (usually of a few days or weeks), in which sufferers eat enormously, sleep for most of the day and night, and may become more dependent or aggressive than normal. Between episodes they are usually quite unaffected. The disorder almost always resolves spontaneously. [W. Kleine (20th century), German neuropsychiatrist; M. Levin (20th century), US neurologist]... kleine–levin syndrome
combining form denoting stealing.... klepto
n. see petrissage.... kneading
the buttocks-up position assumed by patients undergoing anorectal examinations, now commonly performed in the left lateral position. It is useful for helping patients dispel excess flatus following colonoscopy.... knee-elbow position
a form of *formal thought disorder, common in psychosis, in which connections between sentences or parts of sentences are without a coherent train of thought.... knight’s-move thinking
see lipodystrophy.... kobberling–dunnigan syndrome
a method for *reduction of an anteriorly dislocated shoulder by manipulation. Longitudinal traction is applied to the elbow, pulling down the shoulder, then the forearm, bent at the elbow, is externally rotated to 90°. [E. T. Kocher (1841–1917), Swiss surgeon]... kocher manoeuvre
an oblique *incision made in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen just below and parallel to the costal margin. It is classically used for open *cholecystectomy. [E. T. Kocher]... kocher’s incision
see Mycobacterium. [R. Koch (1843–1910), German bacteriologist]... koch’s bacillus
(isomorphic response) a phenomenon that occurs in skin diseases, especially psoriasis and lichen planus, in which the characteristic lesions of the disease appear in linear form in response to such trauma as cuts, burns, or scratches. [H. Koebner (1834–1904), German dermatologist]... koebner phenomenon
a type of nodule occurring in the iris at the pupil margin in both granulomatous and nongranulomatous *uveitis. [L. Koeppe (20th century), German ophthalmologist]... koeppe nodule
osteonecrosis of the *navicular bone of the foot (see osteochondritis). It occurs in children aged 3–7 years, causing pain and limping, and is treated by strapping the foot, rest, and anti-inflammatory drugs. [A. Köhler (1874–1947), German physician]... köhler’s disease
n. a state of acute anxiety, seen especially in certain cultures (such as that of the Chinese of SE Asia), characterized by a sudden belief that the penis is shrinking into the abdomen and will disappear: the sufferer is often convinced that disappearance of the penis means death. Occasionally women have a similar belief that their breasts are disappearing into their body. It is usually treated with tranquillizing drugs and reassurance.... koro
an organic disorder affecting the brain that results in a memory defect in which new information fails to be learnt although events from the past are still recalled; *disorientation in time and place; and a tendency to unintentionally invent material to fill memory blanks (see confabulation). The commonest cause of the condition is untreated *Wernicke’s encephalopathy in the context of alcoholism. Large doses of thiamine are given as treatment. The condition often becomes chronic. [S. S. Korsakoff (1854–1900), Russian neurologist]... korsakoff’s syndrome
(severe congenital neutropenia) a hereditary (autosomal *recessive) disorder characterized by severe *neutropenia. This results in frequent bacterial infections, and death often occurs before the age of six months.... kostmann’s syndrome
n. an important *oncogene for the causation of human lung and colorectal cancer.... kras
n. shrinking of a body part, usually the vulva in elderly women (kraurosis vulvae).... kraurosis
a vertical linear deposit of brown pigment on the inner surface of the cornea (corneal endothelium), appearing in cases of pigment dispersion syndrome. [F. E. Krukenberg (1871–1946), German pathologist]... krukenberg’s spindle
a rapidly developing malignant growth in one or (more often) both ovaries. It is caused by the *transcoelomic spread of a primary growth in the stomach or intestine, typically an adenocarcinoma. [F. E. Krukenberg]... krukenberg tumour
n. a radioactive gas that is the shortest-lived isotope in medical use (half-life 13 seconds). It can be used to investigate the *ventilation of the lungs. The patient breathes a small quantity of the gas, the arrival of which in different parts of the lungs is recorded by means of a *gamma camera. This is often performed as part of *ventilation-perfusion scanning to look for pulmonary emboli (clots in the lungs). See also rubidium-81.... krypton-81m
(juvenile spinal muscular atrophy) see spinal muscular atrophy. [E. Kugelberg and L. Wellander (20th century), Swedish neurologists]... kugelberg–wellander disease
(K-nail) a metal rod that is inserted down the middle of the femur (thigh bone) to stabilize a transverse fracture of the shaft. [G. Küntscher (1902–72), German orthopaedic surgeon]... küntscher nail
a tropical disease, common in southern India, caused by a virus transmitted to humans through the bite of the forest-dwelling tick Haemaphysalis spinigera. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscular pains, vomiting, conjunctivitis, exhaustion, bleeding of nose and gums and, subsequently, internal bleeding and the *necrosis of various tissues. General therapy, in the absence of specific treatment, involves relief of dehydration and loss of blood; analgesics are given to alleviate pain.... kyasanur forest disease
n. an instrument for recording the flow and varying pressure of the blood within the blood vessels. —kymography n.... kymograph
combining form denoting a hump.... kypho
n. (in interventional radiology) a technique in which a collapsed high-tensile balloon is inserted into a fractured vertebra (a compression fracture) through a large-bore needle and inflated to restore the height of the vertebra. The balloon is then removed and the space is filled with bone cement.... kyphoplasty
n. a sharp posterior angulation of the spine due to localized collapse or wedging of one or more vertebrae. It results in the appearance of a hump on the back (a hunchback deformity). The cause may be a congenital defect, a fracture (which may or may not be pathological), or spinal tuberculosis.... kyphos
(Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome, Müllerian agenesis) congenital absence of the uterus and upper part of the vagina due to failure of development of the *Müllerian duct. It may be associated with skeletal, renal, and auditory abnormalities, but usually presents with amenorrhoea in a patient with otherwise normal secondary sexual characteristics. There is a multidisciplinary approach to treatment, with psychological support, counselling, discussion of creation of a ‘neovagina’ with gradual use of vaginal dilators, and/or surgical vaginal reconstruction. Surrogacy is the only option for childbearing, although oocyte donation from the mother to a surrogate can be discussed. [K. W. Mayer (1795–1868), German gynaecologist; K. von Rokitansky (1804–78), Austrian pathologist; H. Küster and G. A. Hauser (20th century), German gynaecologists]... mayer–rokitansky–küster–hauser syndrome
a genetic disorder characterized by severe learning disabilities, seizures, poor vision, colourless fragile hair, and chubby red cheeks. It is inherited as an X-linked (see sex-linked) recessive characteristic. There is no treatment and affected infants usually die before the age of three. [J. H. Menkes (1928–2008), US neurologist]... menkes kinky-hair disease
see cast nephropathy.... myeloma kidney
(NK cell) a type of *lymphocyte that is able to kill virus-infected cells and cancerous cells and mediates rejection of bone-marrow grafts. NK cells are a part of natural (or innate) *immunity. Their function is regulated by a balance between activating receptors, which recognize proteins on cancerous or virus-infected cells, and inhibitory receptors specific for certain molecules encoded by the *HLA system.... natural killer cell
see keratectomy.... phototherapeutic keratectomy
an enzyme that catalyses the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specific amino acid residue of an intracellular protein (usually serine, threonine, or tyrosine), thereby affecting the biological activity of the protein. Protein kinase inhibitors are drugs that block the action of protein kinases in tumour cells and are used in the treatment of cancer. They include *sorafenib, *sunitinib, and *temsirolimus. See also tyrosine kinase inhibitor.... protein kinase
an operation for short-sightedness (myopia). Deep cuts into the tissue of the cornea are placed radially around the outer two-thirds of the cornea; this flattens the curvature of the central part of the cornea and reduces the myopia. This procedure is now rarely performed, having been superseded by *excimer laser treatment.... radial keratotomy
see Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome.... rokitansky–küster–hauser syndrome
any one of a class of drugs that interfere with cell growth in a variety of different ways by inhibiting the action of tyrosine kinases. This family of enzymes, which occur both within cells and as components of cell-membrane receptor sites, have an important role in cell division and cell growth. Many tumour cells have been shown to have both intracellular enzymes and extracellular receptor sites, and a variety of anticancer agents have been developed to inhibit enzyme activity at these sites. Among these drugs are *imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib, used for treating chronic myeloid leukaemia; *sunitinib, for treating renal cell carcinoma; and erlotinib, for treating pancreatic cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer. See also epidermal growth factor receptor.... tyrosine kinase inhibitor
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