Ent Health Dictionary

Inflammation of the small intestines.... enteritis

Typhoid and Paratyphoid. Septicaemic diseases caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi.... enteric fever

Infection with Enterobius vermicularis, the threadworm (or pinworm as it is known in the USA). It is the most common of all the intestinal parasites in Britain, and the least harmful. The male is about 6 mm (••• inch) in length and the female about 12 mm (••• inch) in length. Each resembles a little piece of thread. These worms live in considerable numbers in the lower bowel, affecting children particularly. They usually cause no symptoms but can result in great irritation round the anus or within the female genitalia, especially at night when the female worm emerges from the anus to lay its eggs and then die. The most e?ective form of treatment is either viprynium embonate or piperazine citrate, which needs to be taken by the whole family. Bedclothes must then be laundered.... enterobiasis

An operation by which an arti?cial opening is formed into the intestine and joined to another part of the intestine or brought to the exterior via the abdominal wall.... enterostomy

A type of toxin (see TOXINS) that causes in?ammation of the intestinal lining and results in vomiting and diarrhoea (see FOOD POISONING).... enterotoxin

See EYE, DISORDERS OF.... entropion

See AMOEBA.... entamoeba

In severely ill patients, the metabolic responses to tissue damage may be su?cient to cause a reduction of muscle mass and of plasma proteins. This state of CATABOLISM may also impair the immune response to infection and delay the healing of wounds. It is probable that as many as one-half of patients who have had a major operation a week previously show evidence of protein malnutrition. This can be detected clinically by a loss of weight and a reduction in the skinfold thickness and arm circumference. Biochemically the serum-albumin (see ALBUMINS) concentration falls, as does the LYMPHOCYTE count. The protein reserves of the body fall even more dramatically when there are SEPSIS, burns, acute pancreatitis or renal failure.

The purpose of enteral feeding is to give a liquid, low-residue food through a naso-gastric feeding tube. It has the advantage over parenteral nutrition that the septic complications of insertion of CATHETERS into veins are avoided. Enteral feeding may either take the form of intermittent feeding through a large-bore naso-gastric tube, or of continuous gravity-feeding through a ?ne-bore tube.

A number of proprietary enteral foods are available. Some contain whole protein as the nitrogen source; others – and these are called elemental diets – contain free amino acids. DIARRHOEA is the most common problem with enteral feeding and it tends to occur when enteral feeding is introduced too rapidly or with too strong a preparation.... enteral feeding

Another name for COLIC.... enteralgia

pertaining to the small intestines.... enteric

A description of tablets covered in material that allows them to pass through the stomach and enter the intestine unaltered. Drugs coated in this way are those whose action is reduced or stopped by acid in the stomach.... enteric-coated

A HERNIA of the bowel.... enterocele

A hormone derived from the mucosal lining of the small intestine which inhibits the movements and secretion of the stomach.... enterogastrone

The ENZYME secreted in the DUODENUM and jejunum (see INTESTINE) which converts the enzyme, trypsinogen, secreted by the PANCREAS, into TRYPSIN. (See also DIGESTION.)... enterokinase

A proprietary analgesic drug taken by inhalation and comprising half nitrous oxide and half oxygen. It is valuable in providing relief to casualties who are in pain, as it provides analgesia without making them unconscious. Entonox is also used in obstetric practice to ease the pains of childbirth.... entonox

Intestinal Juice. These are enzyme-rich secretions produced by the lining of the upper small intestines. Apparently the enzymes produced compensate for any pancreatic enzymes that are deficient for that particular meal.... succus entericus

A condition, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, in which local pressure on a nerve causes muscle pain, numbness, and weakness in the area that the nerve supplies.... entrapment neuropathy

auct. non-Benth.

Synonym: E. phaseoloides Merrill. E. pursaetha DC. Mimosa entada Linn.

Family: Momosaceae.

Habitat: Eastern Himalayas, hills of Bihar, Orissa and South India.

English: Garbee Bean, Mackay Bean, Elephant Creeper.

Ayurvedic: Gil.

Siddha/Tamil: Chillu, Vattavalli.

Folk: Gil-gaachh.

Action: Seed—carminative, anodyne, spasmolytic bechic, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, antiperiodic. Used in liver complaints, glandular swellings, debility, skin diseases. The seed, stems and bark are poisonous. A paste of the seeds is applied locally for inflammatory glandular swellings. The juice of wood and bark is used as an external application for ulcers. The leaves are reported to be free from the toxic saponins. After soaking in water and roasting toxic principles can be removed from the white kernels of the seeds.

The seeds gave saponins of entagenic acid; a triterpenoid glucoside entanin; beta-sitosterol, alpha-amyrin, querce- tin, gallic acid, cyamidin chloride, lu- peol and a saponin mixture which gave prosapogenin A. Entanin exhibits anti- tumour activity. It inhibits Walker 256 tumours in rats without deaths.

Entadamide A (the sulphur-containing amide from the seed) is a 5-lipo-xygenase inhibitor and is found to be effective in the treatment of bronchial asthma. The bark is used for hair wash.

Entagenic acid, a sapogenin of entada saponin IV, imparts antifungal activity to the bark.... entada scandens

A small nematode parasite of humans. Also known as pinworm, threadworm or seatworm. Infection often associated with anal pruritis, especially in children.... enterobius vermicularis

A condition in which, owing to a lax condition of the mesenteries (see MESENTERY) and ligaments which support the intestines, the latter descend into the lower part of the abdominal cavity.... enteroptosis

A family of VIRUSES which include the POLIOMYELITIS, COXSACKIE and ECHO (see ECHOVIRUSES) groups of viruses. Their importance lies in their tendency to invade the central nervous system. They receive their name from the fact that their mode of entry into the body is through the gut.... enteroviruses

A leaf with a straight, untoothed margin.... entire

A disease in patients presenting with severe abdominal colic, evanescent small bowel obstruction and a peripheral blood eosinophilia. Zoonotic hookworms, e.g. Ancyclostoma caninum, are believed to be the causative agent, as described by Dr John Croese and others from northern Queensland.... eosinophilic enteritis

A local or regional access point where older persons receive information, assessment of needs, care planning, referrals to health and social services and, in some systems, authorization of services for home care, community-based care or residential care facilities.... single point of entry

A septicaemic infection of humans caused by Salmonella typhi. A similar but generallymilder enteric fever, paratyphoid, is caused by Salmonella paratyphi A,B,C.... typhoid (enteric) fever

A rare inherited disorder in which areas of the skin (most commonly the fingers, toes, scalp, and the areas around the anus and mouth) are reddened, ulcerated, and covered with pustules. Acrodermatitis enteropathica is due to an inability to absorb enough zinc from food. Zinc supplements usually help.... acrodermatitis enteropathica

Another name for Crohn’s disease.... enteritis, regional

See coeliac disease.... gluten enteropathy

(AVNRT) *re-entry tachycardia arising from the presence of an abnormal electrical connection between atria and ventricles situated within the *atrioventricular node.... atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia

(entero-) combining form denoting the intestine. Example: enterolith (calculus in).... enter

adj. of or relating to the intestinal tract.... enteral

n. surgical removal of part of the small intestine.... enterectomy

(Oxyuris) n. see threadworm.... enterobius

n. a former name for a surgical procedure in which a hollow needle is pushed through the wall of the stomach or intestines to release an abnormal accumulation of gas or fluid or to introduce a catheter for feeding (see gastrostomy; enterostomy).... enterocentesis

n. see small-bowel enema.... enteroclysis

n. inflammation of the colon and small intestine. See also colitis; enteritis; necrotizing enterocolitis.... enterocolitis

adj. of intestinal origin.... enterogenous

n. a stone within the intestine. It usually builds up around a gallstone or a swallowed fruit stone.... enterolith

an inflammatory arthritis associated with gastrointestinal disease, such as *inflammatory bowel disease.... enteropathic arthritis

n. disease of the small intestine. See also coeliac disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy).... enteropathy

n. an enzyme secreted by the glands of the small intestine that acts on trypsinogen to produce *trypsin.... enteropeptidase

n. a genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria formerly classified as species of *Streptococcus. They are normal inhabitants of the human and animal intestine but a few species, notably E. faecalis and E. faecium, can cause infections in humans. They are responsible for some hospital-acquired infections and have been found in teeth with persisting disease after root canal treatment. Enterococci have the ability to survive under adverse (starvation) conditions and are therefore difficult to eradicate; there is concern at the development of strains resistant to glycopeptide antibiotics, such as *vancomycin (glycopeptide-resistant enterococci, GRE).... enterococcus

n. the surgical procedure of stitching an intestine that has either perforated or been divided during an operation.... enterorrhaphy

n. an illuminated optical instrument (see endoscope) used to inspect the interior of the small intestine. The image is transmitted through digital video technology. The examination can be performed using the oral and/or anal approach. The double balloon (push and pull) type, about 280 cm long with a distal balloon combined with an *overtube with a proximal balloon, is introduced under direct vision. Double balloon inflation and deflation helps in progression of the endoscope through the small intestine and is the predominant type in current use. The sonde (or push) type, about 280 cm long, has a single inflatable balloon that helps pull the instrument through the length of the intestine using peristalsis. It is now rarely used in clinical practice. The enteroscope is useful in diagnosing the cause of obscure gastrointestinal haemorrhage of the small intestine or of *stricture(s). It may also be used to treat bleeding lesions, remove small intestinal polyps, and to obtain tissue samples in suspected cases of malabsorption, inflammation, or intestinal tumours. —enteroscopy n.... enteroscope

n. surgical incision into the intestine.... enterotomy

n. any virus that enters the body through the gastrointestinal tract, multiplies there, and then (generally) invades the central nervous system. Enteroviruses include *Coxsackie viruses and *polioviruses.... enterovirus

n. any animal species inhabiting or infecting the gut of another. See also endoparasite.... enterozoon

n. (pl. entheses) 1. the site of insertion of tendons or ligaments into bones. 2. the insertion of synthetic inorganic material to replace lost tissue.... enthesis

n. any rheumatic disease resulting in inflammation of *entheses. Ankylosing *spondylitis, *psoriatic arthritis, and *reactive arthritis are examples. In these conditions the Achilles tendon is commonly involved, with swelling at its insertion on the calcaneus. Calcification within the tendon insertion may be seen on X-ray in patients with longstanding enthesopathy.... enthesopathy

visual sensations caused by changes within the eye itself, rather than by the normal light stimulation process. The commonest are tiny floating spots (floaters) that most people can see occasionally, especially when gazing at a brightly illuminated background (such as a blue sky).... entoptic phenomena

(NEC) a serious disease affecting the bowel during the first three weeks of life; it is much more common in preterm babies. The abdomen distends and blood and mucus appear in the stools; the bowel may perforate. Treatment is to rest the bowel and administer antibiotics. If the bowel becomes necrotic, surgery may be necessary. The cause is unknown but the disease may be the result of a reduced supply of oxygen to the bowel or infection.... necrotizing enterocolitis

any syndrome resulting from pressure on a nerve from surrounding structures. Examples include the *carpal tunnel syndrome and *meralgia paraesthetica.... nerve entrapment syndrome

a rapid heart rate due to a self-sustaining circulation of electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles and back again. This re-entry circuit requires the presence of an abnormal second electrical conduction pathway in addition to the usual atrioventricular nodal connection route. The abnormal pathway may be located within the *atrioventricular node (causing *atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia) or it may be an *accessory pathway situated outside the atrioventricular node (causing *atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia). Medication is often effective and *radiofrequency ablation is usually curative.... re-entry tachycardia