Fainting Health Dictionary

The temporary loss of consciousness caused by an abrupt slowing of the heartbeat. This may happen following SHOCK, acute pain, fear, or stress. A common cause of fainting in normal people, a vasovagal attack may be a consequence of overstimulation of the VAGUS nerve which is involved in the control of breathing and the circulation.... vasovagal attack

Another word for fainting – a loss of consciousness due to a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. This may result because the cardiac output has become reduced, or because the peripheral resistance provided by the arterioles has decreased. The simple faint or vaso-vagal attack is a result of a failure to maintain an adequate venous return of blood to the heart. This is likely to occur after prolonged periods of standing, particularly if one is standing still or if the climatic conditions are hot. It can also result from an unpleasant or painful experience. Pallor, sweating and a slow pulse are characteristic. Recovery is immediate when the venous return is restored by lying ?at.

Syncope can also result when the venous return to the heart is impaired as a result of a rise in intrathoracic pressure. This may happen after prolonged vigorous coughing – the so-called COUGH SYNCOPE – or when elderly men with prostatic hypertrophy strain to empty their bladder. This is known as micturition syncope. Syncope is particularly likely to occur when the arterial blood pressure is unusually low. This may result from overtreatment of HYPERTENSION with drugs or it may be the result of diseases, such as ADDISON’S DISEASE, which are associated with low blood pressures. It is important that syncope be distinguished from EPILEPSY.... syncope

An unnatural narrowing of the aortic opening of the heart or of the aortic vessel. A serious defect which may lead to chronic heart enlargement. Hardening or scarring of the valve and ultimately calcification may follow rheumatic fever, syphilis or other chronic disease and may be congenital. Incompetence of the valve may be observed in arteries that throb. More common in men. Symptoms: pain over the breast bone, fainting, vertigo, breathlessness, headache. Where heart is resilient, compensation can minimise effects. Most popular agent among practitioners is Cactus. See entry.

Without addition of a diuretic, (Dandelion or Buchu) dropsy of legs and feet, and breathlessness tend to worsen.

Treatment. Surgical valve replacement now the treatment of choice. Improve the circulation.

Formula. Liquid extracts: Cactus 10ml; Pulsatilla 5ml; Hawthorn 20ml; Tincture Capsicum BPC 1934 0.25ml. Dose: 10-30 drops thrice daily before meals.

A. Barker FNIMH. Liquid extract Garden Thyme 15ml; Liquid extract Pulsatilla 5ml; Liquid extract Passion flower 15ml; Tincture Capsicum 0.25ml. Emuls aqua Menth Pip conc (1 in 64) 2ml . . . Aqua to 250ml. Dose: 1 dessertspoon (8ml) in water every 4 hours.

Diet. See: DIET – HEART AND CIRCULATION. ... aortic stenosis

Low blood pressure (see HYPERTENSION for raised blood pressure). Some healthy individuals with a normal cardiovascular system have a permanently low arterial blood pressure for their age. What blood-pressure reading constitutes hypotension is arguable, but a healthy young person with ?gures below 100 mm Hg systolic and 65 mm Hg diastolic could be described as hypotensive. For a healthy 60 year old, comparative ?gures might be 120/80. The most common type of hypotension is called postural, with symptoms occurring when a person suddenly stands up, particularly after a period of rest or a hot bath. It results from the muscular tone of blood vessels becoming relaxed and being unable to respond quickly enough to the changing posture, the consequence being a temporary shortage of arterial blood to the brain and organs in the chest. Symptoms of dizziness, occasionally fainting, and nausea occur. Older people are especially vulnerable and may fall as a result of the sudden hypotension. Some drugs – anti-hypertensives and antidepressant ones – cause hypotension. People with DIABETES MELLITUS occasionally develop hypotension because of nerve damage that affects the re?ex impulses controlling blood pressure. Any severe injury or burn that results in serious loss of blood or body ?uid will cause hypotension and SHOCK. Myocardial infarction (see HEART, DISEASES OF) or failure of the ADRENAL GLANDS can cause hypotension and shock. A severe emotional event that causes shock may also result in hypotension and fainting.

Hypotension in healthy people does not require treatment, although affected individuals should be advised not to stand up suddenly or get out of a bath quickly. Someone who faints as a result of a hypotensive incident should be laid down for a few minutes to allow the circulation to return to normal. Hypotension resulting from burns, blood loss, heart attack or adrenal failure (shock) requires medical attention for the causative condition.... hypotension

An unusually fast but regular beating of the HEART occurring for periods that may last several hours or days. In most people with this abnormality the heart rate is between 140 and 180 beats a minute; rarely, the rate may rise as high as 250–300 beats. The condition occurs when abnormal electrical impulses that arise in the upper chambers (atria) of the heart override the normal control centre – the sinoatrial node – for the heartbeat. Symptoms usually include breathlessness, palpitations, pain in the chest and fainting. An ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG) is taken to help make the diagnosis. An acute episode can sometimes be stopped by VALSAVA’S MANOEUVRE or by drinking cold water. Anti-arrhythmic drugs (see ARRHYTHMIA) such as adenosine and digoxin are used to treat recurrent attacks. Occasionally, a severe attack may need to be treated with an electric shock to the heart: this is known as DEFIBRILLATION.... supraventricular tachycardia

The BRAIN is the organ of the mind. Normal conscious alertness depends upon its continuous adequate supply with oxygen and glucose, both of which are essential for the brain cells to function normally. If either or both of these are interrupted, altered consciousness results. Interruption may be caused by three broad types of process affecting the brain stem: the reticular formation (a network of nerve pathways and nuclei-connecting sensory and motor nerves to and from the cerebrum, cerebellum, SPINAL CORD and cranial nerves) and the cerebral cortex. The three types are di?use brain dysfunction – for example, generalised metabolic disorders such as URAEMIA or toxic disorders such as SEPTICAEMIA; direct effects on the brain stem as a result of infective, cancerous or traumatic lesions; and indirect effects on the brain stem such as a tumour or OEDEMA in the cerebrum creating pressure within the skull. Within these three divisions are a large number of speci?c causes of unconsciousness.

Unconsciousness may be temporary, prolonged or inde?nite (see PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE (PVS)), depending upon the severity of the initiating incident. The patient’s recovery depends upon the cause and success of treatment, where given. MEMORY may be affected, as may motor and sensory functions; but short periods of unconsciousness as a result, say, of trauma have little obvious e?ect on brain function. Repeated bouts of unconsciousness (which can happen in boxing) may, however, have a cumulatively damaging e?ect, as can be seen on CT (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY) scans of the brain.

POISONS such as CARBON MONOXIDE (CO), drug overdose, a fall in the oxygen content of blood (HYPOXIA) in lung or heart disease, or liver or kidney failure harm the normal chemical working or metabolism of nerve cells. Severe blood loss will cause ANOXIA of the brain. Any of these can result in altered brain function in which impairment of consciousness is a vital sign.

Sudden altered consciousness will also result from fainting attacks (syncope) in which the blood pressure falls and the circulation of oxygen is thereby reduced. Similarly an epileptic ?t causes partial or complete loss of consciousness by causing an abrupt but temporary disruption of the electrical activity in the nerve cells in the brain (see EPILEPSY).

In these events, as the brain’s function progressively fails, drowsiness, stupor and ?nally COMA ensue. If the cause is removed (or when the patient spontaneously recovers from a ?t or faint), normal consciousness is usually quickly regained. Strokes (see STROKE) are sometimes accompanied by a loss of consciousness; this may be immediate or come on slowly, depending upon the cause or site of the strokes.

Comatose patients are graded according to agreed test scales – for example, the GLASGOW COMA SCALE – in which the patient’s response to a series of tests indicate numerically the level of coma.

Treatment of unconscious patients depends upon the cause, and range from ?rst-aid care for someone who has fainted to hospital intensive-care treatment for a victim of a severe head injury or massive stroke.... unconsciousness

A disorder that occurs in the transmission of impulses between the atria (upper chambers) and ventricles (lower chambers) of the heart. A blocking of the normal route of electrical conduction through the ventricles not responding to initiation of the beat by the atria. Beats are missed with possible blackouts.

Causes: myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis or other heart disorder.

Symptoms: slow feeble heart beats down to 36 beats per minute with fainting and collapse, breathlessness, Stoke Adams syndrome.

Treatment. Intensive care. Until the doctor comes: 1-5 drops Oil of Camphor in honey on the tongue or taken in a liquid if patient is able to drink. Freely inhale the oil. On recovery: Motherwort tea, freely. OR, Formula of tinctures: Lily of the Valley 2; Cactus 1; Motherwort 2. Mix. Dose – 30-60 drops in water thrice daily. A fitted pace-maker may be necessary.

Spartiol. 20 drops thrice daily. (Klein) ... heart block

Chickweed is actually the basis for a refreshing and useful tea, which can be easily found in stores and has various benefits for the whole body. So don’t pass it by. Everything about Chickweed Tea With the botanical name of Stellaria media, Chickweed is also commonly known as star weed, star chickweed or satin flower. The chickweed weed has straight green stems, small star-like white flowers and blooms from March till October. It is commonly found all over the world. Chickweed is rich in calcium, potassium, magnesium, vitamin C and contains a number of other nutrients like mucilage, saponins, silica, vitamin A and B, fatty acids or other minerals as well. Chickweed tea is a great source of nutrition with many health benefits. How to brew Chickweed Tea For a tasty tea, you can combine either 1 teaspoon of dried plant or 2 tablespoons of fresh, finely chopped chickweed into 1 cup of boiling water. Don’t forget to wash and dry preferable freshly picked chickweed leaves. Allow the plant to steep into the boiling water for approximately 10 minutes then your tea is ready to be served. Chickweed Tea benefits Chickweed Tea has multiple medical benefits both internally and externally. Chickweed Tea is a diuretic, a mild laxative; it increases the body’s metabolism and reduces appetite. That makes it ideal for a weight loss diet. It calms the respiratory system ailments like asthma, bronchitis, cough or others associated to this. Chickweed tea has anti-inflammatory properties so it can reduce any inflammation and help to relieve pain, both internally and externally. It is also a blood purifier. Chickweed tea can also be used externally as wash, poultice, or salve with good results in alleviating any wounds, allergies or skin problems due to its detoxifying properties. Chickweed Tea Side effects Although chickweed tea is generally considered safe for adults’ consumption, side effects may occasionally include upset stomach, nausea or vomiting. Pregnant or nursing women should not drink chickweed tea, as there are not enough studies to show whether it is safe for pregnancy or for children. People with allergies to the daisy plant family should avoid chickweed tea. Chickweed contains nitrate so if you drink too much tea, you may experience symptoms of nitrate poisoning like weakness, headache, fainting, bluish fingers and lips and dizziness. So be sure to keep your moderation. Although it is recommended to include it in your lifestyle, you should not drink more than 2 or 3 cups of chickweed tea per day as it will lose its benefits.... chickweed tea

Temporary loss of consciousness that may be induced by a severe spasm of coughing. This is the result of the high pressure that may be induced in the chest – over 200 millimetres of mercury – by such a spasm, which prevents the return of blood to the heart. The veins in the neck begin to bulge and the blood pressure falls; this may so reduce the blood ?ow to the brain that the individual feels giddy and may then lose consciousness. (See FAINTING.)... cough syncope

A popular name for a sudden convulsive SEIZURE, although the term is also extended to include sudden seizures of every sort. During the occurrence of a ?t of any sort, the chief object should be to prevent the patient from doing any harm to him or herself as a result of the convulsive movements. The person should therefore be laid ?at, and the head supported on a pillow or other soft material. (See CONVULSIONS; ECLAMPSIA; EPILEPSY; FAINTING; HYSTERIA; STROKE; URAEMIA; APPENDIX 1: BASIC FIRST AID.)... fit

A common term for loss of consciousness (see fainting).... blackout

An abnormally slow heartrate. Most people have a heart-rate of between 60 and 100 beats per minute. Many athletes and healthy people who exercise regularly and vigorously have slower rates. In others, bradycardia may indicate an underlying disorder such as hypothyroidism or heart block. Bradycardia may also occur as a result of taking beta-blocker drugs. Profound or sudden

bradycardia may cause a drop in blood pressure that results in fainting (see vasovagal attack).... bradycardia

Darjeeling tea is a black tea grown in the Darjeeling district in West Bengal, India. Darjeeling tea is also called the “champagne of teas” since it is considered to be the finest tea in the world. At first, Darjeeling tea was available only as black tea but later on, Darjeeling white tea and Darjeeling oolong tea have been produced. Darjeeling tea is made from the small-leaved Chinese plant Camellia Sinensis, unlike most Indian teas that are made from the large-leaved Assam plant. The reason is that, in the early 1840’s, a civil surgeon of the Indian Medical Service named Dr. Campbell was transferred to Darjeeling and used seeds from China to experiment tea planting. How to brew Darjeeling tea Many tea drinkers complain about not getting the right flavor when drinking the Indian Darjeeling tea. The main reason why this happens is because the preparation of Darjeeling tea is a delicate process and ignoring even only one step can cause the loss of an authentic flavor and taste. Here are some important rules in brewing Darjeeling tea:

• Use water that is free of chlorine, iron, salt and other type of impurities, because otherwise it can completely ruin the taste orDarjeeling tea.
• An important detail that most people ignore is using the right teapot. That is why it is recommended the use of China porcelain teapots and cups.
• For proper infusion, the Darjeeling tea leaves should be placed into the pot and then pour hot water on it.
• And last, Darjeeling tea connoisseurs advise not to put any kind of milk, honey or sugar in it since they change the aromatic flavor of Darjeeling tea. Also, milk reduces the benefits of this tea.

Here are the brewing instructions: First of all, you have to boil the water. Once the water is boiled, let it cool for about 5 minutes because if it is too hot, the Darjeeling tea leaves might burn and you will lose the flavor. Then add one teaspoon of Darjeeling leaves per 8 oz cup in the teapot and slowly pour water over the leaves.  Let it steep between 2-5 minutes, but be careful! Steeping it for more than 5 minutes, may lead to a bitter cup of tea!  Try to drink it without any kind of sweetener or milk to really enjoy the flavor. Darjeeling Tea benefits Darjeeling tea has many benefits because of the high antioxidant content that combat free radicals and diseases. Also Darjeeling tea contains vitamins and minerals such as Vitamin C, Vitamin K, calcium, magnesium and potassium, according the University of Arizona.

• Darjeeling tea strengthens your immune system, lowers cholesterol, fights dental plaque and maintains a healthy heart.
• Provides relaxation because of the L-theanine (amino - acid) that reduces mental and physical stress. That is why, people who suffer from depression or have anxiety attacks are advised to drink Darjeeling tea since it offers a feeling of well-being.
• It gives you energy, even though it has a small amount of caffeine. The L-theanine amino- acid softens caffeine’s speedy and uneven effects so that a person who is consuming Darjeeling tea feels relaxed and energized in the same time.
• Darjeeling tea contains antioxidants called flavonoids that protect cells from free radical damage.
• Reduces stroke risks and improves the function of blood vessels.

Darjeeling tea side effects  Since Darjeeling tea is a black tea, it has almost the same side effects as the simple black tea:

• People with anemia and iron deficiency should avoid drinking Darjeeling black tea.
• In cases of diabetes, even though Darjeeling tea’s caffeine content is softened by the the L-theanine amino - acid, still might affect blood sugar.
• People who present calcium deficit shouldn’t drink black tea, including Darjeeling tea, since it could produce dizziness and the sensation of fainting.
• Also, pregnant women are advised not to drink black tea.

Darjeeling tea is perfect for any time of the day and it is worldwide acknowledged as being to teas what champagne is to wine. It has a unique flavor that cannot be replicated anywhere else in the world!... darjeeling tea - the champagne of teas

(Linn.) Silva Manso.

Synonym: Ipomoea turpethum R. Br.

Family: Convolvulaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India up to 1,000 m; occasionally grown in gardens.

English: Indian Jalap, Turpeth.

Ayurvedic: Trivrta, Trivrtaa, Trib- handi, Triputaa, Saralaa, Suvahaa,

Rechani, Nishotra, Kumbha, Kaalaa, Shyaama, Shyaamaa.

Unani: Turbud, Nishoth.

Siddha/Tamil: Karunchivadai.

Action: Root—purgative, antiinflammatory (particularly used in rheumatic and paralytic affections; also in fevers, oedema, hepatic and haemophilic diseases).

White Turpeth is preferred to Black Turpeth as cathartic; the latter produces drastic purgation and causes vomiting, fainting and giddiness. White Turpeth is derived from Mars- denia tenacissima in folk medicine.

The active principle of O. turpethum is a glycosidic resin present in the drug up to 10%. It is similar to jalap resin and is concentrated mostly in the root bark. It contains an ether insoluble glycoside, turpethin, which constitutes about half of the resin and two ether soluble gly- cosides, alpha-and beta-turpethein (8 and 6% respectively).

Dosage: Root—1-3 g powder. (API, Vol. III.)... operculina turpethum

An unusual condition in which itchy, irregular, yellow or orangebrown swellings occur on the skin, most commonly on the trunk. Mastocytosis may also affect body organs, including the liver, spleen, and intestine, and it may cause symptoms such as diarrhoea, vomiting, and fainting. Very rarely, the condition leads to anaphylactic shock, which can be fatal. The condition usually begins in the 1st year of life and clears up by adolescence. Antihistamine drugs may be helpful in relieving symptoms of mastocytosis. ... mastocytosis

Abnormal paleness of the skin and mucous membranes, particularly noticeable in the face. Pallor is not always a symptom of disease. It may be due to a deficiency of the skin pigment melanin that may affect people who spend very little time in daylight. It is also a feature of albinism. In addition, pallor may be caused by constriction of small blood vessels in the skin, which may occur in response to shock, severe pain, injury, heavy blood loss, or fainting.Disorders that cause pallor include anaemia, pyelonephritis, kidney failure, and hypothyroidism. Lead poisoning is a rare cause.... pallor

If you want both an aromatic tea, as well as a healthy one, orange peel tea is perfect. It is a delicious beverage, especially during cold winter days. It also helps you stay healthy, especially thanks to the amount of vitamin C it contains. Read this article to find out more about its health benefits and side effects. About Orange Peel Tea Orange peel tea is made from the peel of the orange fruit. The fruit grows in orange trees, which are cultivated all around the world. The orange peel is the outer skin of the orange, leathery-textured and with many oil glands. Orange peel, as well as the peel from other fruits (lemon, lime) has been used for medical purposes for many years. They are also used for culinary purposes, as they can be added to soups, stews, cakes or cookies. Components of Orange Peel Tea It is well-known that oranges have many nutritional components. Some are included in the orange peel, as well, and are thus transferred to the orange peel tea. The orange peel tea is, of course, a great source of Vitamin C, and also has vitamin B1. Other important active constituents are: choline, folic acid, antioxidant flavonoids, d-limonene, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and aldehydes. How to make Orange Peel Tea If you’ve got some oranges around, you can easily make your own orange peel tea from scratch. Peel the skin from an orange, cut it in smaller pieces, and let them dry, preferably in a cool, dry place. Once they’re dry, you can use them for your orange peel tea. Add a bit to a cup of boiling water and let it steep for about 10-15 minutes. Remove the pieces of dried orange peel and you’re ready to drink your cup of tea! Orange Peel Tea Benefits Because of its many active constituents, orange peel tea helps you stay healthy. One cup brings many health benefits. Orange peel tea helps you fight against viruses and bacteria. It is also useful when treating coughs, asthma, bronchitis, tightness in the chest, and colds. Generally, it is good at helping the body eliminate the phlegm in the lungs. Drinking orange peel tea helps you have a good digestion. It is useful when relieving gas, bloating and nausea, symptoms of an upset stomach. Also, it is drunk in order to treat constipation, and it helps boost your appetite. Orange peel tea is also helpful when it comes to having a good oral hygiene. It helps you take care and treat sensitive skin, and it also eliminates bad breath. Another benefit is related to stimulating blood circulation and the flow in the lymphatic system. Also, orange peel tea is useful with helping you fight stress, nervousness, and insomnia. For women who have just given birth, orange peel tea helps treat mastitis (when the breast feels swollen because of excess milk production). If this is your case, then it’s recommended that you drink it twice a day. Orange Peel Tea Side Effects Just like any type of tea, orange peel tea also comes with a few side effects. First, it is recommended that you not drink orange peel tea while you’re pregnant. It might cause problems to the baby. Orange peel tea can act as a stimulant in some cases. It might cause symptoms such as nervousness or restlessness, and you might also have trouble falling asleep. It will act even more as a stimulant if you take a supplement that contains caffeine. If your family has a history of heart diseases, speak to your doctor before drinking orange peel tea. It might be harmful for you, and cause high blood pressure, hypertension, arrhythmias, tachycardia, fainting, heart palpitations and chest pains. Be careful if you’re suffering from hyperthyroidism. Orange peel tea may aggravate the thyroid’s condition. It might also weaken your body, or cause vision problems. It can cause your vision to get blurry, difficulty in focusing, and it might also worsen glaucoma. Not only is orange peel tea richly aromatic and delicious, but it is also good for your health. Make sure you get no side effects and then you can enjoy a cup of orange peel tea!... orange peel tea - a bittersweet tea

A vasodilator drug used to treat hypertension, heart failure, and Raynaud’s disease.

Prazosin is also used to treat urinary symptoms resulting from an enlarged prostate gland (see prostate, enlarged).

Side effects include dizziness and fainting, nausea, headache, and dry mouth.... prazosin

A rare degenerative disorder of unknown cause that progressively damages the autonomic nervous system. It begins gradually at age 60–70 and is more common in men. Symptoms include dizziness and fainting due to postural hypotension, urinary incontinence, impotence, reduced ability to sweat, and parkinsonism. The condition eventually leads to disability, and sometimes premature death. There is no cure or means of slowing degeneration, but many symptoms are relieved by drugs.... shy–drager syndrome

Abnormal function of the heart’s sinoatrial node that leads to episodes of bradycardia (slow heart-rate), alternating bradycardia and tachycardia (fast heart-rate), or very short episodes of cardiac arrest.

The cause is usually coronary artery disease, but may be a cardiomyopathy.

Symptoms may include lightheadedness, fainting, and palpitations.

The diagnosis is confirmed by a 24-hour ECG recording.

Treatment is usually by antiarrhythmic drugs and the fitting of an artificial pacemaker.... sick sinus syndrome

A group of drugs that widen blood vessels.

Vasodilator drugs include ACE inhibitors, alphablockers, calcium channel blockers, nitrate drugs, and sympatholytic drugs.

They are used to treat disorders in which abnormal narrowing of blood vessels reduces blood flow through tissues, impairing the supply of oxygen.

Such disorders include angina pectoris and peripheral vascular disease.

Vasodilators are also used to treat hypertension and heart failure.

All vasodilator drugs may cause flushing, headaches, dizziness, fainting, and swollen ankles.... vasodilator drugs

Acute or chronic, mild or severe.

Pathological anxiety is caused by a mood of fear, the resolution of which is usually psychological or spiritual. Apart from wise counselling it is sometimes necessary to give relaxants to reduce tension. Causes may be fatigue, low blood pressure, emotional exhaustion, autonomic imbalance, endocrine disturbance (hyperthyroidism, pre-menstrual tension), stress, conflict, schizophrenia, depression. Symptoms: dry mouth, increased sweating, fainting attacks, rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath. Prolonged consumption of strong tea, coffee and other caffeine drinks leads to a deficiency of Vitamin B1 which manifests as general anxiety, even agoraphobia.

Alternatives:– Passion Flower, German Chamomile, Lime Blossom, Skullcap, Oats, Cowslip, Damiana, Dogwood, Valerian, Wild Lettuce, Motherwort, Pulsatilla.

In cases of anxiety the heart is involved – whether physically or otherwise. A ‘heart sustainer’ may give the patient an unexpected ‘lift’ enabling him to cope.

Motherwort tea. Combine equal parts: Motherwort (heart), Balm (gentle nerve relaxant), Valerian (psycho-autonomic). 1-2 teaspoons in each cup boiling water; infuse 10-15 minutes; 1 cup 2-3 times daily.

Powders. Formula. Motherwort 2; Passion Flower 1; Valerian half. Dose: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon) 2-3 times daily.

Tinctures. Combine, Oats 3; Hawthorn 1; Valerian 1. Dose: 1-2 teaspoons in water or honey thrice daily. Anxiety before menstruation. Evening Primrose Oil capsules. OR: Liquid Extract Pulsatilla BHP (1983) 3-5 drops, thrice daily.

Anxiety with obvious heart symptoms. Hawthorn 6; Valerian 1; Cactus 1; Holly 1; Hyssop 1. (Dr A. Vogel)

Bach Flower remedies: Rescue remedy.

Biostrath. Kava kava of special value.

Diet. Low salt, low fat, high fibre. Avoid alcohol, coffee, sugar and refined foods. Alfalfa tea for remineralisation.

Supplements. Vitamin B-complex, Magnesium, Zinc. 2-3 bananas daily for potassium.

Supportive: Relaxation technique: yoga, etc. ... anxiety states

(nitroglycerin) a drug that dilates blood vessels and is used mainly to prevent and treat angina (see vasodilator). Side effects may include flushing, headache, and fainting. Glyceryl trinitrate is also applied topically in the treatment of anal fissures.... glyceryl trinitrate

A condition in which the affected person loses the power of balancing him or herself, and has a false sensation as to his or her own movements or those of surrounding objects. The power of balancing depends upon sensations derived partly through the sense of touch, partly from the eyes, but mainly from the semicircular canals of the internal EAR – the vestibular mechanism. In general, vertigo is due to some interference with this vestibular ocular re?ex mechanism or with the centres in the cerebellum and cerebrum (see BRAIN) with which it is connected. Giddiness is often associated with headache, nausea and vomiting.

Causes The simplest cause of vertigo is some mechanical disturbance of the body affecting the ?uid in the internal ear; such as that produced by moving in a swing with the eyes shut, the motion of a boat causing sea-sickness, or a sudden fall. (See also MOTION (TRAVEL) SICKNESS.)

Another common positional variety is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) caused by sudden change in the position of the head; this causes small granular masses in the cupola of the posterior semicircular canal in the inner ear to be displaced. It may subside spontaneously within a few weeks but can recur. Sometimes altering the position of the head so as to facilitate return of the crystals to the cupola will stop the vertigo.

The cause which produces a severe and sudden giddiness is MENIÈRE’S DISEASE, a condition in which there is loss of function of the vestibular mechanism of the inner ear. An acute labyrinthitis – in?ammation of the labyrinth of the ear – may result from viral infection and produce a severe vertigo lasting 2–5 days. Because it often occurs in epidemics it is often called epidemic vertigo. Vertigo is sometimes produced by the removal of wax from the ear, or even by syringing out the ear. (See EAR, DISEASES OF.)

A severe upset in the gastrointestinal tract may cause vertigo. Refractive errors in the eyes, an attack of MIGRAINE, a mild attack of EPILEPSY, and gross diseases of the brain, such as tumours, are other causes acting more directly upon the central nervous system. Finally, giddiness may be due to some disorder of the circulation, for example, reduced blood supply to the brain produced by fainting, or by disease of the heart.

Treatment While the attack lasts, this requires the sufferer to lie down in a darkened, quiet room. SEDATIVES have most in?uence in diminishing giddiness when it is distressing. After the attack is over, the individual should be examined to establish the cause and, if necessary, to be given appropriate treatment.

Vertigo and nausea linked to Menière’s disease – or following surgery on the middle ear – can be hard to treat. HYOSCINE, ANTI HISTAMINE DRUGS and PHENOTHIAZINES – for example, prochlorperazine – are often e?ective in preventing and treating these disorders. Cinnarizine and betahistine have been marketed as e?ective drugs for Menière’s disease; for acute attacks, cyclizine or prochlorperazine given by intramuscular injection or rectally can be of value. Research in America is exploring the use of virtual-reality technology to change subjects’ visual perception of the outside world gradually during several 30-minute sessions, helping them to adjust to the abnormal sensations that occur during an attack. Early results are promising.... vertigo

(ILR) a device, inserted beneath the skin of the chest, to record the heart rhythm for up to two years. It is usually used for the investigation of patients presenting with infrequent syncope (fainting) in whom arrhythmia is the suspected cause. When syncope occurs, the device can be examined using wireless technology to reveal the heart rhythm at the time of the episode.... implantable loop recorder

a combination of three clinical features that indicate the presence of an *insulinoma: (1) attacks of fainting, dizziness, and sweating on fasting; (2) severe hypoglycaemia present during the attacks; (3) relief from the attacks achieved by administering glucose. [A. O. Whipple]... whipple’s triad

Citrus aurantium L. var. Amara L.

Leaves are antispasmodic and digestive; flowers have a tranquilliser effect; the peel is a stomachic- bitter; seeds contain linolenic acid to disperse cholesterol deposits. Essential oil (neroli) is inhaled for hysteria and fainting. Orange peel is a bitter-tonic for flatulence and depression. A tea is made from the leaves and flowers: 2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water. Used by the perfumery industry (eau de cologne). Adds a bitter-sweet flavour to ‘Curacao’ liquers. Stimulates appetite. Orange wine. Aromatherapy. External use of the oil for fatigue, limited powers of endurance, recovery from prolonged illnesses and surgical operations. ... bitter orange

Alternatives.

1. Powders: 3oz Bayberry, 1oz Ginger, half Cinnamon, half an ounce Cloves, quarter of an ounce Cayenne. Sift. Mix. (E.G. Jones MNIMH)

2. 2oz Bayberry, 1oz Ginger, 1oz Pleurisy root, half an ounce Cayenne. Sift. Mix. (Melville C. Keith MD) 3. 2oz Poplar bark, 1oz Balmony herb, half an ounce Goldenseal, half an ounce Cinnamon, three-quarters of an ounce Cayenne. Mix. Sift. “This brought the American physiomedical doctors immortal fame.” (F.H. England MD)

Dose: Quarter to 1 teaspoon in hot water, tea or honey. The powder may be fed into 00 capsules: 2-4 capsules swallowed or taken as above.

Composition powder is a harmless stimulant against winter’s ills, influenza and for the first stages of fevers. Long traditional reputation for stomach and bowel disorders, cramp, collapse, circulatory stasis, fainting, hypothermia, to promote perspiration, to assuage moderate degree pain. In the elderly it was given to rekindle the fires of life when burning low. ... composition powders

Two types – simple and ulcerative. Inflammation of the membrane lining of the heart with the appearance of small fibrin accumulations on the valves. These may form during a specific fever – rheumatic, scarlet, etc, due to bacterial infection. In Bacterial Endocarditis, fragments of tissue may be shed from the main seat of infection and borne to other parts of the body, promoting inflammation or ischaemia elsewhere.

Affects more women than men, ages 20 to 40 years. Most cases have a history of rheumatic fever as a child. Thickening of the valves renders them less efficient in regulating the flow of blood through the heart thus allowing leakage by improper closure. Increased effort is required from the heart muscle to pump blood through the narrowed valves giving rise to fatigue and possible heart failure.

Prolapsus of the mitral valve is now recognised as predisposing to bacterial endocarditis. It is concluded that herbal antibiotic prophylaxis is justified in heart patients undergoing dental extraction, or other surgery where there is exposure to infection.

Symptoms: Breathlessness on exertion. Swelling of legs and ankles, palpitations, fainting, blue tinge to the skin and a permanent pink flush over the cheek bones. Clubbing of fingers. Enlarged spleen. Stethoscope reveals valvular regurgitation. The most common organism remains streptococcus viridans, by mouth. It may reach the heart by teeth extraction, scaling and intensive cleaning which may draw blood, posing a risk by bacteria.

Treatment. Acute conditions should be under the authority of a heart specialist in an Intensive Care Unit.

Absolute bedrest to relieve stress on the heart’s valves. For acute infection: Penicillin (or other essential antibiotics). Alternatives, of limited efficacy: Echinacea, Myrrh, Wild Indigo, Nasturtium, Holy Thistle. Avoid: excitement, chills, colds, fatigue and anything requiring extra cardiac effort. Convalescence will be long (weeks to months) during which resumption to normal activity should be gradual.

Aconite. With full bounding pulse and restless fever. Five drops Tincture Aconite to half a glass (100ml) water. 2 teaspoons hourly until temperature falls.

To sustain heart. Tincture Convallaria (Lily of the Valley), 5-15 drops, thrice daily.

To stimulate secretion of urine. Tincture Bearberry, 1-2 teaspoons, thrice daily.

Rheumatic conditions. Tincture Colchicum, 10-15 drops, thrice daily.

Various conventional treatments of the past can still be used with good effect: Tincture Strophanthus, 5 to 15 drops. Liquid Extract Black Cohosh, 15 to 30 drops. Spirits of Camphor, 5 to 10 drops. Bugleweed (American), 10 to 30 drops. To increase body strength: Echinacea. To sustain heart muscle: Hawthorn. Endocarditis with severe headache: Black Cohosh.

Teas: single or in combination (equal parts) – Nettles, Motherwort, Red Clover flowers, Lime flowers. 2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. 1 cup 2-3 times daily.

Decoction: equal parts: Hawthorn berries, Echinacea root, Lily of the Valley leaves. Mix. 2 teaspoons to each 2 cups water in a non-aluminium vessel, gently simmer 10 minutes. Dose: 1 cup 2-3 times daily. Formula. Echinacea 20; Cactus 10; Hawthorn 10; Goldenseal 2. Mix. Dose: Powders: 750mg (three 00 capsules or half a teaspoon). Liquid extracts: 1-2 teaspoons. Tinctures: 1-3 teaspoons. Thrice daily.

Diet. See entry: DIET – HEART AND CIRCULATION. Pineapple juice. Treatment by or in liaison with general medical practitioner or cardiologist. ... endocarditis

Various aspects of first aid are described under the following: ABRASIONS, BLEEDING, CUTS, SHOCK, EYES, FAINTING, FRACTURES, INJURIES, POISONING, WOUNDS, WITCH HAZEL.

Avoid overstocking; some herbs lose their potency on the shelf in time, especially if exposed. Do not keep on a high shelf out of the way. Experts suggest a large box with a lid to protect its contents, kept in a cool dry place away from foods and other household items. Store mixtures containing Camphor separately elsewhere. Camphor is well-known as a strong antidote to medicinal substances. Keep all home-made ointments in a refrigerator. However harmless, keep all remedies out of reach of children. Be sure that all tablet containers have child-resistant tops.

Keep a separate box, with duplicates, permanently in the car. Check periodically. Replace all tablets when crumbled, medicines with changed colour or consistency. Always carry a large plastic bottle of water in the car for cleansing dirty wounds and to form a vehicle to Witch Hazel and other remedies. Label all containers clearly.

Health care items: Adhesive bandages of all sizes, sterile gauze, absorbant cotton wool, adhesive tape, elastic bandage, stitch scissors, forceps (boiled before use), clinical thermometer, assorted safety pins, eye-bath for use as a douche for eye troubles, medicine glass for correct dosage.

Herbal and other items: Comfrey or Chickweed ointment (or cream) for sprains and bruises. Marshmallow and Slippery Elm (drawing) ointment for boils, abscesses, etc. Calendula (Marigold) ointment or lotion for bleeding wounds where the skin is broken. An alternative is Calendula tincture (30 drops) to cupful of boiled water allowed to cool; use externally, as a mouth rinse after dental extractions, and sipped for shock. Arnica tincture: for bathing bruises and swellings where the skin is unbroken (30 drops in a cup of boiled water allowed to cool). Honey for burns and scalds. Lobelia tablets for irritating cough and respiratory distress. Powdered Ginger for adding to hot water for indigestion, vomiting, etc. Tincture Myrrh, 5-10 drops in a glass of water for sore throats, tonsillitis, mouth ulcers and externally, for cleansing infected or dirty wounds. Tincture Capsicum (3-10 drops) in a cup of tea for shock, or in eggcup Olive oil for use as a liniment for pains of rheumatism. Cider vinegar (or bicarbonate of Soda) for insect bites. Oil Citronella, insect repellent. Vitamin E capsules for burns; pierce capsule and wipe contents over burnt area. Friar’s balsam to inhale for congestion of nose and throat. Oil of Cloves for toothache. Olbas oil for general purposes. Castor oil to assist removal of foreign bodies from the eye. Slippery Elm powder as a gruel for looseness of bowels. Potter’s Composition Essence for weakness or collapse. Antispasmodic drops for pain.

Distilled extract of Witch Hazel deserves special mention for bleeding wounds, sunburn, animal bites, stings, or swabbed over the forehead to freshen and revive during an exhausting journey. See: WITCH HAZEL.

Stings of nettles or other plants are usually rendered painless by a dock leaf. Oils of Tea Tree, Jojoba and Evening Primrose are also excellent for first aid to allay infection. For punctured wounds, as a shoemaker piercing his thumb with an awl or injury from brass tacks, or for shooting pains radiating from the seat of injury, tincture or oil of St John’s Wort (Hypericum) is the remedy. ... first aid and medicine chest

See: WEAKNESS.

LAVENDER. Lavendula vera. Lavendula angustifolia. Flowers.

Constituents: flavonoids, coumarins, triterpenes, volatile oil.

Action: inhalant, antidepressive, antispasmodic, cephalic, pleasant antiseptic, carminative, rubefacient (oil), sedative, anticonvulsant. Antimicrobial. (B.N. Uzdennikov, Nauch, Tr. Tyumen. Sel-Khoz. Inst., No 7, 116 1970)

Uses: Nervous headache, neuralgia, rheumatism, depression, sluggish circulation, chilblains, insomnia, for transient reduction in high blood pressure; windy colic, physical and mental exhaustion, neurasthenia, sense of panic and fainting (1-3 drops in honey). Toothache, sprains, sinusitis, bladder infection. To relieve stress; calm and relax. Migraine (hot).

Combines well with Lime flowers (Lavender 1; Lime flowers 3) for transient high blood pressure. Preparations. Dried flowers, dose: half-2 grams. Thrice daily.

Tea. 1 teaspoon to each cup boiling water: infuse 15 minutes. Dose: one-third to half cup.

Home liniment. Place handful (approximately 50g) flowers in 1 pint (500ml) 60 per cent alcohol (vodka, etc). Macerate 8 days in cool shady place; shake daily. Filter. Massage into affected area.

Tincture BHP (1983). 1 part to 5 parts 60 per cent alcohol. Dose: 2-4ml.

Tablets/capsules. 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon).

Aromatherapy: oil used for a wide range of conditions.

Lavender oil, Used externally for neuralgia, rheumatism, aching muscles or to smear over forehead for migraine.

Lavender bath. 1oz (30g) fresh flowers and tips to 1 pint (500ml) water. Bring to boil. Remove vessel when boiling point is reached. Strain. Add to bath water. Tonic effect. ... lassitude

An awareness of the heartbeat. Increase in the normal rate of sudden onset or lasting a few hours, with or without vertigo or fainting. Temporary acceleration may be common, often entirely innocent. Where the beat reaches 100 to 140 per minute it is likely to be due to sinus tachycardia, but higher rates, 180 plus, of sudden onset and offset are due to paroxysmal tachycardia from an abnormal focus of rhythm in atrium or ventricle.

May be caused by anxiety, exercise, smoking, alcohol, caffeine, anaemia, thyroid disorder, a specific fever or presence of a ‘coronary’. Extra-systoles may be felt as a thumping in the chest. May also be caused by excessive digitalis therapy.

Treatment. Where due to shock (Passion flower), overstrain (Ginseng), flatulence (Chamomile), sense of oppression in the chest (Hawthorn), suffocation (Aconite), worse lying on the left side (Cactus), highly sensitive women (Pulsatilla), mental depression (Cactus), congestion of the lungs (Lobelia).

Tea. Combine equal parts – Motherwort and Passion flower. 1-2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes; 1 cup as necessary.

Tablets/capsules. Chamomile, Hawthorn, Lobelia, Mistletoe, Motherwort, Pulsatilla, Passion flower (Passiflora), Valerian.

Formula. Equal parts: Lily of the Valley, Passion flower. Dose: Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons. Thrice daily in water or honey. Practitioner. Tincture Aconite, BPC 1949. Dose: 0.12 to 0.3ml (2 to 5 drops). OR:– Spartiol (Broom) 20 drops thrice daily. (Klein).

Diet. See: DIET – HEART AND CIRCULATION.

Vitamin E. One 400iu capsule (or tablet) daily.

Minerals. Magnesium 300mg daily. ... palpitation

Discomfort in the abdomen. Mild abdominal pain is common and is often due to excessive alcohol

intake, eating unwisely, or an attack of diarrhoea. Pain in the lower abdomen is common during menstruation but is occasionally due to a gynaecological disorder such as endometriosis. Cystitis is a common cause of pain or discomfort in the abdomen. Bladder distension as a result of urinary obstruction may also cause abdominal pain.

Abdominal colic is pain that occurs every few minutes as one of the internal organs goes into muscular spasm in an attempt to overcome an obstruction such as a stone or an area of inflammation. The attacks of colic may become more severe and may be associated with vomiting (see abdomen, acute).

Peptic ulcer often produces recurrent gnawing pain. Other possible causes of abdominal pain are infection, such as pyelonephritis, and ischaemia (lack of blood supply), as occurs when a volvulus (twisting of the intestine) obstructs blood vessels. Tumours affecting an abdominal organ can cause pain. Abdominal pain can also result from anxiety.

For mild pain, a wrapped hot-water bottle is often effective. Pain due to peptic ulcer can be temporarily relieved by food or by taking antacid drugs. Abdominal pain that is not relieved by vomiting, persists for more than 6 hours, or is associated with sweating or fainting requires urgent medical attention. Urgent attention is also necessary if pain is accompanied by persistent vomiting, vomiting of blood, or passing of bloodstained or black faeces. Unexplained weight loss or changes in bowel habits should always be investigated.

Investigation of abdominal pain may include the use of imaging tests such as ultrasound scanning, and endoscopic examination in the form of gastroscopy, colonoscopy, or laparoscopy.... abdominal pain

An abnormality of the rhythm or rate of the heartbeat. Arrhythmias, which are caused by a disturbance in the electrical impulses in the heart, can be divided into 2 main groups: tachycardias, in which the rate is faster than normal, and bradycardias, in which the rate is slower.

In sinus tachycardia, the rate is raised, the rhythm is regular, and the beat originates in the sinoatrial node (see pacemaker). Supraventricular tachycardia is faster and the rhythm is regular. It may be caused by an abnormal electrical pathway that allows an impulse to

circulate continuously in the heart and take over from the sinoatrial node. Rapid, irregular beats that originate in the ventricles are called ventricular tachycardia. In atrial flutter, the atria (see atrium) beat regularly and very rapidly, but not every impulse reaches the ventricles, which beat at a slower rate. Uncoordinated, fast beating of the atria is called atrial fibrillation and produces totally irregular ventricular beats. Ventricular fibrillation is a form of cardiac arrest in which the ventricles twitch very rapidly in a disorganized manner.

Sinus bradycardia is a slow, regular beat. In heart block, the conduction of electrical impulses through the heart muscle is partially or completely blocked, leading to a slow, irregular heartbeat. Periods of bradycardia may alternate with periods of tachycardia due to a fault in impulse generation (see sick sinus syndrome).

A common cause of arrhythmia is coronary artery disease, particularly after myocardial infarction. Some tachycardias are due to a congenital defect in the heart’s conducting system. Caffeine can cause tachycardia in some people. Amitriptyline and some other antidepressant drugs can cause serious arrhythmias if they are taken in high doses.

An arrhythmia may be felt as palpitations, but in some cases arrhythmias can cause fainting, dizziness, chest pain, and breathlessness, which may be the 1st symptoms.

Arrhythmias are diagnosed by an ECG. If they are intermittent, a continuous recording may need to be made using an ambulatory ECG.

Treatments for arrhythmias include antiarrhythmic drugs, which prevent or slow tachycardias.

With an arrhythmia that has developed suddenly, it may be possible to restore normal heart rhythm by using electric shock to the heart (see defibrillation).

Abnormal conduction pathways in the heart can be treated using radio frequency ablation during cardiac catheterization (see catheterization, cardiac).

In some cases, a pacemaker can be fitted to restore normal heartbeat by overriding the heart’s abnormal rhythm.... arrhythmia, cardiac

Loss of blood from the circulatory system caused by damage to the blood vessels or by a bleeding disorder. Bleeding may be visible (external) or concealed (internal). Rapid loss of more than 10 per cent of the blood volume can cause symptoms of shock, with fainting, pallor, and sweating.

The speed with which blood flows from a cut depends on the type of blood vessel damaged: blood usually oozes from a capillary, flows from a vein, and spurts from an artery. If an injury does not break open the skin, blood collects around the damaged blood vessels close under the skin to form a bruise.

Any lost blood that mixes with other body fluids such as sputum (phlegm) or urine will be noticed quite readily; bleeding in the digestive tract may make vomit or faeces appear darker than usual.

Internal bleeding may not be discovered until severe anaemia develops.... bleeding

A sensation of unsteadiness and light-headedness. It may be a mild, brief symptom that occurs by itself, or it may be part of a more severe, prolonged attack of vertigo with nausea, vomiting, sweating, or fainting.

Most attacks are harmless and are caused by a fall in the pressure of blood to the brain. This can occur when getting up quickly from a sitting or lying position (called postural hypotension). Similar symptoms may result from a transient ischaemic attack, in which there is temporary, partial blockage in the arteries that supply the brain. Other causes include tiredness, stress, fever, anaemia, heart block, hypoglycaemia, and subdural haemorrhage.

Dizziness as part of vertigo is usually due to a disorder of the inner ear, the acoustic nerve, or the brainstem. The principal disorders of the inner ear that can cause dizziness and vertigo are labyrinthitis and Ménière’s disease. Disorders of the acoustic nerve, such as acoustic neuroma, are rare causes of dizziness and vertigo. Brainstem disorders which can cause dizziness and vertigo include a type of migraine, brain tumours, and vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Brief episodes of mild dizziness usually

clear up after taking a few deep breaths or after resting for a short time. Severe, prolonged, or recurrent dizziness should be investigated by a doctor. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.... dizziness

A brief disturbance affecting the nervous system, causing a person to fall suddenly to the ground without warning. Unlike in fainting, the person may not lose consciousness, but injuries can occur. Elderly women are the most commonly affected. The causes are not fully understood, but they may be a form of transient ischaemic attack (TIA) in which there is a fall in blood flow to nerve centres in the brainstem. Elderly men may have a drop attack while passing urine or while standing, possibly due to low blood pressure or an abrupt alteration in heart rhythm. Akinetic seizures (a rare form of epilepsy) are also sometimes described as drop attacks.

There is no treatment for drop attacks in the elderly. Akinetic seizures respond to anticonvulsant drugs.... drop attack

Symptoms that include sweating, fainting, and palpitations due to the rapid passage of food from the stomach into the intestine. It is uncommon but mainly affects people who have had a gastrectomy. Symptoms may occur within about 30 minutes of eating (early dumping) or after 90–120 minutes (late dumping). Some tense people may have symptoms although their stomach is intact.

Gastric surgery interferes with the normal mechanism for emptying food from the stomach (see digestion). If a meal rich in carbohydrates is “dumped” too quickly from the stomach, the upper intestine may swell. This, together with the excessive amounts of certain hormones released into the bloodstream, causes the symptoms of early dumping.

As sugars are absorbed from the intestine, they rapidly increase the blood glucose level, causing excess insulin release. This may in turn later lower the blood glucose level below normal, causing the symptoms of late dumping.

A person who has had a gastrectomy can avoid symptoms by eating frequent, small dry meals that do not contain refined carbohydrates. Symptoms may also be prevented by lying down after a large meal. Adding guar gum to food is sometimes effective.... dumping syndrome

A condition in which deoxygenated blood flows directly back into the circulation rather than through the lungs, due to an abnormal connection between the left and right sides of the heart and pulmonary hypertension. The resultant hypoxia causes cyanosis, fainting, and breathing difficulty. The disorder most often occurs in people with certain congenital heart defects (see heart disease, congenital), such as ventricular septal defect, that have not been corrected.

The diagnosis is confirmed by cardiac catheterization.

Once Eisenmenger complex has developed, surgical correction of the original defect will not help.

Drug treatment may control symptoms.... eisenmenger complex

A dangerous reduction of blood flow throughout the body tissues, which may occur with severe injury or illness. Shock in this sense is physiological shock, as distinct from the mental distress that may follow a traumatic experience.

In most cases, reduced blood pressure is a major factor in causing shock and is one of its main features. Shock may develop in any situation in which blood volume is reduced, blood vessels are abnormally widened, the heart’s action is weak, blood flow is obstructed, or there is a combination of these factors. Causes include severe bleeding or burns, persistent vomiting or diarrhoea, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, peritonitis, and some types of poisoning.

Symptoms of shock include rapid, shallow breathing; cold, clammy skin; rapid, weak pulse; dizziness; weakness; and fainting. Untreated, shock can lead to collapse, coma, and death.

Emergency treatment is required. This involves an intravenous infusion of fluid, a blood transfusion, oxygen therapy, and, if necessary, morphine or similar powerful analgesics. Further treatment depends on the underlying cause. (See also anaphylactic shock; septic shock; shock, electric; toxic shock syndrome.)... shock

A mineral that helps to regulate the body’s water balance and maintain normal heart rhythm and is involved in conduction of nerve impulses and contraction of muscles. The level of sodium in the blood is controlled by the kidneys, which eliminate any excess in the urine.

Almost all foods contain sodium naturally or as an ingredient added during processing or cooking. Consequently, deficiency is rare and is usually the result of excessive loss of the mineral through persistent diarrhoea or vomiting, or profuse sweating. Symptoms include weakness, dizziness, and muscle cramps. In severe cases, there may be a drop in blood pressure, leading to confusion, fainting, and palpitations. Treatment is with supplements. In hot climates, sodium supplements may help to prevent heat disorders by compensating for sodium lost through heavy sweating.

Excessive sodium intake is thought to be a contributory factor in hypertension. Another adverse effect is fluid retention, which, in severe cases, may cause dizziness and swelling of the legs.... sodium

a condition in which there is raised blood pressure within the blood vessels supplying the lungs (the pulmonary artery blood pressure is normally much lower than the pressure within the aorta and its branches). Pulmonary hypertension may complicate pulmonary embolism, *septal defects, heart failure, diseases of the mitral valve, and chronic lung diseases. It may also develop without any known cause (primary pulmonary hypertension). The right ventricle enlarges and heart failure, fainting, and chest pain occur. The treatment is that of the cause; drugs used to control *hypertension are ineffective, but some specific drug treatments (e.g. epoprostenol) have recently become available.... pulmonary hypertension

n. a drug that causes widening of the blood vessels and therefore an increase in blood flow. Vasodilators are used to lower blood pressure in cases of hypertension. Coronary vasodilators, such as *glyceryl trinitrate, increase the blood flow through the heart and are used to relieve and prevent angina. Large doses of coronary vasodilators cause such side-effects as flushing of the face, severe headache, and fainting. Peripheral vasodilators affect blood flow to the limbs; they include *alpha blockers and some *calcium-channel blockers. Certain of the latter (e.g. *nifedipine) are used to treat conditions due to poor circulation, such as Raynaud’s disease and intermittent claudication.... vasodilator

Lavandula latifolia

FAMILY: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

SYNONYMS: L. spica, aspic, broad-leaved lavender, lesser lavender, spike.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: An aromatic evergreen sub-shrub up to 1 metre high with lance-shaped leaves, broader and rougher than true lavender. The flower is more compressed and of a dull grey-blue colour.

DISTRIBUTION: Native to the mountainous regions of France and Spain; also found in North Africa, Italy, Yugoslavia and the eastern Mediterranean countries. It is cultivated internationally; the oil is mainly produced in France and Spain.

OTHER SPECIES: There are many different chemotypes of lavender in general, and this also applies to spike lavender. The French spike oil is reputed to be a more delicate, aromatic scent than the Spanish variety. For other varieties, see entries on lavandin, true lavender and the Botanical Classification section.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: Culpeper recommends spike lavender for a variety of ailments including ‘pains of the head and brain which proceed from cold, apoplexy, falling sickness, the dropsy, or sluggish malady, cramps, convulsions, palsies, and often faintings’. He also warns that ‘the oil of spike is of a fierce and piercing quality, and ought to be carefully used, a very few drops being sufficient for inward or outward maladies’.. The preparation ‘oleum spicae’ was made by mixing ¼ spike oil with ¾ turpentine, and used for paralysed limbs, old sprains and stiff joints (it was also said to encourage hair growth).

Spike lavender is current in the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, indicated for flatulent dyspepsia, colic, depressive headaches, and the oil (topically) for rheumatic pain.

ACTIONS: See true lavender.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by water or steam distillation from the flowering tops.

CHARACTERISTICS: A water-white or pale yellow liquid with a penetrating, fresh herbaceous, camphoraceous odour. It blends well with rosemary, sage, lavandin, eucalyptus, rosewood, lavender, petitgrain, pine, cedarwood, oakmoss, patchouli and spice oils, particularly clove.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Mainly cineol and camphor (40–60 per cent), with linalol and linalyl acetate, among others.

SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant (except in concentration), non-sensitizing.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE See true lavender.

OTHER USES: It is used in some pharmaceutical preparations and especially in veterinary practice as a prophylactic, in incipient paralysis, for rheumatism and arthritis and to get rid of lice. It is extensively employed as a fragrance component especially in soaps and industrial perfumes such as deodorants, disinfectants and cleaning agents, as well as insecticides and room sprays, etc. It is also used in the food industry and in the production of fine varnishes and lacquers.... lavender, spike

Mentha piperita

FAMILY: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

SYNONYMS: Brandy mint, balm mint.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A perennial herb up to 1 metre high with underground runners by which it is easily propagated. The ‘white’ peppermint has green stems and leaves; the ‘black’ peppermint has dark green serrated leaves, purplish stems and reddish-violet flowers.

DISTRIBUTION: Originally a cultivated hybrid between M. viridis and M. aquatica, known to have been propagated from before the seventeenth century in England. Naturalized throughout Europe and America, it is cultivated worldwide. The oil is produced mainly in France, England, America, Russia, Bulgaria, Italy, Hungary, Morocco and China.

OTHER SPECIES: There are several different strains or chemotypes of peppermint. In addition there are numerous other species of mint, such as spearmint, apple mint, pennyroyal, water mint and pineapple mint – some of which are used to produce essential oils (see Botanical Classification section). Peppermints grown in northern regions, including the Mitcham peppermint, are considered of superior quality.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: Mints have been cultivated since ancient times in China and Japan. In Egypt evidence of a type of peppermint has been found in tombs dating from 1000 BC. It has been used extensively in Eastern and Western medicine for a variety of complaints, including indigestion, nausea, sore throat, diarrhoea, headaches, toothaches and cramp.

It is current in the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia for intestinal colic, flatulence, common cold, vomiting in pregnancy and dysmenorrhoea.

ACTIONS: Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiphlogistic, antipruritic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antiviral, astringent, carminative, cephalic, cholagogue, cordial, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, hepatic, nervine, stomachic, sudorific, vasoconstrictor, vermifuge.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the flowering herb (approx. 3–4 per cent yield).

CHARACTERISTICS: A pale yellow or greenish liquid with a highly penetrating, grassy-minty camphoraceous odour. It blends well with benzoin, rosemary, lavender, marjoram, lemon, eucalyptus and other mints.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Menthol (29–48 per cent), menthane (20–31 per cent), menthyl acetate, menthofuran, limonene, pulegone, cineol, among others.

SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant (except in concentration), possible sensitization due to menthol. Use in moderation.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE

Skin care: Acne, dermatitis, ringworm, scabies, toothache.

Circulation muscles and joints: Neuralgia, muscular pain, palpitations.

Respiratory system: Asthma, bronchitis, halitosis, sinusitis, spasmodic cough – ‘When inhaled (in steam) it checks catarrh temporarily, and will provide relief from head colds and bronchitis: its antispasmodic action combines well with this to make it a most useful inhalation in asthma.’.

Digestive system: Colic, cramp, dyspepsia, flatulence, nausea.

Immune system: Colds, ’flu, fevers.

Nervous system: Fainting, headache, mental fatigue, migraine, nervous stress, vertigo.

OTHER USES: Flavouring agent in pharmaceuticals, and ingredient in cough, cold and digestive remedies. Flavouring agent in many foods, especially chewing gum and sweets, alcoholic and soft drinks; also widely used to flavour tobacco. Fragrance component in soaps, toothpaste, detergents, cosmetics, colognes and perfumes.... mint, peppermint