Treatment, same as for osteo-arthritis.
Stiffness and pain in the shoulder that makes normal movement of the joint impossible. In severe cases, the shoulder may be completely rigid, and pain may be intense.
Frozen shoulder is caused by inflammation and thickening of the lining of the joint capsule. In some cases, it occurs following a minor injury to the shoulder or a stroke. The condition is more common in middle-aged people and those with diabetes mellitus.
Moderate symptoms of frozen shoulder can be eased by exercise, by taking analgesic drugs and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and by applying ice-packs. In severe cases, injections of corticosteroid drugs into the joint may be used. Manipulation of the joint under a general anaesthetic can restore mobility, but this treatment carries the risk of increasing pain in the joint initially. Recovery is often slow but the shoulder is usually back to normal and pain free within 2 years.
A painful condition of the shoulder accompanied by sti?ness and considerable limitation of movement. The usual age-incidence is between 50 and 70. The cause is in?ammation and contracture of the ligaments and muscles of the shoulder joint, probably due to overuse. Treatment is physiotherapy and local steroid infections. There is practically always complete recovery, even though this may take 12–18 months.
(adhesive capsulitis) a well-defined disorder characterized by progressive pain and then stiffness of the shoulder that has no clear single cause and usually resolves spontaneously over about 18 months. It may occur after trauma and is more common with diabetes mellitus. Initial treatment during the painful inflammatory phase is with analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs. During the stiff phase, when the pain and inflammation has settled, gentle physiotherapy and possible manipulation under anaesthesia is performed to help regain range of motion.
A method of preparing a biopsy specimen that provides a rapid indication of whether or not a tissue, such as a breast lump, is cancerous. Frozen section can be undertaken during an operation so that the results can be used to determine the appropriate surgical treatment.... frozen section
Pain and stiffness affecting one shoulder and the hand on the same side; the hand may also become hot, sweaty, and swollen. Arm muscles may waste through lack of use (see Sudeck’s atrophy). The cause of shoulder–hand syndrome is unknown, but it may occur as a complication of myocardial infarction, stroke, herpes zoster, or shoulder injury. Recovery usually occurs in about 2 years. This period may be shortened by physiotherapy and corticosteroid drugs. In rare cases, a cervical sympathectomy is performed.... shoulder–hand syndrome
a difficult birth (see dystocia) in which the anterior or, less commonly, the posterior fetal shoulder impacts on the maternal symphysis or sacral promontory. It is an obstetric emergency and is diagnosed when the shoulders fail to deliver after the fetal head and when gentle downward traction has failed. Additional obstetric manoeuvres (e.g. *McRobert’s manoeuvre) are required to release the shoulders from below the pubic symphysis. It occurs in approximately 1% of vaginal births. There are well-recognized risk factors, such as maternal diabetes and obesity and fetal *macrosomia. There can be a high *perinatal mortality rate and morbidity associated with the condition; the most common fetal injuries are to the brachial plexus, causing an *Erb’s palsy or *Klumpke’s paralysis. Maternal morbidity is also increased, particularly *postpartum haemorrhage.... shoulder dystocia
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