n. haemorrhage into the bile ducts, usually presenting as an acute upper gastrointestinal bleed (with bloody vomit or *melaena) or with a dropping blood count. The most common causes are liver injury, liver biopsy, hepatobiliary surgery, or use of instruments (such as *ERCP). Other causes include gallstones, inflammatory conditions, vascular abnormalities, tumours, and conditions that predispose to bleeding (such as using anticoagulant medication).
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