Armoracia rusticana
FAMILY: Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
SYNONYMS: Cochlearia armoracia, A. lapathifolia, red cole, raifort.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A perennial plant with large leaves up to 50 cms long, white flowers and a thick whitish tapering root, which is propagated easily.
DISTRIBUTION: Its origins are uncertain, but probably native to eastern Europe. It is now common throughout Russia, Europe and Scandinavia.
OTHER SPECIES: Possibly a cultivated form of Cochlearia macrocarpa, a native of Hungary.
HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: An extremely stimulating herb, once valued as a household remedy. Its action is similar to mustard seed and it was used for fever, digestive complaints, urinary infections and as a circulatory aid. Good for arthritis and rheumatism. It is still used as a condiment, especially on the Continent.
ACTIONS: Antibiotic, antiseptic, diuretic, carminative, expectorant, laxative (mild), rubefacient, stimulant.
EXTRACTION: Essential oil by water and steam distillation from the broken roots which have been soaked in water. (A resinoid or concrete is also produced by solvent extraction.)
CHARACTERISTICS: A colourless or pale yellow mobile liquid with a sharp, potent odour and having a tear-producing effect.
PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Allyl isothiocyanate (75 per cent), with phenylethyl isothiocyanate (which is only produced when the plant is bruised or crushed).
SAFETY DATA: Oral toxin, dermal irritant, mucous membrane irritant. ‘This is one of the most hazardous of all essential oils. It should not be used in therapy either externally or internally.’.
AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE None.
OTHER USES: Mainly used in minute amounts in seasonings, ready-made salads, condiments and canned products.