Hyper Health Dictionary

High arterial blood pressure... hypertension

A state in which the PLASMA calcium concentration is signi?cantly raised. The most important causes are HYPERPARATHYROIDISM, malignant bone disease and other (non-metastatic) cancers, and chronic renal failure. Less common causes include SARCOIDOSIS, MYELOMATOSIS, vitamin D overdosage (see APPENDIX 5: VITAMINS), hyperthyroidism (see THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF), and immobilisation.

Signs and symptoms A general malaise and depression are common, with generalised muscular weakness, anorexia and vomiting. Disturbed renal function causes increased urine output and thirst, with calcium deposits eventually leading to renal stones. Primary bone disease may cause pain and weakness, with an increased incidence of fractures, and there may be gritty deposits of calcium in the eyes. Severe hypercalcaemia produces ANURIA, with confusion and COMA leading to death.

Treatment The patient should be rehydrated and a diuretic (see DIURETICS) given. Attention should then be focused on the underlying cause – usually a parathyroid adenoma or bone tumour – and surgical removal should produce complete clinical cure, provided that advanced renal disease is not already present.... hypercalcaemia

Increased activity of the PARATHYROID gland. Parathyroid hormone increases SERUM calcium. Hyperparathyroidism may be primary (due to an ADENOMA or HYPERPLASIA of the gland), secondary (in response to HYPOCALCAEMIA) or tertiary (when secondary hyperparathyroidism causes the development of an autonomous adenoma).... hyperparathyroidism

Extreme sensitivity to any protein, over and above its normal effect. It usually occurs in certain sensitive people after more than one exposure to the offending protein.... hypersensitivity

A very high body temperature... hyperthermia

See ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME and GENETIC DISORDERS.... congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A pattern of behaviour, usually in children, characterised by inability to concentrate, accompanied by overactivity. (See also ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER (HYPERACTIVITY SYNDROME).)... hyperactivity

Hyperacusis means an abnormally acute sense of hearing.... hyperacusis

An abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood or in the lungs (see BLOOD GASES). It may be caused by a reduced respiratory rate or e?ort, diseases of the chest wall and lung (affecting breathing), and cyanotic heart disease.... hypercapnia

See CHOLESTEROL; HYPERLIPIDAEMIA.... hypercholesterolaemia

Excessive vomiting... hyperemesis

An excess of sugar in the blood that may occur in various diseases, typically in DIABETES MELLITUS. The normal blood glucose level in the fasting state is between 3.5 and 5.5 mmol/1 blood (see APPENDIX 6: MEASUREMENTS IN MEDICINE); four or ?ve times that amount is found in diabetes, owing to insu?cient insulin in the blood, possibly accompanied by an excessive carbohydrate intake. Untreated, it may lead to diabetic coma.... hyperglycaemia

A concentration of POTASSIUM in the PLASMA that is above the normal range. It is often caused by renal failure or by excessive intake of potassium – perhaps in a drug – and may cause cardiac dysrhythmia (abnormal rhythm of the heart).... hyperkalaemia

Thickening of the horny (outer) layer of skin, affecting the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The disorder may be inherited.... hyperkeratosis

An excess of fat in the blood, characterising a group of metabolic disorders. The two most important fats circulating in the blood are CHOLESTEROL and TRIGLYCERIDE. Raised blood levels of cholesterol predispose to ATHEROMA and coronary artery disease (see HEART, DISEASES OF); raised triglycerides predispose to pancreatitis (see PANCREAS, DISORDERS OF). Six types of hyperlipidaemia have been identi?ed, and diagnosis of the di?erent types depends upon blood tests to discover lipid levels. Some of the hyperlipidaemias are familial, and some are secondary to other diseases such as hypothyroidism (see THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF), DIABETES MELLITUS, nephrotic syndrome and alcoholism.

Treatment There is evidence that therapy which lowers the lipid concentration reduces the progression of premature atheroma, particularly in those who suffer from the familial disorder. Treatment should include appropriate diets, usually food that is low in cholesterol and saturated fats. There are a number of drugs available for lowering the lipid content of the plasma, but these should be reserved for patients in whom severe hyperlipidaemia is inadequately controlled by weight reduction. Anion-exchange resins – clo?brate, beza?brate and gem?brozil, for example – and statins such as atorvastatin and simvastatin, as well as nicotinic acid, all lower plasma cholesterol and plasma triglyceride concentration through their e?ect on reducing the hepatic production of lipoproteins. Cholestyramine and colestipol, both of which are anion-exchange resins, bind bile salts in the gut and so decrease the absorption of the cholesterol that these bile salts contain – hence lowering plasma cholesterol concentrations. Probucol lowers plasma cholesterol concentrations by increasing the metabolism of low-density lipoproteins.

The statins (atorvastatin, cerivastatin, ?uvastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin) inhibit an enzyme involved in synthesising cholesterol, especially in the liver. They are more e?ective than anion-exchange resins in lowering LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol – a form of low-density cholesterol carried in the bloodstream, high levels of which are believed to be the main cause of atheroma. Statins are, however, less e?ective than the clo?brate group in reducing triglycerides and raising HDL (highdensity lipoprotein) cholesterol (high-density cholesterol).... hyperlipidaemia

Hypermetropia, or hyperopia, is a term applied to long-sightedness, in which the eye is too ?at from front to back and rays of light are brought to a focus behind the retina. (See EYE; VISION.)... hypermetropia

Now named renal cell carcinoma, this is a malignant tumour resembling the tissue of the suprarenal gland and occurring in the KIDNEYS. Fever, loin pain, HAEMATURIA and swelling are among the presenting symptoms, but the tumour may be symptomless for many years. Surgical removal is the initial treatment; hypernephromas are fairly insensitive to CYTOTOXIC drugs and RADIOTHERAPY – although hormone treatment may help – and are prone to spread via the bloodstream, for example, to the lungs.... hypernephroma

Hyperplasia means an abnormal increase in the number of cells in a tissue.... hyperplasia

High FEVER. (See also TEMPERATURE.)... hyperpyrexia

Tending to rise the blood pressure... hypertensive

Excessive activity of the thyroid gland. (See THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF.)... hyperthyroidism

An abnormally rapid resting respiratory rate (see RESPIRATION). If voluntarily induced, it causes lightheadedness and then unconsciousness by lowering the blood tension of carbon dioxide.

Hyperventilation is a manifestation of chest and heart diseases which raise carbon dioxide tension or cause HYPOXIA (e.g. severe CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) or PULMONARY OEDEMA). Mechanically ventilated patients may be hyperventilated to lower carbon dioxide tension in order to reduce INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE. (See also HYPOCAPNIA.)... hyperventilation

Raised blood pressure in the PORTAL VEIN entering the LIVER. This results in increased pressure in the veins of the oesophagus and upper stomach and these grow in size to form varices – dilated tortuous veins. Sometimes these varices rupture, causing bleeding into the oesophagus. The raised pressure also causes ?uid to collect in the abdomen and form ASCITES. The commonest reason for portal hypertension is cirrhosis (?brosis) of the liver (see LIVER, DISEASES OF). THROMBOSIS in the portal vein may also be a cause. Treatment requires the cause to be tackled, but bleeding from ruptured vessels may be stopped by injecting a sclerosant or hardening solution into and around the veins. Sometimes a surgical shunt may be done to divert blood from the portal vein to another blood vessel.... portal hypertension

In this condition, increased resistance to the blood ?ow through the LUNGS occurs. This is usually the result of lung disease, and the consequence is an increase in pulmonary artery pressure and in the pressure in the right side of the heart and in the veins bringing blood to the heart. Chronic BRONCHITIS or EMPHYSEMA commonly constrict the small arteries in the lungs, thus causing pulmonary HYPERTENSION. (See also EISENMENGER SYNDROME.)... pulmonary hypertension

Congestion or presence of an excessive amount of blood in a body part.... hyperaemia

Oversensitivity of a part of the body – as found, for example, in certain neurological diseases such as HERPES ZOSTER or shingles. (See also TOUCH.)... hyperaesthesia

Excessive sensitivity to PAIN; see also TOUCH.... hyperalgesia

A pressure that is greater than that of the standard atmosphere at sea level (1,013 millibars). Hyperbaric oxygenation is a procedure in which the patient is exposed to high-pressure oxygen. The technique is used for the treatment of people suffering from CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) poisoning, compressed-air illness, gas GANGRENE and serious breathing disorders. Occasionally it is used for patients undergoing cardiac surgery.... hyperbaric

Excessive production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. It is a characteristic ?nding in certain forms of DYSPEPSIA, particularly that associated with a duodenal ulcer, and causes HEARTBURN and WATERBRASH. (See also DUODENAL ULCER; STOMACH, DISEASES OF.)... hyperchlorhydria

A rare condition (less than 0·2 per cent) of pregnancy, in which there is severe vomiting. If untreated it can result in severe dehydration, ketoacidosis (an excess of KETONE acids) and liver damage. More common in multiple pregnancy, it may recur in subsequent pregnancies.... hyperemesis gravidarum

A SERUM sodium concentration that is above normal. The condition is usually caused by dehydration (either from inadequate intake or excessive loss of water); occasionally it may be caused by excessive sodium intake, and rarely by a raised level of ALDOSTERONE hormone.... hypernatraemia

Abnormal activity; restlessness... hyperpraxia

Overproduction of the hormone PROLACTIN, usually as a result of a tumour of the PITUITARY GLAND (prolactinoma).... hyperprolactinaemia

(1) Referring to one solution which has a greater osmotic pressure (see OSMOSIS) than another. Physiologically it is used to describe solutions which have a greater osmotic pressure than body ?uids.

(2) Muscles with abnormally increased tone

(e.g. following a STROKE).... hypertonic

The increase in size which takes place in an organ as the result of an increased amount of work demanded of it by the bodily economy. For example, when valvular disease of the heart is present, compensation occurs by an increase in thickness of the heart muscle, and the organ, by beating more powerfully, is able to overtake the strain thrown upon it. Similarly, if one kidney is removed, the other hypertrophies or grows larger to take over the double workload.... hypertrophy

An increase in the volume of circulating blood above the normal range.... hypervolaemia

Malignant hypertension has nothing to do with cancer; it derives its name from the fact that, if untreated, it runs a rapidly fatal course. (See HYPERTENSION.)... malignant hypertension

(BPH) A medical term for enlargement of the prostate gland (see prostate, enlarged).... benign prostatic hyperplasia

(ADHD) A behavioural disorder in which a child has a consistently high level of activity and/or difficulty in attending to tasks. Attention deficit hyperactivity, or hyperkinetic, disorder affects up to 1 in 20 children in the. The disorder, which is more common in boys, should not be confused with the normal boisterous conduct of a healthy child. Children with consistently show abnormal patterns of behaviour over a period of time. An affected child is likely to be restless, unable to sit still for more than a few moments, inattentive, and impulsive.

The causes of are not fully understood, but the disorder often runs in families, which suggests that genetic factors may be involved. is not, as popularly believed, a result of poor parenting or abuse.

Symptoms develop in early childhood, usually between the ages of 3 and 7, and may include inability to finish tasks; short attention span; inability to concentrate in class; difficulty in following instructions; a tendency to talk excessively, frequently interrupting other people; difficulty in waiting or taking turns; inability to play quietly alone; and physical impulsiveness. Children with may have difficulty in forming friendships. Self-esteem is often low because an affected child is frequently scolded and criticized.

Treatment includes behaviour modification techniques, both at home and at school. In some children, avoidance of certain foods or food additives seems to reduce symptoms. In severe cases, stimulant drugs, usually methylphenidate, may be prescribed. Paradoxically, the use of stimulants in reduces hyperactivity and improves concentration. In general, the condition improves by adolescence but may be followed by antisocial behaviour and drug abuse or substance abuse.... attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

A metabolic disorder caused by an overproduction of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands (see aldosteronism).... hyperaldosteronism

A raised blood level of bilirubin. It may be undetectable except by a blood test, but jaundice occurs if the blood bilirubin rises to twice the normal level.... hyperbilirubinaemia

Excessive sweating, which may be localized (affecting only the armpits, feet, palms, or face) or affect all body areas supplied by sweat glands.

Excessive sweating may be caused by hot weather, exercise, or anxiety. In some cases it is due to an infection, thyrotoxicosis, hypoglycaemia, or a nervous system disorder. Usually, the disorder has no known cause, and begins at puberty, disappearing by the mid-20s or early 30s.

If hyperhidrosis is persistent and cannot be controlled by antiperspirants, surgery may be considered to destroy the nerve centres that control sweating.... hyperhidrosis

An overactivity of the spleen resulting in, and associated with, blood disease. One of the functions of the spleen is to break down blood cells as they age and wear out. An overactive spleen may begin to destroy cells indiscriminately, causing a deficiency of any of the types of blood cell. In most cases, the spleen will also be enlarged. Hypersplenism may be primary, occurring for no known reason, but more commonly it is secondary to another disorder in which the spleen has become enlarged, such as Hodgkin’s disease or malaria.

Hypersplenism causes anaemia and thrombocytopenia, and there may be a decrease in resistance to infection.

Primary hypersplenism is treated with splenectomy.

Treatment of secondary hypersplenism aims to control the cause.... hypersplenism

Increased rigidity in a muscle, which may be caused by damage to its nerve supply or changes within the muscle.

Hypertonia causes episodes of continuous muscle spasm.

Persistent hypertonia in limb muscles following a stroke or head injury leads to spasticity.... hypertonia

Growth of excessive hair, often in places that are not normally hairy. Hypertrichosis often occurs as a result of taking certain drugs (including ciclosporin and minoxidil). The term hypertrichosis is also used to describe hair growth in a mole. Hypertrichosis isnot the same as hirsutism, which is due to abnormal levels of male hormones. hypertrophy Enlargement of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the size, rather than number, of its constituent cells. For example, skeletal muscles enlarge in response to increased physical demands. (See also hyperplasia..

hyperuricaemia An abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood. Hyperuricaemia may lead to gout due to the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints; it may also cause kidney stones (see calculus, urinary tract) and tophus.

Hyperuricaemia may be caused by an inborn error of metabolism (see metabolism, inborn errors of), by the rapid destruction of cells in a disease such as leukaemia, or by medication that reduces the excretion of uric acid by the kidneys, such as diuretic drugs. Large amounts of purine in the diet may also cause hyperuricaemia.

Drugs such as allopurinol or sulfinpyrazone are prescribed for the duration of the patient’s life. Purine-rich foods should be avoided.... hypertrichosis

A lifelong disorder characterised by overactive behaviour, short attention span and poor concentration. It is thought to be caused by a minor abnormality that affects the part of the brain that allows us to concentrate and focus on tasks. Some scientists have suggested that it may be caused by particular foods, particularly processed foods containing arti?cial additives, and recommend special diets. In some countries, attention de?cit disorder is diagnosed in up to a tenth of all children; this may re?ect di?erences in paediatric practice and diagnosis rather than a real variation in prevalence of the disorder. Behaviour therapy is the main treatment. Those children with very severe symptoms of restlessness, short attention span and disturbed behaviour may respond to additional treatment with methylphenidate (Ritalin®). This is an amphetamine-like drug that is thought to stimulate the part of the brain that is not working properly. Use of this drug has, however, been controversial.... attention deficit disorder (hyperactivity syndrome)

(BPH) The benign buildup in the prostate of “warts” or epithelial neoplasias that can block or interrupt urination, and which are usually concurrent with moderate prostate enlargement. They cause a dull ache on urination, ejaculation, and/or defecation. The diagnosis is medical, since the same subjective conditions can result from cancer of the prostate. BPH is common in men over fifty and can be the result either of diminished production of complete testosterone or poor pelvic circulation. Alcohol, coffee, speed, and antihistamines can all aggravate the problem.... benign prostatic hypertrophy, or hyperplasia

See HYPERTENSION.... essential (benign) hypertension

Auct. Non Linn.

Synonym: E. indica Lam.

Family: Euphorbiaceae.

Habitat: Throughout warmer regions of India, up to 1,500 m in the Himalaya.

Ayurvedic: Dugdhikaa.

Action: Plant—used in colic, diarrhoea and dysentery. Leaf— astringent, antidysenteric, antileuc- orrhoeic (also used in menorrhagia).

The plant contains taraxerol, oc- tacosanol, campesterol, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, quercetin, quercitrin, ellagic acid, rhamnetin-3-galactoside, rhmnetin-3-rhamnoside and kaempferol.... euphorbia hypericifolia

An abnormally large amount of calcium in the urine. It is the most common single cause of stones in the KIDNEYS in Britain. (See HYPERCALCAEMIA.)... hypercalciuria

Overly anabolic; used here to describe the constitutional, not pathologic state... hypercortical

Proliferation of glandular tissue... hyperdenosis

Intense thirst of relatively brief duration... hyperdipsia

Excessive secretion of urine... hyperdiuresis

Excessive presence of blood, usually arterial; and the resultant increase in heat and metabolic rate. Hyperemia can be a pathology, blowing out blood vessels and the like; used here to describe the chronic or subclinical condition of functional vascular excess and excitation.... hyperemia

Intense, seasonal transmission where the immunity is insufficient to prevent the effect of diseases on all age groups.... hyperendemic

The excessive extension of a limb or joint, usually followed by pain and some inflammation.... hyperextensions

Also hyperglyconeogenesis. The state of excessive synthesis of glycogen (storage starch) or glucose by the liver, derived from non-sugar sources, such as amino acids, lactate and the glycerol remnants from triglyceride breakdown. In strictly subclinical terms it signifies a yinny, catabolic excess, wherein building materials are less desirable than FUEL, and it is singularly difficult to buff up in any way. There are disease states where this can occur...starvation would induce it as well, but I am not addressing this aspect, since I don’t consider this to be the realm of alternative approaches.... hypergluconeogenesis

Elevations of blood glucose, either from the various types of diabetes, excessive sugar intake (short term) or from adrenalin or stimulant causes.... hyperglycemia

The tendency, usually by the liver, to convert glycogen into glucose at too rapid a rate for metabolic needs.... hyperglycogenolysis

Excessive perspiration... hyperhydrosis

Linn.

Family: Hypericaceae.

Habitat: Temperate Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Shimla at 2,000-3,000 m.

English: Common St. John's wort.

Unani: Heufaariqoon, Bassant, Balsaan.

Action: Antidepressant, sedative, relaxing nervine, anti-inflammatory. Used in anxiety, stress, depression, menopausal nervousness, menstrual cramps, neuralgia and rheumatism.

Key application: Psychovegetative disturbances, depressive moods, anxiety and or nervous unrest. Externally, oil preparation for treatment and post-therapy of acute and contused injuries, myalgia and first degree burns. (German Commission E, ESCOP, British Herbal Pharmocopoeia.)

The herb contains hypericin and pseudohypericin (0.0095 to 0.466% in the leaves and as much as 0.24% in the flowers), rutin, quercetin, hyperoside, methylhesperidin, caffeic, chloro- genic, p-coumaric, ferulic, p-hydroxy- benzoic and vanillic acids.

Plant's standardized extract (0.3% hypericin) shows antidepressant activity by inhibiting MAO.

A biflavonoid, amentoflavone, isolated from the plant, exhibited anti- inflammatory and antiulcerogenic activity.

Alcoholic extract of the plant shows in vivo hepatoprotective activity in rodents.

The oily extract of the flowers have been found effective in wound-healing due to the antibiotically active acyl- phlorogucinol, hyperforin.

The aerial parts show significant antibacterial activity against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

A lyophilized infusion from the aerial parts exhibited antiviral activity and inhibited reproduction of different strains of influenza virus types A and B both in vivo and in vitro.

The whole herb is effective against many viral infections.... hypericum perforatum

Excessive sweating (see PERSPIRATION).... hyperidrosis

Too physically active, jittery, peripatetic.... hyperkinetic

See HYPERACTIVITY.... hyperkinetic syndrome

Elevated blood fats, either from heredity, having so many calories in the diet that they are ending up as a constant stream of liver-synthesized storage fats, an excessively anabolic metabolism...and a constellation of less common disease causes... hyperlipidemia

(Greek) In mythology, the mother of Amphiareos... hypermnestra

An excess of sodium in the blood...a short-lived condition since the body retains water until the concentration is back to normal...and the blood volume (as well as blood pressure) has increased.... hypernatremia

Excessive appetite... hyperorexia

Overactivity of the anterior lobe of the PITUITARY GLAND, causing ACROMEGALY (GIGANTISM).... hyperpituitarism

Oversecretion of fluids by a gland. It may occur from irritation, infection, or allergy, as in the nasal drooling in a head cold or hay fever, or, as in gastric hypersecretion, from a functional imbalance in the chemical and neurologic stimulus of the stomach lining.... hypersecretion

A complication of severe HYPERTENSION, this serious but uncommon condition is characterised by neurological symptoms which include transient verbal and visual disturbances, PARAESTHESIA, disorientation, ?ts and sometimes loss of consciousness. It also affects the eyes, causing PAPILLOEDEMA. Haemorrhages may occur in the brain, usually in the area of the BASAL GANGLIA. Neurological symptoms can usually be treated e?ectively by controlling the patient’s hypertension.... hypertensive encephalopathy

Elevated thyroid levels, either functional and constitutional in nature or the more profound state of thyrotoxicosis and overt disease... hyperthyroid

Having elevated blood uric acid, either from high consumption of organ meat or spirulina. See URIC ACID.... hyperuricemia

See MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA.... malignant hyperpyrexia

This disorder is a rare complication of general ANAESTHESIA caused, it is believed, by a combination of an inhalation anaesthetic (usually HALOTHANE) and a muscle-relaxant drug (usually succinycholine). A life-endangering rise in temperature occurs, with muscular rigidity the ?rst sign. TACHYCARDIA, ACIDOSIS and SHOCK usually ensue. About 1:20,000 patients having general anaesthesia suffer from this disorder, which progresses rapidly and is often fatal. Surgery and anaesthesia must be stopped immediately and appropriate corrective measures taken, including the intravenous administration of DANTROLENE. It is a dominantly inherited genetic condition; therefore, when a case is identi?ed it is most important that relatives are screened.... malignant hyperthermia

Enlargement of the ventricular chambers of the HEART, a common complication of HYPERTENSION and coronary artery disease (see HEART, DISEASES OF). Treatment is of the underlying conditions and cardiac drugs which facilitate the working of the heart.... ventricular hypertrophy

See: BREAST MILK.

HYPERGLYCAEMIA. See: DIABETES. To reduce sugar in blood – Guar gum. HYPERHIDROSIS. Excessive sweating. See: PERSPIRATION. ... hypergalactia

Breathing at an abnormally rapid rate while resting. Diverse causes range from psychiatric disorders, asthma or unsuspected lung disease, hyperthyroidism, habit disorders, heart disease, hiatus hernia, phobia. May precipitate tetany. Air-swallowing (aerophagia) may occur when a person both eats and talks when at food.

For serious cases requiring medication: Lobelia, Gelsemium. A cup of Lime flower tea may reduce the breathing rate.

Elecampane decoction: good results reported.

Supportive: instruct patient to swallow when exhaling. Magnesium supplementation. ... hyperventilation (hv)

See hyperplasia, gingival.... gingival hyperplasia

St John’s Wort. Hypericum perforatum L. German: Tupfelharthen. French: Mille pertuis. Spanish: Hierba de San Juan. Italian: Perforata. Iranian: Dadi. Arabian: Hynfarikun. Chinese: Chin-ssu?- t’sao. Leaves and flowers. Keynote: pain.

Constituents: flavonoids, hypericins, essential oil.

Action: alterative, astringent, antiviral, relaxing nervine, anti-depressant, sedative, anti-inflammatory, cardio-tonic. Analgesic (external).

Topical. Antiseptic, analgesic (mild). To promote coronary flow and strengthen the heart.

Uses: Neuralgia (facial and intercostal), sciatica, concussion of the spine, post-operative pain and neuralgia, physical shock. Pain in coccyx, polymyalgia with tingling of fingers or feet, to reduce pain of dental extractions. Injuries to flesh rich in nerves – finger tips or sole of feet. Shooting, stitching pains. Punctured wounds: bites of dogs (rabies), cats, rats where pain shoots up the arm from the wound. Painful piles. Chorea. Tetanus. Temporary relief reported in Parkinsonism. Has been used with some success in relieving cramps of terminal disease. Anxiety, stress, depression. Menopausal nervousness. Menstrual cramps.

Researchers have shown that the herb possesses radioprotective properties. (Biol. Nauki. 1992 (4) 709)

Preparations: Average dose: 2-4 grams, or equivalent in fluid form. Thrice daily. Tea: 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup of boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Half a cup. Liquid Extract: 15-60 drops in water.

Tincture BHP (1983). 1:10 in 45 per cent alcohol. Dose: 2-4ml.

Flowers: steeped in Olive oil offer a good dressing for burns, sores and stubborn ulcers. Oil of St John’s Wort, (topical).

Compress, or wet pack for wounds or rheumatism: tea rinse.

Keynote: depression ... hypericum

An uncommon genetic disorder in which an enzyme defect blocks the production of corticosteroid hormones from the adrenal glands. Excessive amounts of androgens (male sex hormones) are produced, which can result in abnormal genital development in an affected fetus. Other effects include dehydration, weight loss, low blood pressure, and hypoglycaemia. Hyperplasia (enlargement) of the adrenal glands occurs and there is excessive skin pigmentation in skin creases and around the nipples.

In severe cases, the disorder is apparent soon after birth. In milder cases, symptoms appear later, sometimes producing premature puberty in boys and delayed menstruation, hirsutism, and potential infertility in girls.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is confirmed by measuring corticosteroid hormones in blood and urine. Treatment is by hormone replacement. If this is started early, normal sexual development and fertility usually follow.... adrenal hyperplasia, congenital

A condition in which excess acid is produced by the stomach. Hyperacidity is often confused with acid reflux or waterbrash. It occurs in people with a duodenal ulcer (see peptic ulcer) or Zollinger–Ellison syndrome.... hyperacidity

Administration of excessive amounts of calories, usually intravenously or by stomach tube (see feeding, artificial).... hyperalimentation

A method of increasing the amount of oxygen in the tissues.

This is achieved by placing a person in a special chamber and exposing him or her to oxygen at a much higher atmospheric pressure than normal.

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment is used to treat poisoning from carbon monoxide and in cases of gas gangrene.... hyperbaric oxygen treatment

Overactivity of the gonads (testes or ovaries) that results in overproduction of androgen hormones or oestrogen hormones.

Hypergonadism may be due to disorders of the gonads or a disorder of the pituitary gland that results in overproduction of gonadotrophin hormones.

During childhood, the condition causes precocious sexual development and excessive growth.... hypergonadism

Metabolic disorders that are characterized by high levels of lipids in the blood. Hyperlipidaemias may be inherited or associated with another disorder, such as hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, or Cushing’s syndrome. They may also be a result of use of corticosteroid drugs. Hyperlipidaemias are associated with atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.The signs depend on the type of hyperlipidaemia and may include fatty nodules in the skin or over joints, and a white line around the rim of the cornea.

Diagnosis depends on blood tests.

Treatment aims to reduce blood lipid levels, usually by a low-fat diet and lipid-lowering drugs.... hyperlipidaemias

Abnormal enlargement of the gums.

Causes include gingivitis, persistent breathing through the mouth, the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin, and ill-fitting dentures.

Surgical treatment may be needed.... hyperplasia, gingival

A rapid rise in body temperature to a dangerously high level, brought on by general anaesthesia. The condition is rare. In most cases, susceptibility is inherited; people suffering from certain muscle disorders may also be at risk. The patient’s body temperature rises soon after the anaesthetic is given. Emergency treatment and intensive care are needed.... hyperthermia, malignant

a condition seen in older patients with *thyrotoxicosis, characterized by weight loss, slow atrial fibrillation, and severe depressive illness, rather than the usual florid symptoms. They have small goitres on examination and the blood tests confirm thyrotoxicosis, which is treated in the standard manner.... apathetic hyperthyroidism

(ASH) see hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.... asymmetric septal hypertrophy

see idiopathic intracranial hypertension.... benign intracranial hypertension

see hypercholesterolaemia.... familial hypercholesterolaemia

see hyperlipidaemia.... familial mixed hyperlipidaemia

n. overactivity of the adrenal glands. See Cushing’s syndrome.... hyperadrenalism

n. excessive secretion of androgen in women. It is associated with *hirsutism, acne, sparse or infrequent menstruation (oligomenorrhoea), absent or infrequent ovulation, infertility, endometrial *hyperplasia, *hyperlipidaemia, *hyperglycaemia, and hypertension; all these conditions may be the result of mutations in specific genes. See also virilization.... hyperandrogenism

a technique for exposing a patient to oxygen at a pressure of greater than 1 atmosphere in a compression chamber. It is used to treat carbon monoxide poisoning, gas gangrene, compressed air illness, and acute breathing difficulties. It is also used in some cases during heart surgery. In dental extractions and implant treatment it may reduce the incidence of osteonecrosis in patients who have received radiation to the head and neck region (osteoradionecrosis).... hyperbaric oxygenation

an increase in the thickness of the cells of the *endometrium, usually due to prolonged exposure to unopposed oestrogen, which can be endogenous, as in anovular menstrual cycles; or exogenous, deriving, for example, from *hormone replacement therapy or an oestrogen-secreting tumour. It is classified as simple, complex, or atypical. Endometrial hyperplasia most commonly presents with abnormal uterine bleeding and accounts for 15% cases of postmenopausal bleeding. It may also be asymptomatic, and in some cases regresses spontaneously without ever being detected. The presence of atypical cells may lead to *endometrial cancer. Treatment can include progestogen therapy or surgery (see endometrial ablation); hysterectomy is advised when atypical changes are present.... endometrial hyperplasia

defects of kidney function related to a high serum calcium, irrespective of cause. Impaired urine-concentrating ability and reduction in glomerular filtration rate are common features. Histologically, calcific deposits in the kidneys (*nephrocalcinosis) may be seen in cases of long-standing hypercalcaemia.... hypercalcaemic nephropathy

(hypercalcuria) n. the presence in the urine of an abnormally high concentration of calcium.... hypercalcinuria

n. the presence in the blood of an abnormally high concentration of chloride.... hyperchloraemia

n. the property of the nuclei of certain cells (for example, those of tumours) to stain more deeply than normal. —hyperchromatic adj.... hyperchromatism

(polydactylism) n. the condition of having more than the normal number of fingers or toes. The extra digits are commonly undersized (rudimentary) and are usually removed surgically shortly after birth.... hyperdactylism

n. the condition of having *supernumerary teeth. Compare hypodontia.... hyperdontia

n. excessive activity of muscles.... hyperdynamia

adj. (in ultrasound imaging) describing a brighter area, which is usually caused by any structure (e.g. a stone) that reflects the sound waves (echoes) more than the adjacent structure. Compare hypoechoic.... hyperechoic

n. extension of a joint or limb beyond its normal limit.... hyperextension

an inherited immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by normal or high IgM levels with absence of IgA, IgG, and IgE (see immunoglobulin). Patients are susceptible to bacterial and opportunistic infections. Some cases are due to a mutation in the gene encoding the CD40 ligand, which is synthesized by *helper T cells and is involved in activation of B cells to produce circulating antibodies.... hyper-igm syndrome

n. 1. excessive secretion of the hormone insulin by the islet cells of the pancreas. 2. metabolic disturbance due to administration of too much insulin.... hyperinsulinism

adj. (in CT scanning) describing a structure that is denser than surrounding structures (allows fewer X-rays to pass through) and therefore appears brighter on CT; for example, bones and calcifications. Compare hypointense.... hyperintense

n. a state of overactive restlessness in children. —hyperkinetic adj.... hyperkinesia

see attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.... hyperkinetic disorder

n. the presence in the blood of abnormally high concentrations of *lipoproteins.... hyperlipoproteinaemia

(joint hypermobility) a common condition in which joints can be moved beyond the normal range of motion. Most people with hypermobility have no other symptoms. However, those with joint hypermobility syndrome may suffer many difficulties due to laxity of the ligaments as the joints may sprain or dislocate. This can lead to weakened joints, muscle fatigue, and chronic pain. Joint hypermobility syndrome may be symptomatic of a more serious underlying medical condition, such as *Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.... hypermobility

n. excessive movement or activity, especially of the stomach or intestine.... hypermotility

n. the usual US term for *hypermetropia.... hyperopia

n. an abnormally acute sense of smell.... hyperosmia

n. excessive enlargement of the outer layer of a bone. The condition is harmless and is usually recognized as an incidental finding on X-ray. It commonly affects the frontal bone of the skull (hyperostosis frontalis). Infantile cortical hyperostosis (or Caffey’s disease) affects infants under six months. There is periodic swelling of the long bones, jaw, and shoulder blade, with pain and a fever. The condition settles spontaneously.... hyperostosis

(HHS) a state of extreme hyperglycaemia seen in type 2 diabetes accompanied by dehydration that can be severe, typically triggered by illness in a patient with type 2 diabetes or a patient with previously unknown type 2 diabetes. It was previously known as hyperosmolar non-ketotic hyperglycaemia (HONK). Emergency hospital treatment is required to control blood glucose levels and to treat the dehydration and the underlying precipitating cause. There is a significant mortality, especially in the elderly and patients with other disorders (e.g. vascular disease). While insulin is required as part of the initial emergency treatment, the patient often does not need insulin in the longer term, when well.... hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state

n. pathological overeating due to a loss of the normal regulatory processes.... hyperphagia

n. see hypertension.... hyperpiesia

n. an increase in the rate of breathing that is proportional to an increase in metabolism; for example, on exercise. Compare hyperventilation.... hyperpnoea

adj. prone to respond abnormally to the presence of a particular antigen, which may cause a variety of tissue reactions ranging from *serum sickness to an allergy (such as hay fever) or, at the severest, to anaphylactic shock (see anaphylaxis). It is thought that when the normal antigen-antibody defence reaction is followed by tissue damage this may be due to an abnormality in the working of the *complement system. See also allergy; immunity. —hypersensitivity n.... hypersensitive

n. sleep lasting for exceptionally long periods, as occurs in some cases of brain inflammation.... hypersomnia

n. an abnormally high degree of strength or physical tension in all or part of the body.... hypersthenia

n. an abnormally increased distance between two organs or parts, commonly referring to widely spaced eyes (ocular hypertelorism). See Crouzon syndrome; Sotos syndrome.... hypertelorism

n. an excess of *triglyceride lipids in the serum, which can be caused by a genetic predisposition with or without a high-fat diet (see also lipoprotein lipase), excessive alcohol intake, or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. The condition can predispose to cardiovascular disease and, in its extreme form, to acute pancreatitis. Lipid-lowering drugs, including *fibrates, are used in treatment.... hypertriglyceridaemia

a familial condition affecting the heart, characterized by unexplained thickening (hypertrophy) of the wall of the left ventricle. In many cases this is an incidental finding and patients have a good outcome. However, more severely affected patients may suffer chest pain, tachyarrhythmia (see arrhythmia), heart failure, and sudden death. In some cases there is focal thickening of muscle around the left ventricular outflow tract (asymmetric septal hypertrophy, ASH), and this can result in restriction of blood flow to the body (hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, HOCM). The diagnosis is made by electrocardiography, echocardiography, and cardiac *magnetic resonance imaging. Usually drug treatment is sufficient to control symptoms, but some patients require cardiac *catheterization or surgical treatment. Those deemed at highest risk of sudden death may require an *implantable cardiovertor defibrillator.... hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

n. see strabismus.... hypertropia

(lithaemia) n. the presence in the blood of an abnormally high concentration of uric acid. See gout.... hyperuricaemia

(lithuria) n. the presence in the urine of an abnormally high concentration of uric acid.... hyperuricuria

a collection of symptoms resulting from an increase in the viscosity of blood. These symptoms include epistaxis (nosebleed), blurred vision, dizziness, headaches, drowsiness, confusion, and breathlessness. Hyperviscosity of the blood occurs in conditions such as polycythaemia, plasma-cell myeloma, leukaemia, and Waldenström’s macroglobulinaemia.... hyperviscosity syndrome

n. the condition resulting from excessive consumption of vitamins. This is not usually serious in the case of water-soluble vitamins, when any intake in excess of requirements is excreted in the urine. However, the fat-soluble vitamins A and D are toxic if taken in excessive amounts.... hypervitaminosis

a pathological process involved in *atherosclerosis of arteries and vein grafts, and in *restenosis, that may be in response to angioplasty and stent placement. Damage to the endothelium of the artery exposes the underlying smooth muscle cells in the *media to cytokines, growth factors, and other plasma components in the circulation, which results in loss of their contractile characteristics. These abnormal muscle cells migrate to the *intima, where they proliferate and eventually form a thick layer of tissue (neointima), which occludes the artery.... neointimal hyperplasia

(benign intracranial hypertension, pseudotumour cerebri) a syndrome of raised pressure within the skull in the absence of a clear structural cause, such as a tumour. Although the cause is not certain, proposed mechanisms include impaired reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid or venous outflow from the brain. The symptoms include headache, vomiting, double vision, and *papilloedema. The diagnosis is made by finding a high opening pressure at *lumbar puncture in the absence of a causative structural abnormality on brain imaging. It can improve spontaneously but drug therapy or neurosurgical treatment may be required to protect the patient’s vision.... idiopathic intracranial hypertension

(OHT) a constantly raised intraocular pressure (greater than 21 mmHg by Goldmann applanation *tonometry) registered on two or more occasions in one or both eyes with the absence of evidence of optic nerve damage or visual field defect. Intraocular pressure increases slowly with age and OHT can increase the risk of developing glaucoma. It is treated with eye drops and surgery if indicated.... ocular hypertension

a potentially life-threatening condition classically associated with ovarian stimulation using gonadotrophins in assisted conception procedures, such as in vitro fertilization (see superovulation). It is characterized by gross enlargement of the ovaries resulting in pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, *haemoconcentration, and *ascites. The most severe cases require intensive care due to the high risk of thromboembolism and acute respiratory distress.... ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

(PIH) raised blood pressure (>140/90 mmHg) developing in a woman during the second half of pregnancy. It usually resolves within six weeks of delivery and is associated with a better prognosis than *pre-eclampsia.... pregnancy-induced hypertension

disease affecting the arterial supply to the kidneys, leading to ischaemia and resultant stimulation of the renin-*angiotensin-aldosterone axis. In the major vessels, the most common cause is atheromatous plaque disease. Other causes are fibromuscular dysplasia and *Takayasu’s disease.... renovascular hypertension

increased sensitivity to visceral stimulation after injury or inflammation of an internal organ, which can result in chronic pain syndromes.... visceral hyperalgesia