Id Health Dictionary

No known cause.... idiopathic

See MULTIPLE BIRTHS.... identical twins

A generally unexpected, so unpredictable, abnormal reaction to a drug caused by a constitutional defect in the patient. In some cases the underlying disorder is already known or discovered after the ?rst event, so that the drug in question can be avoided thereafter. The abnormal sensitivity of patients with PORPHYRIAS to BARBITURATES is an example. Hereditary biochemical defects of red blood cells are responsible for many drug-induced haemolytic anaemias (see under ANAEMIA) and for FAVISM. Porphyria variegata, the South African variety of porphyria, is an example of an inborn error of metabolism which was without serious symptoms until the advent of barbiturate drugs, prescription of which is now strongly discouraged. If anyone with this metabolic disorder takes barbiturates, the consequences may be fatal.... idiosyncrasy

Gender identity is the inner sense of masculinity or femininity, and gender role is an individual’s public expression of being male, female, or a ‘mix’ (androgynous). Most people have no di?culty because their gender identity and role are congruous. A person with a gender identity disorder, however, has a con?ict between anatomical sex and gender identity.

Gender is determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, in which the in?uence of family upbringing is an important factor. When physical sexual characteristics are ambiguous, the child’s gender identity can usually be established if the child is reared as being clearly male or female. Should, however, the child be confused about its sexual identity, the uncertainty may continue into adult life. Transsexuals generally experience con?icts of identity in childhood, and such problems usually occur by the age of two years. In this type of identity disorder, which occurs in one in 30,000 male births and one in 100,000 female births, the person believes that he or she is the victim of a biological accident, trapped in a body different from what is felt to be his or her true sex.

Treatment is di?cult: psychotherapy and hormone treatment may help, but some affected individuals want surgery to change their body’s sexual organs to match their innately felt sexual gender. The decision to seek a physical sex change raises major social problems for individuals, and ethical problems for their doctors. Surgery, which is not always successful in the long term, requires careful assessment, discussion and planning. It is important to preclude mental illness; results in homosexual men who have undergone surgery are not usually satisfactory. Advice and information may be obtained from Gender Identity Consultancy Services.... gender identity disorders

(Hindi) Woman of the earth... idaa

(Greek) One with a sweet disposition Idahliah, Idahlea, Idahleah, Idahliya, Idahliyah, Idahlya, Idahlyah... idahlia

(Arabic) A queen; born to royalty Idalikah, Idalicca, Idalica, Idalicka, Idalyka, Idalykah... idalika

(American) A social butterfly Idara, Idarra, Idarrah... idarah

(English) Filled with joy Idasiah, Idasea, Idaseah... idasia

(Welsh) One who is happy; bountiful Idelisa, Idella, Idelissa, Idele, Idela... idelle

(Latin) A pleasant woman Idyl, Idill, Idyll... idil

See BELL’S PALSY.... idiopathic facial nerve palsy

Sometimes described as thrombocytopenia, this is an autoimmune disorder in which blood PLATELETS are destroyed. This disturbs the blood’s coagulative properties (see COAGULATION) and spontaneous bleeding (PURPURA) occurs into the skin. The disease may be acute in children but most recover without treatment. Adults may develop a more serious, chronic variety which requires treatment with CORTICOSTEROIDS and sometimes SPLENECTOMY. Should the disease persist despite these treatments, intravenous immunoglobulin or immunosuppressive drugs (see IMMUNOSUPPRESSION) are worth trying. Should the bleeding be or become life-threatening, concentrates of platelets should be administered.... idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (itp)

(Spanish) Refers to the Virgin Mary Idoea, Idurre, Iratze, Izazkun... idoia

(German) A hardworking woman Idolah, Idolla, Idollah, Idolina, Idolyna, Idoleena, Idoleana, Idoleina, Idoliena... idola

(Scandinavian) A fresh-faced woman Idonah, Idonna, Idonnah, Idonia, Idoniah, Idonea, Idoneah, Idonya, Idonyah... idona

(Scandinavian) One who has been reborn

Idoney, Idonee, Idonea, Idoni, Idonie... idony

(African) Daughter born after twins... idowu

An iodine-containing antiviral agent once used to treat HERPES SIMPLEX involvement of the cornea of the EYE, its e?ectiveness is now doubtful.... idoxuridine

(Aramaic) A flourishing woman Idrah... idra

(Hebrew) A wealthy woman Idriyah, Idria, Idriah... idriya

(Norse) In mythology, goddess of youth, fertility, and death Iduna, Idunna, Idunn, Idunnor... idun

(Spanish) A dedicated woman Iduvinah, Iduveena, Iduveenah, Iduviena, Iduvienah, Iduveina, Iduveinah, Iduveana, Iduveanah... iduvina

Previously called juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile chronic arthritis, this is a set of related conditions of unknown cause affecting children. Characteristically, the synovial membrane of a joint or joints becomes in?amed and swollen for at leat six weeks (and often very much longer – even years). About 1 in 10,000 children develop it each year, many of whom have certain HLA genetic markers, thought to be important in determining who gets the illness. In?ammatory CYTOKINES play a big part.

Clinical features There are various types. The oligoarthritic type involves 1–4 joints (usually knee or ankle) which become hot, swollen and painful. One complication is an in?ammation of the eyes – UVEITIS. The condition often ‘burns out’, but may reappear at any time, even years later.

The polyarthritic type is more like RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS in adults, and the child may have persistent symptoms leading to major joint deformity and crippling.

The systemic type, previously called Still’s disease, presents with a high fever and rash, enlarged liver, spleen and lymph nodes, and arthritis – although the latter may be mild. In some children the illness becomes recurrent; in others it dies down only to return as polyarthritis.

Complications These include uveitis, which can lead to loss of vision; a failure to thrive; osteoporosis (see under BONE, DISORDERS OF); joint deformity; and psychosocial diffculties.

Treatment This includes ANTIPYRETICS and ANALGESICS, including NON-STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS), intra-articular steroid injections, anti-tumour necrosis factor drugs and steroids.

Physiotherapy is vital, and children may need to wear splints or other orthotic devices to alleviate deformity and pain. Orthopaedic operative procedures may be necessary.... juvenile idiopathic arthritis (jia)

(Arabic) A great leader Raidah, Raida, Ra’ida, Raa’idah... ra’idah

The inner feeling of maleness or femaleness.

Gender identity is not necessarily the same as biological sex.

It is fixed within the first 2–3 years of life and is reinforced during puberty; once established, it cannot usually be changed.

Gender identity problems, such as transsexualism, occur when a person has persistent feelings of discomfort about his or her sexual identity.... gender identity

(ITP) An autoimmune disorder in which platelets are destroyed, leading to bleeding beneath the skin (see purpura).... idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura

(in psychology) linkage of one idea to another in a regular way according to their meaning. In free association the linkage of ideas arising in dreams or fantasy may be used to discover the underlying motives of the individual. In word association tests stimulus words are produced to which the subject has to respond as quickly as possible. See also loosening of associations.... association of ideas

see persistent idiopathic facial pain.... chronic idiopathic facial pain

accelerated thinking that occurs in psychosis, mania, hypomania, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Speech is rapid, moving from one topic to another and reflecting casual associations between ideas. In contrast to *loosening of associations, the link between themes is preserved, albeit often difficult to follow.... flight of ideas

see delusion of reference.... idea of reference

n. the process of thinking or of having *imagery or ideas. The presence or absence of suicidal ideation is tested as part of every *mental state examination and risk assessment.... ideation

combining form denoting 1. the mind or mental activity. 2. ideas.... ideo

combining form denoting peculiarity to the individual.... idio

(ITP) an *autoimmune disease in which platelets are destroyed, leading to spontaneous bruising (see purpura). Acute ITP is a relatively mild disease of children, who usually recover without treatment. A chronic form of the disease, typically affecting adults, is more serious, requiring treatment with corticosteroids or, if there is no response, with splenectomy. If both fail, immunosuppressant drugs may be effective. Platelet concentrates are used for life-threatening bleeding.... idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

n. the antigen-binding site of an antibody, which confers antigenicity.... idiotype

adj. affecting or peculiar to the ventricles of the heart. The term is most often used to describe the very slow beat of the heart’s ventricles under the influence of their own natural subsidiary pacemaker (idioventricular rhythm). An accelerated idioventricular rhythm of 80–120 beats per minute is often seen in patients a few hours after being admitted with a heart attack (see myocardial infarction). Its presence is a good sign since it usually indicates restoration of blood flow down the occluded coronary artery.... idioventricular

(atypical facial pain, chronic idiopathic facial pain) a chronic pain in the face that has no known cause and does not fit the classic presentation of other cranial neuralgias. It may be stress-related, and in some cases appears to be associated with defective metabolism of *tyramine. Treatment may involve the use of antidepressants.... persistent idiopathic facial pain

(benign intracranial hypertension, pseudotumour cerebri) a syndrome of raised pressure within the skull in the absence of a clear structural cause, such as a tumour. Although the cause is not certain, proposed mechanisms include impaired reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid or venous outflow from the brain. The symptoms include headache, vomiting, double vision, and *papilloedema. The diagnosis is made by finding a high opening pressure at *lumbar puncture in the absence of a causative structural abnormality on brain imaging. It can improve spontaneously but drug therapy or neurosurgical treatment may be required to protect the patient’s vision.... idiopathic intracranial hypertension

(IPF) a serious interstitial lung disease, formerly called cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (see alveolitis). It is characterized by progressive fibrous scarring of the lung and increased numbers of inflammatory cells in the alveoli and surrounding tissues. The disease is usually diagnosed on clinical grounds on a basis of worsening breathlessness, inspiratory crackles at the lung bases on auscultation, clubbing of the fingers or toes, bilateral radiographic shadowing predominantly in the lower zones of the chest X-ray, subpleural *honeycomb change on CT scanning of the chest, and restrictive lung function on spirometry. It is also called usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP; see interstitial pneumonia), a term used by lung pathologists for the most common cellular pattern seen on biopsy. Treatment includes *pirfenidone, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants.... idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

(JIA, Still’s disease) any one of a group of conditions characterized by inflammation of the joints lasting longer than 6 weeks and occurring before the age of 16. The causes are unknown but immunological and infective mechanisms are suspected. JIA can affect either four or fewer joints (pauciarticular JIA) or more than four (polyarticular JIA). There are two recognized types of pauciarticular JIA: type 1, which generally affects girls below the age of four; and type 2 (juvenile-onset spondylarthropathy), which generally affects boys over the age of nine. There are also two types of polyarticular JIA, depending on the presence or absence of a particular antibody in the blood. There is a great range of severity of these diseases. Treatment consists of pain management and prevention of subsequent deformity or limitation of movement (e.g. contractures). Long-term joint damage is prevented by use of medications similar to those used in rheumatoid arthritis.... juvenile idiopathic arthritis