Myocardial Infarction (mi): From 1 Different Sources
Disease of the heart in which a segment of left ventricular muscle dies as a result of blockage of a coronary artery. Obstructed blood supply may lead to thrombosis and heart failure. Chief symptom is severe pain in the chest, arms and possibly throat (angina).
Alternative Treatment:– Tea. Combine equal parts Hawthorn flowers and leaves, Lime flowers, Motherwort. 1-2 teaspoons in each cup of boiling water; infuse 10-15 minutes. 1 cup thrice daily.
Alfalfa tea: anti-cholesterol.
Liquid Extracts. Motherwort 1; Hawthorn 2;
Valerian 3. Dose: 30-60 drops thrice daily.
Tinctures: dose, 60-120 drops.
Tincture Lily of the Vally BHP (1983). 1:5 in 40 per cent alcohol; dose: 0.5-1ml, thrice daily.
Diet. See: DIET – HEART AND CIRCULATION.
Supplements. Daily. Vitamin A 7500iu; Vitamin B6 50mg; Vitamin C 200mg; Vitamin E 400iu; Magnesium 300mg; Selenium 200mcg; Zinc 15mg.
The act of passing urine... micturition
See BACTERIA; MICROBIOLOGY.... microbe
The word migraine derives from HEMICRANIA, the Greek for half a skull, and is a common condition characterised by recurring intense headaches. It is much more usual in women than in men and affects around 10 per cent of the population. It has been de?ned as ‘episodic headache accompanied by visual or gastrointestinal disturbances, or both, attacks lasting hours with total freedom between episodes’.
It usually begins at puberty – although young children can be affected – and tends to stop in middle age: in women, for example, attacks often cease after MENOPAUSE. It frequently disappears during pregnancy. The disorder tends to run in families. In susceptible individuals, attacks may be provoked by a wide variety of causes including: anxiety, emotion, depression, shock, and excitement; physical and mental fatigue; prolonged focusing on computer, television or cinema screens; noise, especially loud and high-pitched sounds; certain foods – such as chocolate, cheese, citrus fruits, pastry; alcohol; prolonged lack of food; irregular meals; menstruation and the pre-menstrual period.
Anything that can provoke a headache in the ordinary individual can probably precipitate an attack in a migrainous subject. It seems as if there is an inherited predispostion that triggers a mechanism whereby in the migrainous subject, the headache and the associated sickness persist for hours, a whole day or even longer.
The precise cause is not known, but the generally accepted view is that in susceptible individuals, one or other of these causes produces spasm or constriction of the blood vessels of the brain. This in turn is followed by dilatation of these blood vessels which also become more permeable and so allow ?uid to pass out into the surrounding tissues. This combination of dilatation and outpouring of ?uid is held to be responsible for the headache.
Two types of migraine have been recognised: classical and common. The former is relatively rare and the headache is preceded by a slowly extending area of blindness in one or both eyes, usually accompanied by intermittent ‘lights’. The phenomenon lasts for up to 30 minutes and is followed by a bad, often unilateral headache with nausea, sometimes vomiting and sensitivity to light. Occasionally, passing neurological symptoms such as weakness in a limb may accompany the attack. The common variety has similar but less severe symptoms. It consists of an intense headache, usually situated over one or other eye. The headache is usually preceded by a feeling of sickness and disturbance of sight. In 15–20 per cent of cases this disturbance of sight takes the form of bright lights: the so-called AURA of migraine. The majority of attacks are accompanied by vomiting. The duration of the headache varies, but in the more severe cases the victim is usually con?ned to bed for 24 hours.
Treatment consists, in the ?rst place, of trying to avoid any precipitating factor. Patients must ?nd out which drug, or drugs, give them most relief, and they must always carry these about with them wherever they go. This is because it is a not uncommon experience to be aware of an attack coming on and to ?nd that there is a critical quarter of an hour or so during which the tablets are e?ective. If not taken within this period, they may be ine?ective and the unfortunate victim ?nds him or herself prostrate with headache and vomiting. In addition, sufferers should immediately lie down; at this stage a few hours’ rest may prevent the development of a full attack.
When an attack is fully developed, rest in bed in a quiet, darkened room is essential; any loud noise or bright light intensi?es the headache or sickness. The less food that is taken during an attack the better, provided that the individual drinks as much ?uid as he or she wants. Group therapy, in which groups of around ten migrainous subjects learn how to relax, is often of help in more severe cases, whilst in others the injection of a local anaesthetic into tender spots in the scalp reduces the number of attacks. Drug treatment can be e?ective and those a?icted by migraine may ?nd a particular drug or combination of drugs more suitable than others. ANALGESICS such as PARACETAMOL, aspirin and CODEINE phosphate sometimes help. A combination of buclizine hydrochloride and analgesics, taken when the visual aura occurs, prevents or diminishes the severity of an attack in some people. A commonly used remedy for the condition is ergotamine tartrate, which causes the dilated blood vessels to contract, but this must only be taken under medical supervision. In many cases METOCLOPRAMIDE (an antiemetic), followed ten minutes later by three tablets of either aspirin or paracetamol, is e?ective if taken early in an attack. In milder attacks, aspirin, with or without codeine and paracetamol, may be of value. SUMATRIPTAN (5-hydroxytryptamine [5HT1] AGONIST – also known as a SEROTONIN agonist) is of value for acute attacks. It is used orally or by subcutaneous injection, but should not be used for patients with ischaemic heart disease. Naratriptan is another 5HT1 agonist that is an e?ective treatment for acute attacks; others are almotriptan, rizariptan and zolmitriptan. Some patients ?nd beta blockers such as propranolol a valuable prophylactic.
People with migraine and their relatives can obtain help and guidance from the Migraine Action Association.... migraine
See ABORTION.... miscarriage
The classic four-phased cellular division of somatic cells, wherein (when the dust settles) two new daughter cells contain full chromosomal information of the parent, complete nuclei, and half the cytoplasm. This is distinct from cloning (as in the bone morrow) and the chromosome splitting of miosis (ovum and sperm).... mitosis
A self-limiting, intensely itching skin eruption caused by nematode (roundworm) larvae, usually of the dog and cat hookworm (see ANCYLOSTOMIASIS). The migrating larvae leave red, raised, irregular tracks in the skin, often on the foot and less frequently elsewhere. The disease is usually acquired by people who take their holidays on tropical beaches. It can be cured by a three-day course of oral ALBENDAZOLE.... larva migrans
One of the IMIDAZOLES group of antifungals which includes clotrimazole and ketoconazole. Active against a wide range of fungi and yeasts, their main indications are vaginal candidiasis and dermatophyte skin infections. Miconazole is used as a cream or ointment; it may also be given orally (for oral or gastrointestinal infections), or parenterally (for systemic infections such as aspergillosis or candidiasis). (See MYCOSIS.)... miconazole
Disease of the CAPILLARIES.... microangiopathy
An optical instrument comprising adjustable magnifying lenses that greatly enlarge a small object under study – for example, an insect, blood cells, or bacteria. Some microscopes use electron beams to magnify minute objects such as chromosomes, crystals, or even large molecules. Optical microscopes are also used for MICROSURGERY when the area being operated on is otherwise inaccessible: for example, in eye and inner ear surgery; for the removal of tumours from the brain or spinal cord; and for resuturing damaged blood vessels and nerves.... microscope
The study of all aspects of micro-organisms (microbes) – that is, organisms which individually are generally too small to be visible other than by microscopy. The term is applicable to viruses (see VIRUS), BACTERIA, and microscopic forms of fungi, algae, and PROTOZOA.
Among the smallest and simplest microorganisms are the viruses. First described as ?lterable agents, and ranging in size from 20–30 nm to 300 nm, they may be directly visualised only by electron microscopy. They consist of a core of deoxyribonucleic or ribonucleic acid (DNA or RNA) within a protective protein coat, or capsid, whose subunits confer a geometric symmetry. Thus viruses are usually cubical (icosahedral) or helical; the larger viruses (pox-, herpes-, myxo-viruses) may also have an outer envelope. Their minimal structure dictates that viruses are all obligate parasites, relying on living cells to provide essential components for their replication. Apart from animal and plant cells, viruses may infect and replicate in bacteria (bacteriophages) or fungi (mycophages), which are damaged in the process.
Bacteria are larger (0·01–5,000 µm) and more complex. They have a subcellular organisation which generally includes DNA and RNA, a cell membrane, organelles such as ribosomes, and a complex and chemically variable cell envelope – but, unlike EUKARYOTES, no nucleus. Rickettsiae, chlamydia, and mycoplasmas, once thought of as viruses because of their small size and absence of a cell wall (mycoplasma) or major wall component (chlamydia), are now acknowledged as bacteria; rickettsiae and chlamydia are intracellular parasites of medical importance. Bacteria may also possess additional surface structures, such as capsules and organs of locomotion (?agella) and attachment (?mbriae and stalks). Individual bacterial cells may be spheres (cocci); straight (bacilli), curved (vibrio), or ?exuous (spirilla) rods; or oval cells (coccobacilli). On examination by light microscopy, bacteria may be visible in characteristic con?gurations (as pairs of cocci [diplococci], or chains [streptococci], or clusters); actinomycete bacteria grow as ?laments with externally produced spores. Bacteria grow essentially by increasing in cell size and dividing by ?ssion, a process which in ideal laboratory conditions some bacteria may achieve about once every 20 minutes. Under natural conditions, growth is usually much slower.
Eukaryotic micro-organisms comprise fungi, algae, and protozoa. These organisms are larger, and they have in common a well-developed internal compartmentation into subcellular organelles; they also have a nucleus. Algae additionally have chloroplasts, which contain photosynthetic pigments; fungi lack chloroplasts; and protozoa lack both a cell wall and chloroplasts but may have a contractile vacuole to regulate water uptake and, in some, structures for capturing and ingesting food. Fungi grow either as discrete cells (yeasts), multiplying by budding, ?ssion, or conjugation, or as thin ?laments (hyphae) which bear spores, although some may show both morphological forms during their life-cycle. Algae and protozoa generally grow as individual cells or colonies of individuals and multiply by ?ssion.
Micro-organisms of medical importance include representatives of the ?ve major microbial groups that obtain their essential nutrients at the expense of their hosts. Many bacteria and most fungi, however, are saprophytes (see SAPROPHYTE), being major contributors to the natural cycling of carbon in the environment and to biodeterioration; others are of ecological and economic importance because of the diseases they cause in agricultural or horticultural crops or because of their bene?cial relationships with higher organisms. Additionally, they may be of industrial or biotechnological importance. Fungal diseases of humans tend to be most important in tropical environments and in immuno-compromised subjects.
Pathogenic (that is, disease-causing) microorganisms have special characteristics, or virulence factors, that enable them to colonise their hosts and overcome or evade physical, biochemical, and immunological host defences. For example, the presence of capsules, as in the bacteria that cause anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), one form of pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae), scarlet fever (S. pyogenes), bacterial meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus in?uenzae) is directly related to the ability to cause disease because of their antiphagocytic properties. Fimbriae are related to virulence, enabling tissue attachment – for example, in gonorrhoea (N. gonorrhoeae) and cholera (Vibrio cholerae). Many bacteria excrete extracellular virulence factors; these include enzymes and other agents that impair the host’s physiological and immunological functions. Some bacteria produce powerful toxins (excreted exotoxins or endogenous endotoxins), which may cause local tissue destruction and allow colonisation by the pathogen or whose speci?c action may explain the disease mechanism. In Staphylococcus aureus, exfoliative toxin produces the staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome, TSS toxin-1 toxic-shock syndrome, and enterotoxin food poisoning. The pertussis exotoxin of Bordetella pertussis, the cause of whooping cough, blocks immunological defences and mediates attachment to tracheal cells, and the exotoxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes local damage resulting in a pronounced exudate in the trachea.
Viruses cause disease by cellular destruction arising from their intracellular parasitic existence. Attachment to particular cells is often mediated by speci?c viral surface proteins; mechanisms for evading immunological defences include latency, change in viral antigenic structure, or incapacitation of the immune system – for example, destruction of CD 4 lymphocytes by the human immunode?ciency virus.... microbiology
Abnormal smallness of the head, usually associated with LEARNING DISABILITY. It may occur as a result of infection of the fetus by, for example, RUBELLA (German measles) or from hypoxic damage to the brain before or during birth.... microcephaly
The conduct of very intricate surgical operations using specially re?ned operating microscopes (see MICROSCOPE) and miniaturised precision instruments – for example, forceps, scalpels, scissors, etc. Microsurgery is used in previously inaccessible areas of the brain, eye, inner ear and spinal cord, as well as in the suturing of severed nerves and small blood vessels following traumatic injuries to the limbs or ?ngers. The technique is also used to reverse VASECTOMY.... microsurgery
That portion of the EAR lying between the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE and the INNER EAR. It contains the ossicles, the three small bones that transmit sound.... middle ear
See MIDWIFE; PREGNANCY AND LABOUR.... midwifery
The temporary teeth of children. (For the time of their appearance, see under TEETH.)... milk teeth
One of the tetracycline broad-spectrum antibiotic drugs (see TETRACYCLINES). Minocycline has a broader spectrum than the others and is e?ective against Neisseria meningitidis, which causes bacterial MENINGITIS. It should not be prescribed for patients with kidney disease.... minocycline
A vasodilator drug taken orally to treat people with serious HYPERTENSION. Minoxidil is also used as a lotion to treat male-pattern baldness (in both sexes). The drug can cause ?uid retention, weight gain and excessive growth of the hair.... minoxidil
A PROSTAGLANDIN analogue used to treat duodenal and gastric ulcers, and those induced by NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS). It should not be taken by pregnant or breast-feeding women.... misoprostol
Viscum album. N.O. Loranthaceae.
Synonym: European Mistletoe, Birdlime Mistletoe.
Habitat: Parasitic on the Oak, Hawthorn, Apple and many other trees.
Features ? This familiar evergreen is a true parasite, receiving no nourishment from the soil, nor even from the decaying bark. The leaves are obtuse lance-shaped, broader towards the end, sessile, and grow from a smooth-jointed stem about a foot high. The flower-heads are yellowish and the berries white. The plant is tasteless and without odour.Part used ? Leaves.
Action: Highly valued as a nervine and antispasmodic.
Mistletoe leaves are given in hysteria, epilepsy, chorea and other diseases of the nervous system. As an anti-spasmodic and tonic it is used in cardiac dropsy.Culpeper is at his most "Culpeperish" in discussing this plant, as witness:"The birdlime doth mollify hard knots, tumours and imposthumes, ripeneth and discuteth them; and draweth thick as well as thin humours from remote parts of the body, digesting and separating them. And being mixed with equal parts of resin and wax, doth mollify the hardness of the spleen, and healeth old ulcers and sores. Being mixed with Sandarack and Orpiment, it helpeth to draw off foul nails; and if quicklime and wine lees be added thereunto it worketh the stronger. Both the leaves and berries of Mistletoe do heat and dry, and are of subtle parts."While some truth may be hidden behind all this quaint terminology, it is feared that the modern herbal consultant would encounter serious difficulties if he attempted to follow the Culpeperian procedure too literally—although certain people still believe, or affect to believe, that he does so!The birdlime mentioned in the quotation and also in the synonyms is the resin viscin, from the Latin viscum, birdlime.MOUNTAIN FLAX.Linum cartharticum. N.O. Linaceae
Synonym: Purging Flax.
Habitat: Heaths, moorlands; occasionally meadows and pastures.
Features ? Stem simple, up to eight inches high. Leaves opposite, small, lower obovate, higher lanceolate, entire. Flowers small, white (June to September), five-parted with serrate sepals, pointed petals. Taste, bitter and acrid.Part used ? Herb.
Action: Laxative, cathartic.
In constipation, action similar to Senna, and sometimes preferred to the latter; rarely gripes. Occasionally prescribed with diuretics, etc., for gravel and dropsy. Combined with tonics and stomachics such as Gentian and Calumba root, makes a first-rate family medicine. Dose, wineglass of the ounce to pint infusion.... mistletoe
The mitral valve, so-called because of its resemblance to a bishop’s mitre, is the valve which guards the opening between the ATRIUM and VENTRICLE on the left side of the HEART.... mitral valve
Abdominal pains that occur midway between menstrual periods and which are caused either by ovulation or the normal short pre-ovulatory surge of estrogen.... mittelschmerz
See HEART, DISEASES OF – Coronary thrombosis.... myocardial infarction
See MICROSCOPE.... electron microscope
The changes in an organ when an artery is suddenly blocked, leading to the formation of a dense, wedge-shaped mass of dead tissue in the part of the organ supplied by the artery. It occurs as the result of EMBOLISM or of THROMBOSIS.... infarction
Microgram is the 1/1,000th part of a milligram. The abreviation for it is µg. (See APPENDIX 6: MEASUREMENTS IN MEDICINE.)... microgram
A unit of measurement. 1 um = 1 thousandth of a mm.... micrometer
The 1/1,000th part of a millimetre. The abbreviation for it is µm. (See APPENDIX 6: MEASUREMENTS IN MEDICINE.)... micrometre
Condition in which objects appear smaller than normal. It can be due to disease of the macula of the EYE.... micropsia
A spherical gram-positive bacterium (see BACTERIA; GRAM’S STAIN). It occurs in colonies and is usually harmless in humans. However, micrococcus can become pathogenic and cause abscesses (see ABSCESS), ARTHRITIS, ENDOCARDITIS or MENINGITIS.... micrococcus
A small red blood cell.... microcyte
The technique of dissecting very small structures under a microscope. Miniature surgical instruments are manipulated via geared connections that convert the coarse movements of the surgeon’s ?ngers into miniscule movements, making it possible to dissect and separate even individual CHROMOSOMES.... microdissection
One of the three genera of dermatophytes (fungi) which cause tinea (see RINGWORM). Microsporum of human or animal origin is an important cause of tinea capitis, or ringworm of the scalp.... microsporum
A laboratory instrument for cutting sections of biological tissues for study under a MICROSCOPE. It is widely used in biological and PATHOLOGY laboratories.... microtome
These are small keratin cysts appearing as white papules on the cheek and eyelids.... milia
Also known as prickly heat. An intensely itchy vesicular and erythematous rash induced by intense heat and humidity. It is caused by a disturbance of sweat-gland function.... miliaria
A term, expressing size, applied to various disease products which are about the size of millet seeds: for example, miliary aneurysms, miliary tuberculosis.... miliary
Milium is a pinhead white cyst of the skin of the face containing corneal cells. It can be removed on the point of a sterile needle.... milium
When consumed as a tea, milk thistle herb, (not as in dairy milk) is a gentle liver cleanser. It contains properties that help the liver to regenerate and function at a higher capacity. “Milk Thistle can also assist in the production of bile, which can help with our digestive process.... milk thistle
Millilitre is the 1,000th part of 1 litre. It is practically the equivalent of a cubic centimetre (1 cm3 = 0·999973 ml); ml is the usual abbreviation.... millilitre
Protection, Love, Prophetic Dreams, Purification... mimosa
A ‘pre-metric’ unit of measurement of volume. It is about one-60th part of a ?uid drachm and is used in pharmacy.... minim
A level of quality that all health plans and providers are required to meet in order to offer services to clients/consumers.... minimum standard
The rod-like bodies in the CELLS of the body which contain the enzymes (see ENZYME) necessary for the activity of the cell. They have been described as the ‘power plant of the cell’... mitochondria
A defect in the MITRAL VALVE of the HEART which allows blood to leak from the left VENTRICLE into the left ATRIUM. It is also known as mitral regurgitation; incompetence may occur along with MITRAL STENOSIS. The left ventricle has to work harder to compensate for the faulty valve, so it enlarges, but eventually the ventricle cannot cope with the extra load and left-sided heart failure may develop. A common cause of mitral incompetence is RHEUMATIC FEVER or damage following a heart attack. The condition is treated with drugs to help the heart, but in severe cases heart surgery may be required.... mitral incompetence
Narrowing of the opening between the left ATRIUM and left VENTRICLE of the HEART as a result of rigidity of, and adhesion between, the cusps of the MITRAL VALVE. It is due, almost invariably, to the infection RHEUMATIC FEVER. The atrium has to work harder to force blood through the narrowed channel. The effects are similar to those of MITRAL INCOMPETENCE. Shortness of breath and palpitations and irregular beating (?brillation) of the atrium are common consequences in adults. Drug treatment with DIGOXIN and DIURETICS helps, but surgery to dilate or replace the faulty valve may be necessary.... mitral stenosis
A binocular MICROSCOPE used for MICROSURGERY on, for example, the EYE and middle EAR; this microscope is also used for suturing nerves and blood vessels damaged or severed by trauma and for rejoining obstructed FALLOPIAN TUBES in the treatment of INFERTILITY in women.... operating microscope
Rich vegetable source of Vitamin B12, protein, fats, carbohydrates and minerals. After the atom bomb was dropped in Japan during World War II it was discovered that those who included Miso in the diet did not suffer from radiation trauma. ... miso
An antidepressant drug used to treat severe depression, especially that accompanied by anxiety or insomnia. Mianserin usually takes several weeks to become fully effective. Possible adverse effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, dizziness, and drowsiness. Rarely, prolonged use may reduce blood cell production; regular blood counts are therefore carried out during treatment.... mianserin
Surgery to relieve pressure on the spinal cord, or a nerve root emerging from it, that is caused by protrusion of the soft core of an intervertebral disc (see disc prolapse). The procedure is performed under general anaesthesia and involves removing the protruding tissue via a small incision in the outer coat of the disc.... microdiscectomy
A rare congenital disorder of the eye. Affected children are born with an abnormally small eye on one or both sides.... microphthalmos
A sex hormone drug used to induce medical termination of a pregnancy (see abortion, induced). Possible adverse effects include malaise, faintness, nausea, rash, and, rarely, uterine bleeding. Women over 35 who smoke should not be given the drug.... mifepristone
Surgery using a rigid endoscope passed into the body through a small incision. Further small openings are made for surgical instruments so that the operation can be performed without a long surgical incision. Minimally invasive surgery may be used for many operations in the abdomen (see laparoscopy), including appendicectomy, cholecystectomy, hernia repair, and many gynaecological procedures. Knee operations (see arthroscopy) are also often performed by minimally invasive surgery.... minimally invasive surgery
Linn.
Synonym: A. lanulosa Nutt.
Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.
Habitat: The western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon.
English: Milfoil, Yarrow, Thousand Leaf.
Unani: Biranjaasif. National Formulary of Unani Medicine also equates Leonurus cardica Linn. (Labiatae) with Biranjaasif.
Folk: Gandana, Rojmari.
Action: Anti-inflammatory, anti- spasmodic (used in cold, flatulent colic, heartburn), emmenagogue, cicatrizant, antidysenteric, anti- haemorrhagic, antipyretic, diaphoretic, diuretic, urinary antiseptic.
Key application: In dyspeptic ailments, such as mild, spastic discomforts of the gastrointestinal tract. As astringent, antispasmodic, choleretic, antibacterial. (German Commission E.) As diaphoretic. (The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.) Internally for feverish conditions, common cold and digestive complaints; topically for slow-healing wounds and skin inflammations. (The British Herbal Compendium.)The plant contains flavonoids, alkaloids (achilleine), polyacetylenes, triterpenes, coumarins, tannins, salicylic acid, a volatile oil containing linalool, camphor, sabinene, chamazu- lene and other azulenes.Sesquiterpene lactones are bitter and tonic. Achilleine helps arrest internal and external bleeding. Flavonoids contribute to the antispasmodic action.The flavonoid apigenin is anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet and spasmolytic. Alkaloids and bases are anti- inflammatory. Alkaloid betoncine is haemostatic. Salicylic acid is anti- inflammatory. Chamazulene is anti- inflammatory and antiallergenic. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)An extract of the plant was found to be rich in luteolin or luteolin 7- glucoside and can be used for the treatment of hyperpigmentation of skin.... achillea millefolium
For a healthy beverage, try the mistletoe tea! You should already know the plant thanks to its association with the Christmas traditions. However, there’s more to mistletoe than just being a decorative plant. Find out about the health benefits ofmistletoe tea!
About the Mistletoe Tea
The main ingredient of the mistletoe tea is the hemi-parasitic plant, the mistletoe. It is an evergreen plant that usually grows on the branches of various trees, such as elms, pines or oak. The mistletoe can be found in Europe, Australia, North America, and some parts of North Asia. The woody stem has oval, evergreen leaves, and waxy, white berries. The berries are poisonous; the leaves are the ones used to produce themistletoe tea.
Mistletoe is often used as a Christmas decoration. It is hung somewhere in the house, and remains so during next Christmas, when it gets replaced. It is said that it protects the house from lightning or fire. Also, legends say that a man and a woman who meet under a hanging of mistletoe are obliged to kiss. The origin of this custom may be Scandinavian, and the first documented case of a couple kissing under the mistletoe dates from 16th century England.
There are two types of mistletoe that matter: the European mistletoe and the American mistletoe. Regarding their appearance, they look pretty similar. The difference is that the American mistletoe has shorter leaves, and longer clusters of 10 or more berries. Other differences between the two are related to health benefits.
How to prepare Mistletoe Tea
Properly preparing a cup of mistletoe tea takes some time. First, you add a teaspoon of the dried mistletoe herb to a cup of cold water. Let the cup stay overnight at room temperature. On the next day, heat the mix before drinking.
To enjoy its rich flavor, don’t skip any of these steps!
Benefits of Mistletoe Tea
The mistletoe tea has many health benefits thanks to its main ingredient, the mistletoe. The herb includes various active constituents, such as amines, caffeic and myristic acids, mucilage, terpenoids, and tannins. Mistletoe is also an essential ingredient of the European anti-cancer extract called Iscador, which helps stimulate the immune system and kill cancer cells. Therefore, it’s said that mistletoe teahelps you fight against cancer.
Another health benefit of the mistletoe tea is that it reduces symptoms associated with high blood pressure, such as irritability, dizziness, headaches, and loss of energy. This, however, applies to the mistletoe tea made leaves of European mistletoe. The leaves of the American mistletoe is said to raise blood pressure.
Another health-related difference between the European and the American mistletoe is related to uterine and intestinal contractions. The European mistletoe acts as an antispasmodic and calming agent, while the American mistletoe increases uterine and intestinal contractions. Be careful with the type of mistletoe tealeavesyou use.
Mistletoe tea can also help with relieving panic attacks, nervousness, and headaches. It is a useful treatment against hysteria, epilepsy, and tinnitus. It is also recommended in the treatment of type 1 and 2 diabetes, breast cancer, and to support HIV patients.
Drinking mistletoe teahelps with diarrhea, as well. It is useful when it comes to menopause and pre-menstrual syndrome. It is also useful when dealing with respiratory ailments such as coughs and asthma.
Side effects of Mistletoe Tea
First of it, it is recommended not to have children drink mistletoe tea. Also, if you are pregnant or breast feeding, it is best that you stop drinking mistletoe tea.
If you have hepatitis, you need to stay away from mistletoe tea. Consumption of mistletoe tea will only cause more damage to the liver.
Also, despite being useful when treating diabetes, mistletoe tea mayinterfere with the action of anti-diabetic medications. It is best that you check with your doctor, to make sure it doesn’t cancel the effects of the medication. Cancer patients should also consult with their doctors first, before adding mistletoe tea to their daily diet.
Other side effects that you might experience because of mistletoe tea are flu-like symptoms, including fever, nausea, abdominal pain, and various allergy-type symptoms.
Lastly, don’t drink more than 6 cups of mistletoe tea a day. If you do, it might cause you more harm than good. You might get some of the following symptoms: headaches, dizziness, insomnia, irregular heartbeats, vomiting, diarrhea and loss of appetite. If you get any of these symptoms, reduce the amount of mistletoe tea you drink. Also, this can apply to all types of tea, not only mistletoe tea.
Don’t just think of Christmas when you hear someone talking about mistletoe. Remember the many health benefits of mistletoe tea. Check for side effects and if it’s all safe, feel free to include mistletoe teain your daily diet. It will definitely help you stay healthy!... benefits of mistletoe tea
A determination of the least costly among alternative interventions that are assumed to produce equivalent outcomes.... cost minimization analysis
See APPENDIX 7: STATUTORY ORGANISATIONS.... council for nursing and midwifery
A cutaneous eruption resulting from exposure of the skin the infective filariform larva of non-human hookworms, Ancylostoma braziliense, A. caninum and some Strongyloides spp (especially S. procyormis of the raccoon and S. myopotami of the nutria).... cutaneous larva migrans
Milk Thistle tea is a type of herbal tea made from the plant with the same name: milk thistle. The plant has many health benefits, therefore making the tea good for your body. Find out more about the milk thistle tea in this article.
About Milk Thistle Tea
The main ingredient of the milk thistle tea is, of course, the milk thistle; it is made from the seeds of the plant.
The milk thistle is a flowering plant of the daisy family, an annual or biennial herb which grows in the Mediterranean regions of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. The stem is tall, branched but with no spines, and has large, alternate leaves. At the end of the stem, there are large flower heads, disk-shaped and pink-purple in color. The fruit of the plants consists of a black achene with a white pappus.
The name of the plant comes from the way its leaves look. The edges of the leaves are streaked with milky-white veins.
How to prepare Milk Thistle Tea
You can easily prepare a cup of milk thistle tea in no more than 10 minutes. First, boil the water necessary for a cup of milk thistle tea. Add one teaspoon of milk thistle tea seeds and then, add the hot water. Let it steep for 4-7 minutes, depending on how strong you want the flavor of the tea to be.
During summer, you can also try the iced tea version of the milk thistle tea. Place 6 teaspoons into a teapot or a heat resistant pitcher and then pour one and a half cups of boiled water. Let it steep for 5 minutes. Meanwhile, get a serving pitcher and fill it with cold water. Once the steeping time is done, pour the tea over the cold water, add ice, and then pour more cold water. Add sugar, honey or anything else you want to sweeten the taste.
Benefits of Milk Thistle Tea
The main health benefit of the milk thistle tea is related to its effectiveness in protecting the liver, thanks to one of its components, Silymarin. Silymarin is the main active ingredient of the milk thistle tea, working both as an anti-inflammatory and as an antioxidant. It helps with cirrhosis, jaundice, hepatitis, and gallbladder disorders. It also detoxifies the liver, as well as helping it by cleansing the blood.
If you’ve got type 2 diabetes, drinkingmilk thistle tea might help you a lot, as well. Some of the benefits of milk thistle tea, related to diabetes, are:decrease in blood sugar levels, improvement in cholesterol and improvement in insulin resistance. Also, by lowering the LDL “bad” cholesterol levels, milk thistle tea can help lower the chances of developing heart diseases.
Other health benefits of milk thistle tea involve increasing the secretion of the bile in order to enhance the flow in the intestinal tract, helping to ease kidney and bladder irritations, and helping to remove obstructions in the spleen.
Milk Thistle Tea side effects
Despite its important health benefits, don’t forget that there are also a few side effects you might experience when drinking milk thistle tea.
If you regularly drink milk thistle teafor a long period of time, it might end up having laxative effects. That can easily lead to diarrhea and, in some rare cases, it can also lead to nausea, gases, and an upset and bloating stomach.
You should avoid drinking milk thistle tea if you know that you have a ragweed allergy. In this case, it can cause a rash or lead to more severe allergic reactions. Milk thistle tea also isn’t recommended to women who are pregnant or breast feeding.
The main ingredient of milk thistle tea, the milk thistle herb, may mimic the effects of estrogen. Because of this, some women should avoid drinking milk thistle tea. This refers to women who have fibroid tumors or endometriosis, as well as women who are suffering from breast, uterine, and/or ovarian cancer.
Also, don’t drink more than six cups of milk thistle tea (or any other type of tea) a day. Otherwise, it won’t be as helpful as it should be. The symptoms you might get are headaches, dizziness, insomnia, irregular heartbeats, vomiting, diarrhea and loss of appetite.
Try the milk thistle tea! As an herbal tea, it helps you stay healthy, especially by protecting your liver. Still, don’t forget about the few side effects.... discover the milk thistle tea
A method of obtaining X-ray photographs of the chests of large numbers of people. It has been used on a large scale as a means of screening the population for pulmonary TUBERCULOSIS. It is no longer used in the United Kingdom.... mass miniature radiography
(Native American) Possessing the power of the moon Myakoda, Miacoda, Myacoda... miakoda
(Spanish) Of my journey Miandah, Myanda, Miandia, Meanda... mianda
(Hebrew) From the fortress Mibzarr, Mibzara, Mibzare, Mibzarre, Mibzarra... mibzar
(French) Feminine form of Michael; who is like God? Machelle, Mashelle, M’chelle, Mechelle, Meechelle, Me’Shell, Meshella, Michaella, Michela, Michele, Michelina, Micheline, Michell, Michella, Mishaila, Midge, Mischaela, Misha, Mishaelle, Mishelle, M’shell, Mychele, Mychelle, Myshell, Myshella, Michon, Miesha... michelle
(Tibetan) Sent from heaven Michewah... michewa
(Native American) From the great waters; from the state of Michigan Mishigan, Michegen, Mishegen... michigan
(Japanese) Possessing beautiful wisdom... michima
(Hebrew) A secretive woman; from the hiding place... michmethah
(Hebrew) Gift from God Michrie, Michry, Michrey, Michree, Michrea... michri
(Hebrew) One who has been given the gift of writing Michtame, Michtaam, Michtami, Michtama... michtam
(American) Feminine form of Michael; who is like God? Micki, Micky, Mickie, Mickee, Mickea... mickey
A very small, single-celled living organism that cannot usually be seen by the naked eye. The most important micro-organisms in medicine are those that cause disease. This ‘pathogenic’ group, however, forms only a small proportion of the enormous number of known microorganisms. The main pathogenic ones are BACTERIA. Others are fungi and RICKETTSIA. Though not true cells, viruses (see VIRUS) are usually classi?ed as micro-organisms. (See also MICROBIOLOGY.)... micro-organism
Gels or creams, currently under investigation, designed to reduce the risk of anal or vaginal transmission of viruses such as HIV (see also AIDS/ HIV). The aim is to kill or to inactivate the virus, creating a barrier to mucosal cells or preventing the infection from taking hold after it has entered the body. Large-scale trials were launched in Africa in 2004, using dextrin sulphate and PRO-2000 gel.... microbicides
The mobile embryo of certain parasitic nematode worms which are found in the blood or lymph of patients infected with ?larial worms. The micro?lariae develop into larvae in the body of a blood-sucking insect, for example, a mosquito.... microfilaria
(Buch-Ham.) Roem.
Family: Rutaceae.
Habitat: Bihar, Orissa, Bengal, Sikkim, Nepal, Assam, Khasi, Aka and Lushai hills.
Action: Bark of the root, stem and branches—used in the treatment of tubercular cases.
The root contains coumarins, mi- cromelin, phebalosin and yuehchak- ene.Micromelum pubescens Blume, synonym M. minutum (Forst. f.) Seem. is found in the Andamans. The plant is used in Malaya and Indonesia for phthisis and chest diseases. The root is chewed with betel for coughs.The leaves contain coumarins, mi- cropubescin and phebalosin.The bark contains phebalosin. The roots contain micromelumin, phe- balosin, imperatorin, angelical, lime- ttin, scopoletin, minumicrolin and murrangatin.
Family: Lamiaceae; Labiatae.
Habitat: Kumaon, Upper Gangetic plain, Bihar, Orissa, Western Ghats, Nilgiris.
Folk: Pudinaa (var.).
Action: Plant—carminative. Used as a substitute for Mentha piperata Linn.
The plant yields an essential oil (1.6%) which contains mainly pulegone (80%).Micromeria biflora Benth., equated with Indian Wild Thyme, is found in tropical and temperate Himalayas, and in Western Ghats and hills of South India.The principal constituent of volatile oil of Camphorata sp. is camphor; of Citrata sp. is citral; of menthata and Pulegata sp. is d-menthone; and pulegone.... micromelum integerrimum
corresponds to a large extent with what used to be known as ‘secondary anaemia’. It takes its name from the characteristic changes in the blood.... microcytic hypochromic anaemia
Non-ionising electro-magnetic radiations in the frequency range of 30–300,000 megahertz. They are emitted from electronic devices, such as heaters, some domestic ovens, television receivers, radar units and DIATHERMY units. There is no scienti?c evidence to justify the claims that they are harmful to humans, or that they produce any harmful e?ect in the GENES. The only known necessary precaution is the protection of the eyes in those using them in industry, as there is some evidence that prolonged exposure to them in this may induce cataract (see EYE, DISORDERS OF).... microwaves
(Hebrew) One who has been measured... middin
(Irish) One who is thirsty Meeda, Mida... mide
See BITES AND STINGS.... midges
(Japanese) Having green eyes Midorie, Midory, Midorey, Midoree, Midorea... midori
The halfway point or midpoint in a set of observations. For most types of data, it is calculated as the sum of the smallest observation and the largest observation, divided by two. For age data, one is added to the numerator. The midrange is usually calculated as an intermediate step in determining other measures.... midrange
A member of the profession which provides care and advice during pregnancy, supervises the mother’s labour and delivery, and looks after her and the baby after birth (see also PREGNANCY AND LABOUR). Should a pregnancy or labour develop complications, the midwife will seek medical advice. Most midwives are registered general nurses who have also done an 18month course in midwifery. Trained midwives are registered with the UK Central Council for Nursing Midwifery and Health Visiting and work in hospitals or a domiciliary setting. Midwives practise in hospitals, health units or in a domiciliary (home) setting.... midwife
(Japanese) Born into wealth Meeko, Meako... mieko
Molasses; also called Melaza.... miel de pulga
Rose honey; used in home remedies; sometimes given to children when teething or if they have an infection in the mouth.... miel de rosa
Honey; bee honey; often used for sweetening teas and infusions or for making syrups (jarabes); used in treatments for asthma, gripe, pecho apretado and anemia; given to children.... miel, miel de abeja
(Finnish) A pleasant woman Mieliki, Mielikkie, Mielikie... mielikki
(Hebrew) Feminine form of Migdal; of the high tower Migdala, Migdalla, Migdalea, Migdaliah, Migdaleah, Migdalgad, Migdaliya, Migdaliyah... migdalia
(Hebrew) A gift from God Migdanah, Migdanna, Migdania, Migdanea... migdana
A periodic condition with localised headaches, frequently associated with vomiting and sensory disturbances... migrai ne
(Hebrew) Woman of the cliffs Migrona, Migrone, Migronai, Migronya... migron
(American) Of God’s green earth... mikaia
(African) A godly woman Mikailie, Mikayli, Mikali, Mikaylie, Mikalie... mikaili
(Japanese / Hawaiian) Of the beautiful tree / one who is nimble Mikki, Mikko, Mika, Mikil... miki
(Slavic) My daughter is my love Miladah, Miladda, Millada... milada
(Latin) From the city in Italy; one who is gracious Milaana... milan
(Croatian) A sweet young woman Milankaa, Milankai, Milanke, Milankia, Mylanka, Mylanke... milanka
(Slavic) The favored one Mileena, Milana, Miladena, Milanka, Mlada, Mladena... milena
(Hebrew) From the seaport town... miletum
(Hebrew) A virtuous woman Milie, Mily, Miley, Milee, Milea, Mileigh... mili
(Latin) Feminine form of Emeliano; one who is eager and willing Milianah, Milianna, Miliane, Miliann, Milianne... miliana
(Hawaiian) Of the gentle caress Milianie, Milianee, Miliany, Milianey, Milianea... miliani
(Swahili) Woman from the mountains Milimah, Mileema, Milyma... milima
Known by the colloquial term of Fire coral, it is not a true coral, although it is part of the reef-building community. It has a smooth feel but when touched may cause severe burning pain. The skin may then develop a severe raised, itch rash which may suppurate and produce localized pus, or even skin death (necrosis).... milleporina
(English) One who works at a mill Millar, Millir, Mills... miller
(French) A woman with great strength and determination Melicent, Mellicent, Mellie, Mellisent, Melly, Milicent, Milisent, Millisent, Milzie, Milicente... millicent
(Hebrew) Defender of the sacred city Milloh, Millowe, Milloe... millo
(Hebrew) Form of Jemima, meaning “our little dove” Mimah, Mymah, Myma... mima
(Native American) A holy woman Mimalah, Mimalla, Mimallah... mimala
(Japanese / German) Woman from the South / one who is greatly loved Minah, Min, Minette, Minnette, Minna... mina
(Japanese) A beautiful child... minako
(Native American) As sweet as fruit Minall, Minalle, Minala, Minalla... minal
(Persian) Child of heaven... minau
Linn.
Family: Mimosaceae.
Habitat: Native to tropical America; naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions of India.
English: Sensitive-plant, Humble- Plant.
Ayurvedic: Lajjaalu, Laajavanti, Namaskaari, Samangaa, Sankochini, Shamipatraa, Khadirkaa, Raktapaadi.
Unani: Chhuimui, Sharmili, Laajwanti.
Siddha/Tamil: Thottalsurungi.
Action: Leaf—astringent, alterative, antiseptic, styptic, blood purifier. Used for diarrhoea, dysentery, haemophilic conditions, leuc- orrhoea, morbid conditions of vagina, piles, fistula, hydrocele and glandular swellings. Root—used in gravel and urinary complaints. A decoction is taken to relieve asthma.
The plant contains mimosine and turgorin. The periodic leaf movements exhibited by the plant are due to presence of derivatives of 4-O- (beta-D-glucopyranosyl-6'-sulphate)
Family: Sapotaceae.
Habitat: Cultivated in North India, Western Peninsula and South India.
English: Spanish-Cherry, West Indian Medlar, Bullet Wood.
Ayurvedic: Bakula, Keshara, Simhakeshara, Sthiraa, Sthira- pushpa, Vishaarada, Dhanvi, Madhupushpa, Madhugandha, Chirpushpa, Maulsiri.
Unani: Molsari.
Siddha: Magilam.
Action: Pulp of ripe fruit—astringent; used in chronic dysentery Flowers, fruit and bark—astringent. Bark—given for promoting fertility in women. Seeds—purgative. The leaves contain sterols, reducing sugars and tannins; roots, a steroidal saponin; stem bark, spinasterol and taraxerol; flowers, D-mannitol, beta-sitosterol and beta-sitosterol- D-glycoside; seeds, pentacyclic triterpene acids, mimusopic and mimusopsic acids.
Essential oil obtained from the plant is reported to be mycotoxic. Antimicrobial activity of the root extract has been reported. Saponins isolated from the seeds have been found to effect the cardiovascular activity in dogs and haemolytic activity in human beings. Spasmolytic activity in isolated ileum of guinea-pigs has also been recorded. Saponins from seeds also showed spermicidal activity.
Dosage: Seed, bark—10-20 g paste; 50-100 ml decoction. (CCRAS.)... mimusops elengi
(Hebrew) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Mindell, Mindelle, Mindele, Mindela, Mindella... mindel
(English) Form of Melinda, meaning “one who is sweet and gentle” Minda, Mindee, Mindi, Mindie, Mindey, Mindea... mindy
See CORTICOSTEROIDS.... mineralcorticoid
(Latin) Having strength of mind; in mythology, the goddess of wisdom Minervah, Menerva, Minirva, Menirva... minerva
(French) Form of Wilhelmina, meaning “determined protector” Minette, Mineta, Minete, Minett, Minet, Mine... minetta
(Chinese) Born beneath the bright moon... ming yue
(Chinese) A bright and beautiful girl... mingmei
A widely agreed upon and generally accepted set of terms and definitions constituting a core of data acquired for e.g. assessment purposes.... minimum data set
See MLD.... minimum lethal dose (mld)
(African) She is expected to do great things Miniyah... miniya
(English) Form of Wilhelmina, meaning “determined protector” Minny, Minni, Minney, Minnee, Minnea... minnie
(American) A young woman; a lass... minor
People who share a cultural heritage which is different from the majority ethnic culture. See also “ethnicity”; “culture”.... minority ethnic group
(Greek) Form of Amynta, meaning “protector and defender of her loved ones” Mintha, Mintah, Minty, Minti, Mintie, Mintee, Mintey, Mintea... minta
(French) Born at midnight Minueet... minuit
(Native American) The older sister Miniya, Minyah, Miniyah... minya
(Latin / French) One who is wonderful / a rare beauty Meribel, Meribelle, Mirabell, Mirabella, Mirabelle... mirabel
(American) An act of God’s hand Mirakle, Mirakel, Myracle, Myrakle... miracle
(French) An illusion or fantasy... mirage
(Basque) A miracle child Miraya, Mirari, Mirarie, Miraree, Mirae... mirai
(Spanish) An attractive lady Miranie, Mirany, Miraney, Miranee, Miranea... mirani
(Hebrew) God has spoken Mirela, Mirelah, Mirellah, Mirelle, Mirell, Mirele, Mirel, Mirielle... mirella
(Ugandan) A promoter of peace Mirembe, Mirem, Mirembah, Mirembeh, Mirema... miremba
(Spanish) Form of Miranda, meaning “one who is worthy of admiration” Miraya, Maraya, Mareya, Myrelle, Myrella... mireya
(Hebrew) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Mariam, Maryam, Meriam, Meryam, Mirham, Mirjam, Mirjana, Mirriam, Miryam, Miyana, Miyanna, Myriam, Marrim, Mijam... miriam
(Greek) Woman of plenty Miriass, Miriasse, Miriase, Miriasa, Miryas, Miryase, Miryasa... mirias
(English) Filled with joy Miriness, Mirinese, Mirines, Mirinessa, Mirinesa... mirinesse
(Hebrew) One who is strong-willed... mirit
(Latin) A marvelous lady... miriuia
(Slavic) Feminine form of Miroslav; one who basks in peaceful glory Miroslavia, Miroslavea, Myroslava, Myroslavia, Myroslavea... miroslava
(Spanish) Crowned with thorns Mirtah, Meerta, Meertha, Mirtha... mirta
(Russian) Form of Michelle, meaning “who is like God?” Misha... mischa
(African) Woman from the East Misrake, Misraka, Misrakia... misrak
Information not available for a subject (or case) about whom other information is available.... missing data
(Native American) Of the great river; from the state of Mississippi Misisipi, Missisippi, Mississipi, Misissippi, Misisippi... mississippi
(English) Form of Melissa, meaning “resembling a honeybee” Missey, Misse, Missee, Missie, Missi, Missea... missy
(Italian) A mystical woman Mistica, Mystico, Mystica, Mistiko, Mystiko... mistico
(Indian) A friendly and sweet woman Mitalie, Mitalee, Mitaleigh, Mitaly, Mitaley, Meeta, Mitalea... mitali
A mite is an arthropod belonging to a group of insects called ACARINA. It may be parasitic or free-living. Most mites are less than 1 mm long and medically signi?cant ones include those that cause DERMATITIS (dermatophagoides) and the harvest mite, which transmits scrub typhus (see under TYPHUS FEVER).... mites
See also MEDICINES. Government legislation covers the manufacture, sale and prescription of drugs in the UK. As well as stating which drugs may be sold over the counter (OTC) without a doctor’s or dentist’s prescription, and those which can be obtained only with such a prescription, government regulations determine the extent of availability of many substances which are liable to be abused – see Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (below). The Misuse of Drugs Regulations 1985 de?ne those individuals who in their professional capacity are authorised to supply and possess controlled drugs: see the schedules of drugs listed below under the 1985 regulations.
Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 This legislation forbids activities relating to the manufacture, sale and possession of particular (controlled) drugs. These are classi?ed into three grades according to their dangers if misused. Any o?ences concerning class A drugs, potentially the most damaging when abused, carry the toughest penalties, while classes B and C attract lesser penalties if abused.
Class A includes: cocaine, dextromoramide, diamorphine (heroin), lysergic acid (LSD), methadone, morphine, opium, pethidine, phencyclidine acid and injectable preparations of class B drugs.
Class B includes: oral amphetamines, barbiturates, codeine, glutethimide, marijuana (cannabis), pentazocine and pholcodine.
Class C includes: drugs related to the amphetamines, anabolic and androgenic steroids, many benzodiazepines, buprenorphine, diethyl propion, human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), mazindol, meprobamate, pemoline, phenbuterol, and somatropin.
Misuse of Drugs Regulations 1985 These regulations de?ne those people who are authorised in their professional capacity to supply and possess controlled drugs. They also describe the requirements for legally undertaking these activities, such as storage of the drugs and limits on their prescription.
Drugs are divided into ?ve schedules and some examples follow.
I: Almost all are prohibited except in accordance with Home O?ce authority: marijuana (cannabis), LSD.
II: High potential for abuse but have
accepted medical uses: amphetamines, cocaine.
III: Lower potential for abuse: barbiturates, meprobamate, temazepam.
IV: Lower potential for abuse than I to III. Minimal control: benzodiazepines.
V: Low potential for abuse: generally compound preparations containing small amounts of opioids: kaolin and morphine (antidiarrhoeal medicine), codeine linctus (cough suppressant).
(See also CONTROLLED DRUGS.)... misuse of drugs
(Japanese) Lady of light Mitsuko... mitsu
(Hebrew) From the island city Mityleen, Mitylean, Mityleene, Mityleane, Mitylen, Mitylein... mitylene
(German) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Mitzie, Mitzy, Mitzey, Mitzee, Mitzea... mitzi
A neoplasm with a number of different cell types undergoing cancerous change.... mixed tumour
(Japenese) From the sacred temple Miyah... miya
(African) One who is grounded Miyandah, Myanda, Meyanda... miyanda
(Japanese) A beautiful daughter Miyoko... miyo
(Hebrew) A little woman; petite Mizarr, Mizarre, Mizare, Mizara, Mizaria, Mizarra... mizar
(Hebrew) From the watchtower Mizpeh, Mizpa... mizpah
Orange Spice Tea is a complex, full-flavored type of black tea, kindly recommended to beginner consumers of tea blends. It is a largely-appreciated tea, having an old acknowledged tradition, its first production being placed in the 19
th century.
Orange Spice Tea description.
Orange Spice Tea is another variety of black tea mixed with orange zest or dried peel, together with a combination of spices, such as: cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg and allspice. It has been noticed that any number of spice combination is possible.
Orange Spice Tea is usually caffeine-free, being thus, a good tea to consume at any time of the day or even night. It can be drunk hot or as an iced tea beverage, with or without adding milk or honey.
Orange Spice Tea is recommended to be one of the best choices for those not yet accustomed to gourmet tea blends. It is typically available as loose leaves or as bag forms and is often found in gourmet tea shops, health stores or on grocery shelves.
Orange Spice Tea recipe
The abovementioned tea has a delicate taste and is also a good ingredient to be included in the daily diet, due to its healthy properties. It can be consumed both as beverage, or can be added to different cookies recipes.
To brew Orange Spice Tea:
- Fill a teapot with about 16 ounces of water
- Boil the water
- Place about two tablespoons of the leaves in a teapot
- Take the pot out of the water
- Let the mix stand for about 5 to 7 minutes
- Strain and drink it slowly
To include
Orange Spice Tea in sweets recipes, grind the tea leaves and mix them with the dough, together with the ingredients.
Orange Spice Tea benefits
Orange Spice Tea gathers the benefits of black tea, citrus and spices:
- strengthens the immune system
- helps lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases
- helps in the prevention of certain cancers
- contributes to preventing colds, cough and flu
- helps in calming and relaxing the senses
- stimulates blood circulation
- increases concentration and memory levels
- warms the body (especially during winter)
Orange Spice Tea side effects
Rarely,Orange Spice Teaconsumers experienced stomach aches or the syndrome of upset stomach.
Patients suffering from gastritis are advised to intake a low quantity of Orange Spice Tea.
Orange Spice Tea clusters the benefits and taste of black tea, citron and a large array of spices. It is intensely consumed by connoisseurs and novices, especially due to its health contributions and proven energy booster actions.... orange spice tea: a mixture for health
Backflow of blood from the left ventricle of the heart (pumping arterial blood outwards to the aorta) into the left atrium (receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs) because of faulty closure of the mitral (bicuspid) valve that guards between the two chambers.... regurgitations, mitral
Snake Enraging... thistle, milk
The end results of heavy infection and migration of larva of Toxocara spp (especially T. canis - the dog Ascarid) in the viscera, producing a granulomatous reaction and pathology at the site.... visceral larva migrans
Research misconduct is de?ned as behaviour by a researcher that falls short of good ethical and scienti?c standards – whether or not this be intentional. For example, the same data may be sent for publication to more than one medical journal, which might have the e?ect of their being counted twice in any META-ANALYSIS or systematic review; or the data may be ‘salami sliced’ to try to make the maximum number of publications, even though the data may overlap. Fraud in the context of research is de?ned as the generation of false data with the intent to deceive. It is much less frequent than carelessness, but its incidence is estimated as between
0.1 and 1 per cent. A ?gure of 1 per cent means that, in the United Kingdom at any one time, maybe 30 studies are being conducted, or their results published, which could contain false information. Examples include forged ethics-committee approval, patient signatures and diary cards; fabricated ?gures and results; invention of non-existent patient subjects; or sharing one electrocardiogram or blood sample amongst many subjects.
Research fraud should be ?rst suspected by a clinical-trial monitor who recognises that data are not genuine, or by a quality-assurance auditor who cannot reconcile data in clinical-trial report forms with original patient records. Unfortunately, it often comes to light by chance. There may be suspicious similarities between data ostensibly coming from more than one source, or visits may have been recorded when it was known that the clinic was shut. Statistical analysis of a likely irregularity will frequently con?rm such suspicion. The motivation for fraud is usually greed, but a desire to publish at all costs, to be the original author of a medical breakthrough, to bolster applications for research grants, or to strengthen a bid for more departmental resources are other recognised reasons for committing fraud.
In the USA, those proved to have committed fraud are debarred from receiving federal funds for research purposes or from undertaking government-funded therapeutic research. The four Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden) have committees on research dishonesty that investigate all cases of suspected research misconduct. In the United Kingdom, an informal system operated by the pharmaceutical industry, using the disciplinary mechanism of the General Medical Council (GMC), has led to more than 16 doctors in the past ten years being disciplined for having committed research fraud. Editors of many of the world’s leading medical journals have united to form the Committee on Publishing Ethics, which advises doctors on proper practice and assists them in retracting or refusing to publish articles found or known to be false. (See ETHICS; ETHICS COMMITTEES.) Where an author does not o?er a satisfactory explanation, the matter is passed to his or her institution to investigate; where an editor or the committee is not satis?ed with the result they may pass the complaint to the appropriate regulatory body, such as the GMC in Britain.... research fraud and misconduct
Also known as volatile-substance abuse, this is the deliberate inhalation of intoxicating fumes given o? by some volatile liquids. Glue-sni?ng was the most common type of solvent abuse, but inhalation of fuel gases such as butane, especially in the form of lighter re?lls, is now a greater problem and has become common among children – particularly teenagers. Solvents or volatile substances are applied to a piece of cloth or put into a plastic bag and inhaled, sometimes until the person loses consciousness. He or she may become acutely intoxicated; chronic abusers may suffer from ulcers and rashes over the face as well as damage to peripheral nerves. Death can occur, probably as a result of an abnormal rhythm of the heart. TOLERANCE to the volatile substances may develop over months, but acute intoxication may lead to aggressive and impulsive behaviour. Treatment of addiction is di?cult and requires professional counselling. Victims with acute symptoms require urgent medical attention. In Britain, most solvent misusers are males under 20 years of age. Around 150 deaths occur every year. (See also DEPENDENCE.)... solvent abuse (misuse)
Plant medicines that destroy or inhibit growth of disease-causing bacteria or other micro-organisms. Aniseed, Barberry, Bayberry, Bearberry, Benzoin, Blood root, Buchu, Camphor, Caraway oil, Catechu, Cayenne, Cinnamon, Clove, Cornsilk, Coriander, Echinacea, Elecampane, Eucalyptus, Fennel seed, Garlic, Gentian, Goldenseal, Guaiacum, Heather flowers (Calluna), Hemlock Spruce bark, Juniper, Kava Kava, Kino, Labrador tea, Lavender, Liquorice, Lovage root, Mandrake, Marigold, Marjoram, Meadowsweet, Mountain Grape, Myrrh, Nasturtium, Olive, Orthosiphon, Parsley root, Peppermint, Peruvian balsam, Plantain, Propolis, Rosemary, Rue, Sage, St John’s Wort, Southernwood, Thuja, Thyme, Turmeric, White Pond Lily, Wild Indigo, Wood Sage, Wormwood, Yarrow. ... anti-microbials
See: VENOUS THROMBOSIS. ... milk leg
The flow of milk does not naturally commence until the third day after delivery when a slight feverishness with chill may be experienced. With filling of the breast and suckling by the child relief is felt. The condition is not usually in need of medication but where difficult, as it can be to anorexics and those in feeble health, a cup of Chamomile tea suffices. Combine with Skullcap for those of nervous disposition. ... milk fever
Simon, MA FNIMH. Joint Director of the Centre for Complementary Health Studies, University of Exeter (England). President, National Institute of Medical Herbalists (1983-1988) and (1990-1991). Member of the Therapeutics Revision Committee, The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. UK representative to ESCOP. Mr Mills is in private practice as a herbal consultant in Exeter, England. ... mills
Dietary minerals. See entries: CALCIUM, CHROMIUM, COBALT, COPPER, DOLOMITE, FLUORINE, IODINE, IRON, MAGNESIUM, MANGANESE, MOLYBDENUM, PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM, SELENIUM, SODIUM, SULPHUR, ZINC. ... mineral nutrients
Migraines are described as strong headaches associated with a certain discomfort of the nervous system.
Although practitioners around the world tried to find the ultimate cure for this ailment, they are still far from finding the miraculous cure.
Since ancient times, herbalists used a wide range of alternative remedies to induce a state of relaxation and bring relief to those suffering from migraines. However, modern medicine found new ways to treat this condition, even if no definitive cure has been provided yet.
Drink Teas for Migraines
Alternative medicine, however, gives you a hand. There are a lot of teas for migraines and headaches which can successfully be used in order to treat the affected areas and calm the localized pain. If you are suffering from this condition, you may want to try one of the following teas:
- Black Tea - when it comes to Teas for Migraines, Black Tea turns out to be quite a helper. Thanks to its anti-oxidant and alkaline properties, this natural remedy can calm your pain and release the necessary amount of active constituents.
- Catnip Tea - another name on the Teas for Migraines list is Catnip Tea, a powerful treatment with anesthetic, sedative and relaxing properties which can be found in almost any teashop. Just make sure that you’re buying the product from a trusted provider in order to avoid unnecessary complications.
- Chamomile Tea - used in both the cosmetic and the pharmaceutical industries, Chamomile Tea is probably one of the world’s greatest panaceas. When choosing Teas for Migraines, you need to make sure that the herb you’re about to use has no side effects and that its action is rapid and very effective.
If that is the case, Chamomile Tea, with its calming and nourishing properties may be a good alternative to traditional medication. Also, if you suffer from sleeping disorders, Chamomile Tea might bring relief and a good night sleep.
- Lavender Tea - used mostly for its memorable scent, Lavender is used by both the cosmetic industry and the cleaning products factories. However, when choosing Teas for Migraines, Lavender Tea may be just as important as the other too teas mentioned above. Thanks to a good level of tannis and volatile oils, Lavender Tea makes migraines go away within minutes.
Other Effective Teas for Migraines
- Tansy Tea - although it is yet unknown to the European public, Tansy Tea is one of the most efficient Teas for Migraines in the alternative medicine. Tansy Tea contains tanacetin, volatile oil, tannic acid, parthenolides, which are toxic for your body in high dosages.
Although its action is very quickly, you need to be careful when taking a treatment based on Tansy Tea. Exceeding the recommended dosage may lead to death!
- Thyme Tea – known mostly for its ability to treat menstrual pain, Thyme Tea is also one of the Teas for Migraines we strongly recommend. Its active ingredient is a substance called thymol, which is responsible for the calming effect that this tea has on you and your health. Also, applied topically, Thyme Tea is a good remedy for cuts and opened wounds.
- White Peony Root Tea – used especially for its anti-inflammatory properties, White Peony Root Tea is probably the most effective and also the rarest of these Teas for Migraines. It contains a substance called paeoniflorin, which has a high anti-spastic action, so it can calm not only your migraines, but almost any type of localized pain.
The other ingredients, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, tannins and polysaccharides make this particular herbal treatment work more efficient. By its own, paeniflorin is not as effective as used in combination with these other substances.
- Yucca Tea – familiar to the South American populations and almost unknown for the Europeans, Yucca Tea is one of the teas that could probably treat almost any kind of affection. When you look in the Teas for Migraines section, you’ll notice that Yucca Tea has its own place.
Thanks to a series of curative properties generated by the amount of saponins contained, Yucca Tea can treat other conditions of your body as well. If you suffer from arthritis or you just want a natural remedy for your hair, Yucca Tea is the answer!
- Yerba Mate Tea – drank from special reservoirs, Yerba Mate Tea is commonly known as “the Argentine coffee”. Although it might be a little difficult to find it if you live in Europe, in case you’re looking for Teas for Migraines and you run into a teashop specialized in Yerba Mate products, hold on to it!
It is said that this miraculous tea has all the ingredients necessary to sustain life. Specialists even call it “the new green tea”, thanks to its many curative properties.
If you suffer from severe migraines, there’s no point in spending a lot of money on traditional pain killers. Just give one of these teas a try and enjoy its wonderful benefits!... teas for migraines
Hugh, MNIMH (Hon.), F.Inst.H.F.R., Past Manager, Crude Drugs Division, Potter & Clarke, London. Later, joint Managing Director, Brome & Schimmer Ltd. Chairman, Mitchfield Botanies Ltd. President, British Herbal Medicine Association. Past Chairman, British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Chairman, Board of Governors, School of Phytotherapy. Founder member of ESCOP and member of the Executive and General Council. ... mitchell
Cell proliferants. Comfrey, Marigold. ... mitogenics
An X-ray procedure for studying the bladder while urine is passed. Micturating cystourethrography is most commonly used in young children to detect abnormal reflux of urine as the bladder empties.... cystourethrography, micturating
A prefix meaning small, as in microorganisms (tiny organisms).... micro-
See glue ear.... middle-ear effusion, persistent
See otitis media.... middle-ear infection
A rare type of hypercalcaemia accompanied by alkalosis and kidney failure. The syndrome is due to excessive, long-term intake of calciumcontaining antacid drugs and milk. It is most common in people with a peptic ulcer and associated kidney disorders. Symptoms include weakness, muscle pains, irritability, and apathy. Treatment is to reduce milk and antacid intake.... milk–alkali syndrome
A magnesium preparation as an antacid and laxative drug.... milk of magnesia
The deposition of calcium crystals and other mineral salts in developing teeth. (See calcification, dental.)... mineralization, dental
The term used to describe a corticosteroid hormone that controls the amount of salts that are excreted in urine.... mineralocorticoid
A procedure for female sterilization (see sterilization, female).... minilaparotomy
See minimally invasive surgery.... minimal access surgery
A hypothetical condition thought to account for behavioural and other problems in children for which no physical cause is found. It may be a cause of some learning difficulties, difficulty in concentrating, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity.... minimal brain dysfunction
Drugs used in the treatment of glaucoma to reduce pressure in the eye. Used topically, miotic drugs cause the pupil to contract, which opens up the drainage channels and drains fluid from the front of the eye. Side effects include headache, particularly over the eye, and blurred vision. Common miotics include carbachol and pilocarpine. (See also mydriatic drugs.)... miotic drugs
A common, slight deformity of the mitral valve, in the left side of the heart, that can produce a degree of mitral incompetence. The prolapse is most common in women and causes a heart murmur. It may be inherited, but the cause is often unknown.Usually, there are no symptoms, and treatment is not needed. Occasionally, the condition may produce chest pain, arrhythmia, or, rarely, heart failure. Often, no treatment is required for mitral valve prolapse, but some people may be treated with beta-blocker drugs, diuretic drugs, antiarrhythmic drugs, or, rarely, heart-valve surgery.... mitral valve prolapse
Another name for Dressler’s syndrome.... postmyocardial infarction syndrome
A thin, white discharge from the nipple of a newborn infant, caused by maternal hormones that entered the fetus’s circulation through the placenta. Witches’ milk occurs quite commonly. It is usually accompanied by enlargement of 1 or both of the baby’s breasts. The condition is harmless and usually disappears spontaneously within a few weeks.... witches’ milk
a condition characterized by intermittent central abdominal pain that may be associated with nausea, and often vomiting. It usually occurs in children between the ages of three and ten years and is more common in those with a family history of migraine headaches. Typically these children develop migraine headaches when they are older.... abdominal migraine
(malignant glaucoma) a rare form of secondary angle-closure *glaucoma marked by raised intraocular pressure and shallowing of the central and peripheral anterior chamber.... aqueous misdirection
prolonged jaundice lasting several weeks after birth in breast-fed babies for which no other cause can be found. It improves with time and is not an indication to stop breast-feeding.... breast-milk jaundice
the electrical potential generated by the cochlea in response to an acoustic stimulus. It can be detected by *auditory brainstem response audiometry or *electrocochleography and is useful in the diagnosis of *auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder.... cochlear microphonic
(domiciliary midwife) (in Britain) a registered *nurse with special training in midwifery (both hospital and domiciliary practice). The midwife must be registered with the *Nursing and Midwifery Council in order to practise; this requires regular refresher courses to supplement the basic qualification of Registered Midwife (RM). Community midwives are attached to general practices or hospitals, and their work includes home deliveries and antenatal and postnatal care in the community.... community midwife
a light microscopic technique used to increase optical resolution and contrast.... confocal microscopy
skills gained by a developing child, which should be achieved by a given age. Examples of such milestones include smiling by six weeks and sitting unsupported by eight months. Failure to achieve a particular milestone by a given age is indicative of *developmental delay. See table.... developmental milestones
see community midwife.... domiciliary midwife
see hyperlipidaemia.... familial mixed hyperlipidaemia
n. the microbe population living in the intestine (sometimes formerly called gut flora).... gut microbiota
see Trombicula.... harvest mite
see Dermatophagoides.... house-dust mite
Meta-IodoBenzylGuanidine: a radioactive *tracer, labelled with iodine-123 or iodine-131, which binds to adrenergic nerve tissue. With the aid of a gamma camera, it can be used to detect the presence of a range of adrenergic tumours, including *neuroblastoma and *phaeochromocytoma.... mibg
n. one of the microscopic particles into which the products of fat digestion (i.e. fatty acids and monoglycerides), present in the gut, are dispersed by the action of *bile salts. Fatty material in this finely dispersed form is more easily absorbed by the small intestine.... micelle
see malakoplakia.... michaelis–gutmann bodies
(micro-) combining form denoting 1. small size. 2. one millionth part.... micr
adj. describing microorganisms that grow best at very low oxygen concentrations (i.e. below the atmospheric level).... microaerophilic
a laboratory measurement used as a screening test for the first signs of kidney damage in *diabetes mellitus. It detects an increase in the very small levels of the protein albumin present in urine, relative to the concentration of creatinine. It is best measured in an early morning urine sample. See microalbuminuria.... microalbumin:creatinine ratio
n. the presence of albumin in the urine at levels that are higher than normal (>30 mg/24 hours) but lower than those detected by standard urine protein dipsticks (>300 mg/24 hours). The usual screening method for microalbuminuria is to measure the *microalbumin:creatinine ratio. In people with diabetes microalbuminuria is an important risk factor for the development of progressive kidney damage and (particularly in those with type 2 diabetes) coronary heart disease. At an early stage of microalbuminuria its presence may be reversed by careful control of blood pressure and blood glucose.... microalbuminuria
n. a minute localized swelling of a capillary wall, which is found in the retina of patients with diabetic *retinopathy. It is recognized as a small red dot when the interior of the eye is examined with an *ophthalmoscope.... microaneurysm
(microblepharism) n. the condition of having abnormally small eyelids.... microblepharon
pl. n. (in radiology) an ultrasound *contrast medium consisting of suspensions of biocompatible gas-filled microspheres that are introduced into the vascular system or the Fallopian tubes in order to enhance ultrasound images.... microbubbles
n. abnormally small size of the lips. Compare macrocheilia.... microcheilia
n. the presence of abnormally small red cells (microcytes) in the blood. Microcytosis is a feature of certain anaemias (microcytic anaemias), including iron-deficiency anaemias, certain *haemoglobinopathies, anaemias associated with chronic infections, etc.... microcytosis
n. abnormal smallness or shortness of the fingers.... microdactyly
n. a surgical instrument that comprises a small powered partially guarded rotating blade to remove tissue during operative procedures. An inbuilt suction–irrigation system removes the resulting tissue fragments and blood. It is most commonly used in *endoscopic sinus surgery but can also be used to perform tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy and in some types of laryngeal and bronchial surgery.... microdebrider
n. excision of a single mammary duct that is causing nipple discharge. The duct is sent for histology to determine the presence of a papilloma or carcinoma.... microdochectomy
n. a condition in which the teeth are unusually small. It may be generalized, where all teeth are involved, or localized, where only a few teeth are involved.... microdontia
n. an extremely fine wire used as an electrode to measure the electrical activity in small areas of tissue. Microelectrodes can be used for recording the electrical changes that occur in the membranes of cells, such as those of nerve and muscle.... microelectrode
n. (pl. microfilariae) the motile embryo of certain nematodes (see filaria). The slender microfilariae, 150–300 ?m in length, are commonly found in the circulating blood or lymph of patients suffering an infection with any of the filarial worms, e.g. Wuchereria. They mature into larvae, which are infective, within the body of a bloodsucking insect, such as a mosquito.... microfilaria
n. the motile flagellate male sex cell of the malarial parasite (Plasmodium) and other protozoans. The microgamete is similar to the sperm cell of animals and smaller than the female sex cell (see macrogamete).... microgamete
n. a cell that undergoes meiosis to form 6–8 mature male sex cells (microgametes) of the malarial parasite (see Plasmodium). Microgametocytes are found in human blood but must be ingested by a mosquito before developing into microgametes.... microgametocyte
n. one of the two basic classes of *glia (the non-nervous cells of the central nervous system), having a mainly scavenging function (see macrophage). Compare macroglia.... microglia
n. abnormally small size of the tongue.... microglossia
n. a condition in which one or both jaws are unusually small. It is a symptom of various craniofacial conditions and may require surgery to correct.... micrognathia
(photomicrograph) n. a photograph of an object as viewed through a microscope. An electron micrograph is photographed through an electron microscope; a light micrograph through a light microscope.... micrograph
n. a developmental disorder of the brain in which the folds (convolutions) in its surface are small and its surface layer (cortex) is structurally abnormal. It is associated with mental and physical retardation.... microgyria
n. a measurement of the proportion of red blood cells in a volume of circulating blood. It is determined by taking a sample of the patient’s blood in a fine tube and spinning it in a centrifuge until settling is complete. See packed cell volume.... microhaematocrit
n. a surgical instrument with an oscillating blade designed for creating the corneal flap in laser *refractive surgery.... microkeratome
n. multiple tiny calcifications seen within the testes. Testicular germ-cell tumour is associated with testicular microlithiasis, but a direct relationship is not established.... microlithiasis
n. the manipulation of extremely small structures under the microscope, as in *microdissection, or *microsurgery.... micromanipulation
n. abnormally small size of the arms or legs. Compare macromelia.... micromelia
n. a secondary tumour that is undetectable by clinical examination or diagnostic tests but is visible under the microscope.... micrometastasis
n. mapping the pattern of a patient’s retinal sensitivity onto an image of that individual’s fundus (back of the eye) to measure the patient’s response to light stimuli at various retinal points. The data are superimposed on an image captured by a scanning laser *ophthalmoscope or by fundus photography to precisely identify areas of impaired or preserved function.... microperimetry
n. 1. a photograph reduced to microscopic proportions. 2. (loosely) a *photomicrograph.... microphotograph
n. an extremely fine tube from which minute volumes of liquid can be delivered. It can also be used to draw up minute quantities of liquid for examination. Using a micropipette it is possible to add or take away material from individual cells under the microscope.... micropipette
adj. 1. too small to be seen clearly without the use of a microscope. 2. of, relating to, or using a microscope.... microscopic
(MPA) an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of small blood vessels, leading to reduced kidney function and breathlessness. It is associated with the presence of antinuclear cytoplasmic antibodies (*ANCA) and can be treated with corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, or rituximab.... microscopic polyangiitis
n. a small particle consisting of a piece of *endoplasmic reticulum to which ribosomes are attached. Microsomes are formed when homogenized cells are centrifuged. —microsomal adj.... microsome
see MESA.... microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration
n. a congenital deformity of the external ear in which the *pinna is small or absent. The ear canal may also be absent, giving a conductive *deafness. Microtia may be associated with other congenital deformities.... microtia
adj. involving small vessels. The term is often applied to techniques of *microsurgery for reuniting small blood vessels (the same techniques are applied frequently to nerve suture).... microvascular
n. (pl. microvilli) one of a number of microscopic hairlike structures (about 5 ?m long) projecting from the surface of epithelial cells (see epithelium). They serve to increase the surface area of the cell and are seen on absorptive and secretory cells. In some regions (particularly the intestinal tract) microvilli form a dense covering on the free surface of the cells: this is called a brush border.... microvillus
(MWA) an *ablation technique in which microwaves are used to burn tumour tissues. This has some advantages over *radiofrequency ablation because the heat generated is field heating, as in conventional microwave machines. This makes it possible to get a bigger ablation zone and means that the ablation is not affected by the heat-sink effect of adjacent blood vessels.... microwave ablation
see endometrial ablation.... microwave endometrial ablation
a form of *diathermy using electromagnetic waves of extremely short wavelength. In modern apparatus the electric currents induced in the tissues have frequencies of up to 25,000 million cycles per second.... microwave therapy
(MCU) see urethrography.... micturating cystourethrogram
spontaneous involuntary rhythmical contraction of the stapedius and/or tensor tympani muscles in the middle ear that can give rise to a form of *pulsatile tinnitus.... middle ear myoclonus
involuntary contraction of the stapedius and/or tensor tympani muscles in the middle ear in response to various stimuli. The stapedius contracts in response to sound (see stapedial reflex). The tensor tympani is thought to contract during chewing. The sound-evoked middle ear reflex can be detected using a *tympanometer.... middle ear reflex
(MERS) a viral respiratory infection that was first identified in 2012. Humans seem to be infected most easily by contact with dromedary camels (hence the informal name camel flu), although human-to-human infection also occurs. Symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Although the syndrome is often mild, death occurs in about a third of diagnosed cases. Most reported cases have been in the Arabian Peninsula, although there was a major outbreak in South Korea in 2015. At present there is no vaccine or treatment.... middle east respiratory syndrome
n. the middle portion of the embryonic gut, which gives rise to most of the small intestine and part of the large intestine. Early in development it is connected with the *yolk sac outside the embryo via the *umbilicus.... midgut
(MSU) a specimen of urine that is subjected to examination for the presence of microorganisms. In order to obtain a specimen that is free of contamination, the periurethral area is cleansed and the patient is requested to discard the initial flow of urine before collecting the specimen in a sterile container.... midstream specimen of urine
swelling of the lacrimal and salivary glands as a result of infiltration with *lymphoid tissue. [J. von Mikulicz Radecki (1850–1905), Polish surgeon]... mikulicz’s disease
criteria used to select patients with cirrhosis and *hepatoma for liver transplantation. Transplantation can be considered if patients have a single tumour under 5 cm in size, or no more than three tumours that are less than 3 cm in size, and show no evidence of extrahepatic symptoms and no vascular invasion.... milan criteria
(MCI) cognitive impairment beyond that expected for age and education that does not interfere with normal daily function. When memory loss is the predominant symptom it is termed amnestic MCI and is frequently seen as an early stage of *Alzheimer’s disease. However, other aspects of cognition can be affected and symptoms can be stable or even remit.... mild cognitive impairment
see prickly heat.... miliaria rubra
acute generalized *tuberculosis characterized by lesions in affected organs, which resemble millet seeds.... miliary tuberculosis
see Appendix 12.... milk formulas
a spotty red facial rash that is common during the first few months of life; it disappears without treatment.... milk rash
a chromosomal abnormality resulting in a characteristic facial appearance and the absence of the grooves on the surface of the brain (see lissencephaly). Affected individuals have severe learning disabilities.... miller–deiker syndrome
prefix denoting one thousandth part.... milli
n. short for milliampere: one thousandth of an *ampere (10?3 A; symbol: mA). In radiography, the mA setting on an X-ray machine determines the number of X-ray photons produced per second. The setting is important to obtain appropriate exposure and varies with body size (among other factors). See also kilovolt.... milliamp
n. one thousandth of a gram. Symbol: mg.... milligram
n. one thousandth of a metre (10?3 m). Symbol: mm.... millimetre
n. one thousandth of a mole (see mole1). The concentration of a solution is expressed in millimoles per litre. Symbol: mmol.... millimole
see lymphoedema. [W. F. Milroy (1855–1942), US physician]... milroy’s disease
the commonest cause of *nephrotic syndrome in children and an important cause of this syndrome in adults. The condition is so named because of the apparent lack of abnormalities seen on light microscopy of biopsy samples. Changes can, however, be seen on electron microscopy, with effacement of the *podocyte foot processes along the glomerular basement membrane. It is postulated that minimal change disease is a T-cell disease and that *cytokine damage to the podocytes leads to loss of the selective filtering characteristics of the glomerulus. The condition usually responds to corticosteroids and has a good prognosis, but there is clinical overlap with primary *focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, which may have similar histological appearances in its early stages, tends not to respond to steroids, and is associated with a poor renal prognosis.... minimal change nephropathy
(MCS) a disorder of consciousness distinct from *persistent vegetative state (PVS) and locked-in syndrome (see vegetative state). Unlike PVS, patients with MCS have partial preservation of conscious awareness although the level of awareness frequently fluctuates over time.... minimally conscious state
(MMSE) a brief 30-point questionnaire that is used to screen for cognitive impairment in the diagnosis of dementia. It is also used to estimate the severity of cognitive impairment and to follow the course of cognitive changes in an individual over time, thus making it an effective way to document response to treatment. It tests functions including arithmetic, memory, and orientation.... mini-mental state examination
n. temporary *tracheostomy using a needle or fine-bore tube inserted through the skin.... minitracheostomy
1. n. a drug that causes the pupil of the eye to contract by constricting the ciliary muscle (see ciliary body). Miotics, such as *pilocarpine, are used to reduce the pressure in the eye in the treatment of glaucoma: contraction of the ciliary muscle increases the angle between the iris and cornea through which aqueous humour drains from the eye. 2. adj. showing *miosis.... miotic
n. (pl. miracidia) the first-stage larva of a parasitic *fluke. Miracidia hatch from eggs released into water with the host’s excreta. They have *cilia and swim about until they reach a snail. The miracidia then bore into the snail’s soft tissues and there continue their development as *sporocysts.... miracidium
n. dislike of or aversion to particular sounds, irrespective of the level of that sound. See hyperacusis, phonophobia.... misophonia
n. a free-living or parasitic arthropod belonging to a group (Acarina) that also includes the *ticks. Most mites are small, averaging 1 mm or less in length. A mite has no antennae or wings, and its body is not divided into a distinct head, thorax, and abdomen. Medically important mites include the many species causing dermatitis (e.g. Dermatophagoides) and the harvest mite (see Trombicula), which transmits scrub typhus.... mite
a group of inherited conditions transmitted through mitochondrial DNA (see mitochondrion), which can affect any organ and can present at any age. Most of these conditions are very rare; examples of those that are less rare include *Leigh syndrome, congenital *lactic acidosis, *MELAS, and Pearson syndrome.... mitochondrial disorders
a person with a communicable disease in whom the symptoms and signs are so minimal that either there is no request for medical assistance or the doctor fails to make the diagnosis. The patient usually has partial immunity to the disease, but since the infecting organisms are of normal virulence, nonimmune contacts can be affected with the full manifestations of the illness. The period of infectivity is confined to the shortened duration of the illness (in contrast to a *carrier, in whom the pathogen is present without necessarily causing any ill effect). Alternatively, the subject has had the disease but retains some of the pathogens (e.g. in the throat or bowel) and so acts as a continuing reservoir of infection.... missed case
(in the UK) an Act of Parliament restricting the use of dangerous drugs. These controlled drugs are divided into three classes: class A drugs (e.g. heroin, morphine and other potent opioid analgesics, cocaine, LSD) cause the most harm when misused; class B drugs include amphetamines, barbiturates, and cannabis, and class C drugs include most benzodiazepines and anabolic steroids. The Act specifies certain requirements for writing prescriptions for these drugs. The Misuse of Drugs (Supply to Addicts) Regulations 1997 and the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 lay down who may supply controlled drugs and the rules governing their supply, prescription, etc.... misuse of drugs act 1971
(chondriosome) n. (pl. mitochondria) a structure, occurring in varying numbers in the cytoplasm of every cell, that is the site of the cell’s energy production. Mitochondria contain *ATP and the enzymes involved in the cell’s metabolic activities, and also their own DNA; mitochondrial genes (which in humans encode 13 proteins) are inherited through the female line. Each mitochondrion is bounded by a double membrane, the inner being folded inwards to form projections (cristae). —mitochondrial adj.... mitochondrion
n. any substance that can cause cells to begin division (*mitosis).... mitogen
an *anthracycline antibiotic that inhibits the growth of cancer cells. It causes severe marrow suppression but is of use in the treatment of stomach, breast, and bladder cancers.... mitomycin
the proportion of cells in a tissue that are dividing at a given time.... mitotic index
n. an *anthracycline antibiotic used in the treatment of certain cancers, including metastatic breast cancer and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Side-effects are usually mild.... mitoxantrone
(mitral incompetence) failure of the *mitral valve to close, allowing a reflux of blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the left atrium. It may be due to mitral valve prolapse (MVP) in which one or both valve leaflets flop back into the left atrium (also known as ‘floppy mitral valve’). It also results from chronic rheumatic scarring of the valve, or is secondary to left ventricular muscle damage. Its manifestations include breathlessness, atrial *fibrillation, embolism, enlargement of the left ventricle, and a systolic *murmur. Mild cases are symptomless and require no treatment, but in severe cases the affected valve should be repaired or replaced with an artificial one (mitral prosthesis).... mitral regurgitation
a state of disordered mood that combines elements of *mania and *depression; it is a common feature of *bipolar affective disorder. Symptoms include overactivity, flight of ideas, depressed mood, and suicidal *ideation.... mixed affective state
a disease with features in common with systemic *lupus erythematosus, *polymyositis, and *scleroderma. It is characterized by high levels of antibodies to ribonucleoprotein and most commonly affects women between 20 and 40 years of age.... mixed connective tissue disease
a surgical technique used for removing primarily high-risk nonmelanoma skin cancers, particularly basal cell carcinoma. The technique allows the surgeon to see beyond the visible tumour as the specimen is removed and the histology checked in stages. At each stage, if the tumour involves the margins, further tissue is resected until they are clear. There is an extremely high cure rate. [F. E. Mohs (1910–2002), US surgeon]... mohs’ micrographic surgery
(thallium scan) a method to detect and quantify myocardial *ischaemia. An intravenously injected *radionuclide that is taken up by normal heart muscle can be imaged using a *gamma camera. Areas of scar due to *myocardial infarction emit little or no radioactivity and are seen as ‘cold spots’. Exercise is mimicked by infusing drugs to increase the heart rate in order to provoke cold spots in the diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease.... myocardial perfusion scan
the temporary loss of function of an area of heart muscle due to transient blockage of a coronary artery. It is typically seen following myocardial infarction that is treated promptly by successful emergency *percutaneous coronary intervention. The stunning may last up to two weeks.... myocardial stunning
(NMC) a statutory body that regulates the nursing and midwifery professions in the public interest. See nurse.... nursing and midwifery council
see miscarriage.... recurrent miscarriage
the nonclinical, or recreational, use of pharmacologically active substances such that continued use results in adverse physiological or psychological effects (see dependence). Substances commonly misused include alcohol (see alcoholism), *amphetamines, *cannabis, *cocaine, *Ecstasy, *heroin, *lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and organic solvents (by inhalation), but also many prescribed medications, such as co-codamol, quetiapine, or pregabalin.... substance misuse
a common misunderstanding on the part of patients involved in a research trial that they themselves will benefit from its findings. Researchers and recruiters for research have an ethical duty to check for this misunderstanding and to correct it wherever possible. If they do not, the principle of *informed consent may be breached.... therapeutic misconception
the formation of thrombi in arterioles and capillaries, leading to haemolytic anaemia and *thrombocytopenia. The term encompasses primary *haemolytic uraemic syndrome and *thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, as well as the microangiopathies that can complicate pregnancy (pregnancy-related haemolytic uraemic syndrome, *HELLP syndrome), *malignant hypertension, *scleroderma, *antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, organ transplantation, and cancer.... thrombotic microangiopathy
(TEMS) a minimally invasive surgical procedure for rectal polyps not suitable for colonoscopic resection. For early rectal cancer it can be an alternative to lower anterior resection of the rectum. The procedure is performed through the anus and rectum using an *operating microscope and microsurgical instruments.... transanal endoscopic microsurgery
a *myocardial infarction that involves the full thickness of the left ventricular wall.... transmural myocardial infarction
Mentha arvensis
FAMILY: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
SYNONYMS: Field mint, Japanese mint.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A rather fragile herb with leafy stems up to 60 cms high, lance-shaped leaves and lilac-coloured flowers borne in clustered whorls in the axils of the upper leaves.
DISTRIBUTION: Native to Europe and parts of Asia (Japan and China); naturalized in North America. Major producers of the oil include China, Brazil, Argentina, India and Vietnam.
OTHER SPECIES: There are many varieties and chemotypes of this herb, which is used for large-scale oil production, such as the Chinese type M. arvensis var. glabrata, and the Japanese species M. arvensis var. piperascens.
HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: It is used therapeutically in many of the same ways as peppermint; the bruised leaves are applied to the forehead to relieve nervous headache. In the East it is used to treat rheumatic pain, neuralgia, toothache, laryngitis, indigestion, colds and bronchitis. In Chinese medicine, it is also employed for relieving earache, treating tumours and some skin conditions.
ACTIONS: Anaesthetic, antimicrobial, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cytotoxic, digestive, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic.
EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the flowering herb. The oil is usually dementholized since it contains so much menthol that it is otherwise solid at room temperature.
CHARACTERISTICS: Dementholized oil – a colourless or pale yellow liquid with a strong, fresh, bitter-sweet minty odour, somewhat like peppermint.
PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Menthol (70–95 per cent), menthane (10–20 per cent), pinene, menthyl acetate, isomenthone, thujone, phellandrene, piperitone and menthofuran, among others. Constituents vary according to source.
SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant (except in concentration); may cause sensitization in some individuals. Menthol is a dermal irritant.
AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE None. Use peppermint in preference, since it is not fractionated like the commercial cornmint oil and has a more refined fragrance.
OTHER USES: Used in some pharmaceutical preparations, such as cough lozenges, herb teas and syrups, mainly in the form of menthol. Extensively employed in soaps, toothpastes, detergents, cosmetics, perfumes and especially industrial fragrances. Used by the food industry especially for flavouring confectionery, liqueurs and chewing gum. However, it is mainly used for the isolation of natural menthol.... mint, cornmint
Mentha piperita
FAMILY: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
SYNONYMS: Brandy mint, balm mint.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A perennial herb up to 1 metre high with underground runners by which it is easily propagated. The ‘white’ peppermint has green stems and leaves; the ‘black’ peppermint has dark green serrated leaves, purplish stems and reddish-violet flowers.
DISTRIBUTION: Originally a cultivated hybrid between M. viridis and M. aquatica, known to have been propagated from before the seventeenth century in England. Naturalized throughout Europe and America, it is cultivated worldwide. The oil is produced mainly in France, England, America, Russia, Bulgaria, Italy, Hungary, Morocco and China.
OTHER SPECIES: There are several different strains or chemotypes of peppermint. In addition there are numerous other species of mint, such as spearmint, apple mint, pennyroyal, water mint and pineapple mint – some of which are used to produce essential oils (see Botanical Classification section). Peppermints grown in northern regions, including the Mitcham peppermint, are considered of superior quality.
HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: Mints have been cultivated since ancient times in China and Japan. In Egypt evidence of a type of peppermint has been found in tombs dating from 1000 BC. It has been used extensively in Eastern and Western medicine for a variety of complaints, including indigestion, nausea, sore throat, diarrhoea, headaches, toothaches and cramp.
It is current in the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia for intestinal colic, flatulence, common cold, vomiting in pregnancy and dysmenorrhoea.
ACTIONS: Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiphlogistic, antipruritic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antiviral, astringent, carminative, cephalic, cholagogue, cordial, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, hepatic, nervine, stomachic, sudorific, vasoconstrictor, vermifuge.
EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the flowering herb (approx. 3–4 per cent yield).
CHARACTERISTICS: A pale yellow or greenish liquid with a highly penetrating, grassy-minty camphoraceous odour. It blends well with benzoin, rosemary, lavender, marjoram, lemon, eucalyptus and other mints.
PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Menthol (29–48 per cent), menthane (20–31 per cent), menthyl acetate, menthofuran, limonene, pulegone, cineol, among others.
SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant (except in concentration), possible sensitization due to menthol. Use in moderation.
AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE
Skin care: Acne, dermatitis, ringworm, scabies, toothache.
Circulation muscles and joints: Neuralgia, muscular pain, palpitations.
Respiratory system: Asthma, bronchitis, halitosis, sinusitis, spasmodic cough – ‘When inhaled (in steam) it checks catarrh temporarily, and will provide relief from head colds and bronchitis: its antispasmodic action combines well with this to make it a most useful inhalation in asthma.’.
Digestive system: Colic, cramp, dyspepsia, flatulence, nausea.
Immune system: Colds, ’flu, fevers.
Nervous system: Fainting, headache, mental fatigue, migraine, nervous stress, vertigo.
OTHER USES: Flavouring agent in pharmaceuticals, and ingredient in cough, cold and digestive remedies. Flavouring agent in many foods, especially chewing gum and sweets, alcoholic and soft drinks; also widely used to flavour tobacco. Fragrance component in soaps, toothpaste, detergents, cosmetics, colognes and perfumes.... mint, peppermint
Mentha spicata
FAMILY: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
SYNONYMS: M. viridis, common spearmint, garden spearmint, spire mint, green mint, lamb mint, pea mint, fish mint.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A hardy branched perennial herb with bright green, lance-shaped, sharply toothed leaves, quickly spreading underground runners and pink or lilac-coloured flowers in slender cylindrical spikes.
DISTRIBUTION: Native to the Mediterranean region, now common throughout Europe, western Asia and the Middle East. It was introduced to the USA where it has become a very popular flavouring. The oil is produced in midwest USA, Hungary, Spain, Yugoslavia, the USSR and China.
OTHER SPECIES: There are several different types of spearmint, especially in the USA, such as the curly mint (M. spicata var. crispa). In Russia the oil from M. verticellata is also sold as spearmint oil.
HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: Valued all over the world as a culinary herb, as shown by its folk names. It was used by the ancient Greeks as a restorative and to scent their bathwater. The distilled water is used to relieve hiccough, colic, nausea, indigestion and flatulence. ‘Applied to the forehead and temples, it eases the pains in the head, and is good to wash the heads of young children with, against all manner of breakings out, sores or scabs ... being smelled unto, it is comforting to the head.’.
ACTIONS: Anaesthetic (local), antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cephalic, cholagogue, decongestant, digestive, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hepatic, nervine, stimulant, stomachic, tonic.
EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the flowering tops.
CHARACTERISTICS: A pale yellow or olive mobile liquid with a warm, spicy-herbaceous, minty odour. It blends well with lavender, lavandin, jasmine, eucalyptus, basil and rosemary and is often used in combination with peppermint.
PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: L-carvone (50–70 per cent), dihydrocarvone, phellandrene, limonene, menthone, menthol, pulegone, cineol, linalol, pinenes, among others.
SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant, non-sensitizing.
AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE ‘The properties of spearmint oil resemble those of peppermint but its effects are less powerful ... it is better adapted to children’s maladies.’.
Skin care: Acne, dermatitis, congested skin.
Respiratory system: Asthma, bronchitis, catarrhal conditions, sinusitis.
Digestive system: Colic, dyspepsia, flatulence, hepatobiliary disorders, nausea, vomiting.
Immune system: Colds, fevers, ’flu.
Nervous system: Fatigue, headache, migraine, nervous strain, neurasthenia, stress.
OTHER USES: Used as a fragrance component, mainly in soaps and colognes. Primarily used as a flavour ingredient in a wide range of products, including toothpaste, chewing gum, sweets, alcoholic and soft drinks.... mint, spearmint
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