Wall. ex Wight.
Synonym: O. arborea Wall. ex DC. O. quadriparita Salzm. ex Decne.
Family: Santalaceae.
Habitat: Sub-tropical Himalaya, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.
Folk: Popli (Maharashtra); Paral (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu); Jhuri (Nepal); Dalmi, Dalmia (Garhwal, Kumaon).
Action: Leaf—emetic.
The leaf contains 20% tannin. It gave cis-4-hydroxy-L-proline, and exhibited antiviral activity.The heartwood is faintly fragrant and reported to be used for adulterating sandalwood.
Linn.
Synonym: S.persica L.var. wightiana Verde. S. indica Wt.
Family: Salvadoraceae.
Habitat: Arid regions, on saline lands and in coastal regions.
English: Mustard tree. Salt Bush tree, Tooth Brush tree.
Ayurvedic: Pilu (smaller var.), Pilukaa, Sransi, Angaahva, Tikshna- vrksha.
Unani: Miswaak, Araak.
Siddha: Perungoli.
Action: Fruit—carminative (used in biliousness), deobstruent (used for rheumatism, tumours, splenomegaly), diuretic, lithotriptic. Leaves—decoction used for cough and asthma, poultice in painful piles and tumours; juice in scurvy. Flowers—stimulant, laxative. Applied in painful rheumatic conditions. Seeds—diuretic; purgative; fatty oil applied locally on rheumatic swellings. Root bark—topically vesicant. Bark—emmenagogue, ascarifuge, febrifuge. Biological activity of stem bark—spasmolytic. Plant—anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic, antibacterial.
The root gave elemental gamma- monoclinic sulphur, benzyl glucosino- late, salvadourea (a urea derivative), m-anisic acid and sitosterol. Benzyl isothiocyanate, isolated from the root, exhibits antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus-1 which affects oral region. (The root is used in many parts of the world as a tooth brush.) Root bark and stem bark contain trimethy- lamine. Myristic, lauric and palmitic acids are the major acid components of the seed fat.
Dosage: Fruit—3-6 g powder; 50100 ml decoction. (CCRAS.)... salvadora persica
Linn.
Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.
Habitat: Native of Baluchistan. (Used in Unani medicine.)
Unani: Kanochaa, Marv. Seeds— Tukhm Kanochaa, Tukhm Marv. (National Formulary of Unani Medicine equated Kanochaa with Phyllanthus maderaspatensis Linn.)
Action: Used for colic and as an intestinal tonic, deobstruent and disinfectant. Roasted or processed seeds are prescribed in diarrhoea and dysentery.
Synonym: S. wightiana Wall. ex W. & A.
Family: Caprifoliaceae.
Habitat: Kashmir at 2,000-3,600 m.
English: Dwarf Elder.
Unani: Khamaan Saghir, Khamaan- ul-Arzaa, (Nabli) Khamaan.
Siddha/Tamil: Mushkiyaara (Punjab), Khamman, Ganhulaa.
Action: Diuretic, expectorant. Used for kidney and bladder torpor.
Lipid fraction of drupes contains unsaturated fatty acids, sterols, aliphatic alcohols, triterpenic alcohols, alpha- and beta-amyrin; also anthocyanin pigments, phenolic acids. The root contains beta-sitosterol and alpha- amyrin. Aqueous extracts induced diuresis in rats and exhibited hypotensive activity in cats. The extract of flowering herb showed significant anti- ulcerogenic activity. cyanogenic glycosides; berries contain flavonoids, anthocyanins, vitamin A and C.Anti-inflammatory activity of the flowers has been attributed to ursolic acid. Elder flowers and peppermint is an old remedy for influenza in the Western herbal.The berry is used against influenza virus A and B. (J Alt Compliment Med, 1(4), 1995.)... sambucus ebulus
(Roxb.) Kunth.
Synonym: Drimia indica Roxb. non-(Wt.) Baker.
Family: Liliaceae.
Habitat: Western Himalayas, Bihar, Konkan and along the Coromandel Coast. U. maritima (L.) Baker is native to Mediterranean region.
English: Indian Squill, Sea Onion (red and white varieties).
Ayurvedic: Vana-palaandu, Kolakanda, Vajrakanda.
Unani: Unsul-e-Hindi, Isqueel- e-Hindi, Piyaaz-Dasti, Piyaaz- Sahraayi, Jangali Piyaaz.
Siddha/Tamil: Narivengayam.
Action: Used as a substitute for European Squill, Urginea maritima. Expectorant (in dry respiratory conditions, whooping cough and bronchial asthma), antispasmodic, emetic (in large doses), diuretic (promotes fluid elimination in heart disease), cardiac tonic (effect, non-cumulative). Used topically as a hair tonic for dandruff and seborrhoea (active constituent is thought to be scilliroside of the Red Squill.)
Key application: Urginea maritima—in milder cases of heart insufficiency, also for diminished kidney capacity. (German Commission E.)Bulbs contain cardiac glycosides, scillarens A and B. Bulb, leaves and root contain stigmasterol, sitosterol and campesterol. Bulbs also contain hentriacontanol, octacosanoic acid. Defatted air-dried bulbs afforded 6- desacetoxyscillirosidin.The plant exhibits cyanogenetic activity.Urginea maritima (White Squill) is contraindicated in potassium deficiency or when digitalis glycosides are being used (Francis Brinker), in hyper- calcaemia and hyperkalaemia (Sharon M. Herr).Urginea coromandeliana Hook. f. non-Wight, synonym U. wightiana Hook f. (Coromandel coast and in dry regions of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu up to 3,000 m) is used as a substitute for Indian Squill (U. indica).
Dosage: Bulb—120-200 mg powder. (CCRAS.)... urginea indica
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