In severely ill patients – especially those who have had major surgery or those with SEPSIS, burns, acute pancreatitis (see PANCREAS, DISORDERS OF) and renal failure – the body’s reserves of protein become exhausted. This results in weight loss; reduction in muscle mass; a fall in the serum albumin (see ALBUMINS) and LYMPHOCYTE count; and an impairment of cellular IMMUNITY. Severely ill patients are unable to take adequate food by mouth to repair the body protein loss so that enteral or parenteral nutrition is required. Enteral feeding is through the gastrointestinal tract with the aid of a nasogastric tube; parenteral nutrition involves the provision of carbohydrate, fat and proteins by intravenous administration.
The preferred route for the infusion of hyperosmolar solutions is via a central venous catheter (see CATHETERS). If parenteral nutrition is required for more than two weeks, it is advisable to use a long-term type of catheter such as the Broviac, Hickman or extra-corporeal type, which is made of silastic material and is inserted via a long subcutaneous tunnel; this not only helps to ?x the catheter but also minimises the risk of ascending infection.
Dextrose is considered the best source of carbohydrate and may be used as a 20 per cent or 50 per cent solution. AMINO ACIDS should be in the laevo form and should contain the correct proportion of essential (indispensable) and non-essential amino acids. Preparations are available with or without electrolytes and with or without fat emulsions.
The main hazards of intravenous feeding are blood-borne infections made possible by continued direct access to the circulation, and biochemical abnormalities related to the composition of the solutions infused. The continuous use of hypertonic solutions of glucose can cause HYPERGLYCAEMIA and glycosuria and the resultant POLYURIA may lead to dehydration. Treatment with INSULIN is needed when hyper-osmolality occurs, and in addition the water and sodium de?cits will require to be corrected.
1 The process of nourishing or being nourished, especially the process by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and for replacement of tissues. 2 The science or study that deals with food and nourishment, especially in humans.... nutrition
Alfalfa tea is known for more than 2000 years and its benefits are shown by recent studies to be good in treating ailments such as kidney stones or arthritis.
Alfalfa: the plant and the tea
Alfalfa, literally meaning “the father of plants”, is also known as lucerne, holy-hay or trefoil.
It has a high nutritional content, and is best known for possessing A, B, C, D, E and K vitamins.
This plant has been originally used only as horse feed, but due to its nutritional benefits its usage has been extended to human consumption too. It proved to be a good soil fertilizer, especially a plant growth regulator.
As part of the human diet, at first, it was used to promote appetite and stop bleeding, but further studies have revealed many other health benefits.
Alfalfa tea is the beverage resulting from brewing the dried herbs.
Brewing Alfalfa Tea
To make
Alfalfa tea:
- take the dried leaves
- soak them in boiling water
- steep them for 10 to 15 minutes (depending on the quantity and flavor preferences)
Consumers described the taste of the resulting
Alfalfa tea as refreshing and pleasant to drink.
For medicinal purposes, it is advisable to have 5,000 to 10,000 mg of alfalfa leaves steeped three times a day.
Another efficient way of intaking Alfalfa is through herbal supplements, like tablets or capsules.
Alfalfa Tea benefits
Alfalfa tea is successfully used to:
- lower cholesterol levels
- help keep calcium in bones and out of artery linings
- help lower blood sugar levels
- help in treatment of upset stomach
- alleviate kidney and bladder woes
- stimulate the immune system
- purify the blood
- carry intestinal waste out of the body
- reduce cancer risks
Alfalfa Tea side effects
Studies have shown that consuming
Alfalfa tea, especially in high doses,could have side effects, such as: breaking down red blood cells, aggravating or even causing symptoms similar to systemic lupus erythematosus disease (SLE). The abovementioned tea is not recommended to pregnant or nursing women, and its administration is not advisable to children suffering from diabetes or autoimmune disease.
Alfalfa tea is a modern cure for a large array of diseases. It is also largely used as cattle food, due to its nutritional content.... alfalfa tea: a nutritional tea
the study of the relationships between the human genome, nutrition, and health. There are two main branches of study: nutrigenetics investigates how an individual’s genes affect their response to certain dietary nutrients, whereas nutrigenomics investigates how nutrients ingested can modulate gene expression. In time, nutrigenomics may help to identify the aetiology of certain chronic diseases.... nutritional genomics
(TPN) the delivery of all the essential nutrients directly into the bloodstream through a catheter in a vein. This may be by the peripheral route, via a vein in the upper arm (see PICC line) for short-term use (see peripheral parenteral nutrition), or centrally, into the subclavian vein in the neck (see Hickman catheter), for longer than two weeks. TPN has a risk of complications and should only be used when the gastrointestinal tract is not functioning. *Enteral feeding is always the preferred route. See also artificial nutrition and hydration; nutrition.... total parenteral nutrition
the use of enteral feeding tubes or cannulas to administer nutrients and fluids directly into the gastrointestinal tract or bloodstream when the oral route cannot be used owing to disability or disease. When other intensive treatments are judged *futile, artificial nutrition and hydration are considered *extraordinary means of prolonging life in patients who have no prospect of recovery. It is permissible to withdraw such treatment when it is no longer in the patient’s interests and when the primary intention is not to kill the patient, although death is foreseen (see doctrine of double effect). In cases of patients in a *persistent vegetative state in England and Wales, the matter must be referred to the courts following the case of Tony Bland. Where food and water are withdrawn it is still considered important to moisten the patient’s lips and to keep him or her comfortable until death.... artificial nutrition and hydration
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