Ph: From 4 Different Sources
A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
The pH scale ranges from 0–14, 7 being neutral; values smaller than this are acid, values larger are alkaline.
The pH of body fluids must be close to 7.4 for metabolic reactions to proceed normally (see acid–base balance).
A measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution that is calculated as a negative logarithm. A neutral solution has a pH of 7·0 and this ?gure falls for a solution with increasing acidity and rises if the alkalinity increases. Measuring the pH of arterial blood has a major role in managing serious respiratory or cardiac disease including SHOCK and SEPTICAEMIA.
The potential of hydrogen. A “neutral” pH is expressed as 7.0 (water), with greater being alkaline and lesser being acidic. Expressed logarithmically like the Richter’s Scale, 6.9 pH is twice as acidic as 7.0. 9.0 is ten times as alkaline as 8.0, etc., all based on the presumed amount of hydrogen ion (acidity) present. This is a chemical literality, not to be confused with the vitalist and cyto-hologrammic implications of Acid and Alkaline metabolism or foods. A complex protein has a literal pH close to neutral. Run it through your body and it gets broken down into an incredible array of amino acids, ending up as nitrogenous acid waste products. The more rapid the metabolism, the more acids are produced...the ashes of life are acids. The literal pH of the life media, such as blood, lymph and cytoplasm...and most food, is alkaline. This acid/alkaline is a concept only applicable “in vivo”; pH defines acid/alkaline “in vitro”.
a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, and therefore of its acidity or alkalinity. A pH of 7 indicates a neutral solution, a pH below 7 indicates acidity, and a pH in excess of 7 indicates alkalinity.
Inflammation of the mucous membrane and underlying part of the pharynx... pharyngitis
An o?cial publication dealing with the recognised drugs and giving their doses, preparations, sources, and tests. Most countries have a pharmacopoeia of their own. That for Great Britain and Ireland is prepared by the British Pharmacopoeia Commission under the direction of the Medicines Commission. Many hospitals and medical schools have a small pharmacopoeia of their own, giving the prescriptions most commonly dispensed in that particular hospital or school. The British National Formulary is a compact authoritative volume for those concerned with the prescribing or dispensing of medicines.... pharmacopoeia
1 The art or practice of preparing and preserving drugs, and of compounding and dispensing medicines according to the prescriptions of medical practitioners. 2 A place where drugs are dispensed.... pharmacy
Mucus in the throat or bronchi.... phlegm
A disorder in which a vascular tumour of the adrenal medulla (see ADRENAL GLANDS) develops. The tumour may also affect the structurally similar tissues associated with the chain of sympathetic nerves. There is uncontrolled and irregular secretion of ADRENALINE and NORADRENALINE with the result that the patient suffers from episodes of high blood pressure (HYPERTENSION), raised heart rate, and headache. Surgery to remove the tumour may be possible; if not, drug treatment may help.... phaeochromocytoma
Cells – including monocytes (a variety of LEUCOCYTES) in the blood and macrophages (see MACROPHAGE) in the tissues – that envelop and digest BACTERIA cells, cell debris and other small particles. Phagocytes are an essential part of the body’s defence mechanisms.... phagocyte
The act of absorbing and digesting fragments, detritus, or whole organisms, as an amoeba does. Granulocytes do this in the body.... phagocytosis
(Plural: phalanges.) The name given to any one of the small bones of the ?ngers and toes. The phalanges are 14 in number in each hand and foot – the thumb and great toe possessing only two each, whilst each of the other ?ngers and toes has three.... phalanx
An alternative name for the PENIS, this word may also be used to describe a penis-like object. In embryology the phallus is the rudimentary penis before the urethral duct has completely developed.... phallus
Following the AMPUTATION of a limb, it is usual for the patient to experience sensations as if the limb were still present. This condition is referred to as a phantom limb. In most patients the sensation passes o? in time.... phantom limb
The way in which the body deals with a drug. This includes the drug’s absorption, distribution in the tissues, METABOLISM, and excretion.... pharmacokinetics
Another name for the throat. The term throat is popularly applied to the region about the front of the neck generally, but in its strict sense it means the irregular cavity into which the nose and mouth open above, from which the larynx and gullet open below, and in which the channel for the air and that for the food cross one another. In its upper part, the EUSTACHIAN TUBES open one on either side, and between them on the back wall grows a mass of glandular tissue – adenoids (see NOSE, DISORDERS OF).... pharynx
An example of the widely used ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS which are classi?ed as MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS (MAOIS). The drug is particularly useful because its stimulant e?ect is less than that of most other MAOIs.... phenelzine
See under PENICILLIN.... phenoxymethylpenicillin
Commonly referred to as PKU, this is one of the less common, but very severe, forms of mental de?ciency. The incidence in populations of European origin is around 1 in 15,000 births. The condition is due to the inability of the baby to metabolise the amino acid, phenylalanine (see AMINO ACIDS). In the UK, every newborn baby is screened for PKU by testing a spot of their blood collected by the midwife. A positive diagnosis leads to lifelong treatment with a diet low in phenylalanine, with a good chance that the infant will grow up mentally normal. Parents of children with phenylketonuria can obtain help and information from the National Society for Phenylketonuria (UK) Ltd. (See also METABOLIC DISORDERS; GENETIC DISORDERS – Recessive genes.)... phenylketonuria
Tightness of the foreskin (PREPUCE) which prevents it from being pulled back over the underlying head (glans) of the PENIS. Some phimosis is normal in uncircumcised males until they are six months old. The condition may, however, persist, eventually causing problems with urination. BALANITIS may occur because the inside of the foreskin cannot be properly washed. There may be an increased risk of cancer of the penis. In adolescents and adults with phimosis, erection of the penis is painful. CIRCUMCISION is the treatment.... phimosis
In?ammation of a vein. (See VEINS; VEINS, DISEASES OF.)... phlebitis
The study of the VEINS, particularly by means of X-rays after the veins have been injected with a radio-opaque substance.... phlebography
A traditional name for the operation of bloodletting by opening a vein. (See VEINS; VENESECTION.)... phlebotomy
This is a great reduction in the size of the proximal parts of the limbs. In extreme cases the hands and feet may spring directly from the trunk. A rare condition, it occurred most commonly in children whose mothers took THALIDOMIDE in early pregnancy.... phocomelia
An OPIOID cough suppressant similar to CODEINE; it is not, however, potent enough to suppress severe coughs and is also constipating.... pholcodine
The presence of excess phosphates in the urine. This occurs in...and can even cause, alkaline urine (it’s normally acidic), resulting in cloudy urine, small particle sedimentation, and the more common kinds of kidney stones.... phosphaturia
A non-metallic element whose compounds are widely found in plant and animal tissues. In humans, this element is largely concentrated in BONE. Some phosphorus-containing compounds such as ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) and creatine phosphate are essential participants in the conversion and storage of energy that are part of the body’s METABOLISM. Pure phosphorus is toxic.... phosphorus
Coagulation of the tissues of the retina (see EYE) by laser, for treatment of diseases of the retina such as diabetic retinopathy (see under EYE, DISORDERS OF – Retina, disorders of).... photocoagulation
Sensitivity to light. It can occur in MIGRAINE, disorders of the eye, or in MENINGITIS.... photophobia
Abnormal reaction to sunlight. The condition usually occurs as a skin rash appearing in response to light falling on the skin, and it may be caused by substances that have been eaten or applied to the skin. These are called photosensitisers and may be dyes, chemicals in soaps, or drugs. Sometimes plants act as photosensitisers – for example, buttercups and mustard. The condition may occur in some illnesses such as lupus erythematosus (see under LUPUS).... photosensitivity
Physiology is the branch of medical science that deals with the healthy functions of di?erent organs, and the changes that the whole body undergoes in the course of its activities. The teaching of physiology is a basic part of the medical student’s initial education.... physiology
An important treatment involving the use of physical measures, such as exercise, heat, manipulation and remedial exercises in the treatment of disease. An alternative name is PHYSICAL MEDICINE. It is an essential part of the rehabilitation of convalescent or disabled patients. Those who practise physiotherapy – physiotherapists – have a recognised training and, on successful completion of this, are placed on the profession’s o?cial register (see APPENDIX 8: PROFESSIONAL ORGANISATIONS.)... physiotherapy
The British Pharmacopoeia name for vitamin K. (See APPENDIX 5: VITAMINS.)... phytomenadione
Botanical or herbal medicine, often with a heavy emphasis on studies and monographs and their medical implications (with virtually none from North America), and with a philosophy of “little drug” medical uses and the reliance on the European phytopharmaceutical industry (where the studies came from). No judgment here; this approach is of great value to physicians, since it offers clear implications for medical use. This approach is, however, medical and mechanistic, not vitalist and wholistic... phytotherapy
Also called pharmacogenetics – the use of human genetic variations to optimise the discovery and development of drugs and the treatment of patients. The human race varies much more in its genetic make-up than has previously been realised; these variations in GENES and their PROTEIN products could be utilised to provide safer and more e?ective drugs. Genes affect drug absorption, distribution, METABOLISM and excretion. Drugs are designed and prescribed on the basis of a population’s needs, but patients comprise a diverse range of individuals. For example, nearly one-third of patients fail to respond to the cholesterol-reducing group of drugs, the STATINS. Around half do not respond to the tricyclic ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS. Over 80 per cent of patients’ responses to drugs depends on their genetics: this genetic variation needs to be identi?ed so as to make the prescription of drugs more e?ective, and technology for analysing genetic variants is progressing. Assessing drug e?ectiveness, however, is not simple because the health and diets of individuals are di?erent and this can affect the response to a drug. Even so, the genetic identi?cation of people who would or would not respond to a particular drug should bene?t patients by ensuring a more accurately targeted drug and by reducing the risks to a person of side-effects from taking a drug that would not work. There would also be substantial economic savings.... pharmacogenomics
A synthetic anticoagulant (see ANTICOAGULANTS). Given by mouth, it is used to prevent the formation of clots in the blood in rheumatic heart disease and atrial ?brillation (see HEART, DISEASES OF); as prophylaxis after insertion of a prosthetic heart valve; and as prophylaxis and treatment of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. It is slower in action than WARFARIN, not achieving its full anticoagulant e?ect until up to 48 hours after the initial dose. The drug should be avoided in patients with renal or hepatic impairment, and whenever severe hypersensitivity reactions have previously occurred. Adverse effects include rashes, fever, LEUCOPENIA, AGRANULOCYTOSIS, diarrhoea and pink urine; breast feeding should be avoided.... phenindione
Another name for CARBOLIC ACID.... phenol
An individual’s characteristics as determined by the interaction between his or her genotype – quota of GENES – and the environment.... phenotype
An alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drug (see ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS) used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION caused by PHAEOCHROMOCYTOMA.... phenoxybenzamine
A natural amino acid (see AMINO ACIDS) essential for growth in infants, and for nitrogen metabolism in adults.... phenylalanine
The term applied to a small stone formed in a vein (see VEINS) as a result of calci?cation of a THROMBUS.... phlebolith
The production of vocal sounds – in particular, speech.... phonation
Salts of phosphoric acid. As this substance is contained in many articles of food as well as in bone, the nuclei of cells, and the nervous system, phosphates are constantly excreted in the URINE. The continued use of an excess of food containing alkalis, such as green vegetables, and still more the presence in the urine of bacteria which lead to its decomposition, produce the necessary change from the natural mild acidity to alkalinity, and lead to the deposit of phosphates and to their collection into stones.... phosphates
A LIPID, the molecule of which contains a chemical derivative of PHOSPHORUS called phosphate. This type of lipid, which includes cephalins, lecithins and plasmalogens, is found in all tissues and organs, especially the BRAIN. Phospholipids are produced in the LIVER and and take part in many of the body’s metabolic activities (see METABOLISM).... phospholipid
A form of treatment in which deliberate exposure to a photosensitising drug and ultraviolet light bene?ts certain skin diseases, particularly PSORIASIS and T-cell LYMPHOMA. A psoralen is the photoactive agent which reacts with long-wave ultraviolet light (UVA), giving the acronym, PUVA therapy.... photochemotherapy
This comprises a photosensitising agent (one activated by light), which accumulates in malignant tissue, and a source of light that activates the photosensitiser, triggering it to generate highly reactive oxygen compounds that destroy malignant cells. One such photosensitiser is temopor?n. Photodynamic therapy is used to treat various types of malignancy; a recognised complication is photosensitivity, when a patient may suffer burns after transient exposure to sunlight. Photodynamic therapy is increasingly used and photosensitivity reactions may also become more common.... photodynamic therapy
This is a description of the ?ashing lights which are a not uncommon AURA preceding an attack of MIGRAINE.... photopsia
The method by which green plants and some bacteria produce CARBOHYDRATE from water and carbon dioxide. They use energy absorbed from the sun’s rays by a green pigment in the organism called chlorophyll. Photosynthesis is one of the earth’s fundamental biological processes. As well as converting the carbon dioxide into the essential biological compound carbohydrate, the process removes the gas from the atmosphere where, if it builds to excess, the atmospheric temperature rises, thus contributing to global warming.... photosynthesis
The NERVE which chie?y supplies the DIAPHRAGM. A phrenic nerve arises on each side of the SPINAL CORD from the third, fourth and ?fth cervical spinal nerves; both follow a long course down the neck, and through the chest to the diaphragm. They play a key part in RESPIRATION through control of the diaphragm. Injury to one nerve paralyses one half of the diaphragm. Occasionally the phrenic nerve may be surgically crushed as part of the treatment to repair a HIATUS HERNIA or, rarely, to stop intractable hiccups.... phrenic nerve
A quack method, common in the Victorian era, allegedly to study the mind and character of individuals from the shape of the head. As the shape of the head has been shown to depend chie?y upon accidental characteristics, such as the size of the air spaces in the bones, and not upon development of special areas in the contained brain, there is no scienti?c basis for the practice.... phrenology
A historical term means wasting, and was applied to that progressive enfeeblement and loss of weight that arose from tuberculous disease of all kinds, but especially from the disease as it affected the lungs (see TUBERCULOSIS).... phthisis
That part of a patient’s consultation with a doctor in which the doctor looks, feels (palpates) and listens to (auscultates) various parts of the patient’s body. Along with the history of the patient’s symptoms, this enables the doctor to assess the patient’s condition and decide whether an immediate diagnosis is possible or whether laboratory or imaging investigations are needed to reach a diagnosis. A full physical examination may take 30 minutes or more. Physical examination, along with certain standard investigations, is done when a person attends for a ‘preventive’ check-up of his or her state of health.... physical examination
A medical specialty founded in 1931 and recognised by the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1972. Physical-medicine specialists started by treating rheumatic diseases; subsequently their work developed to include the diagnosis and rehabilitation of people with physical handicaps. The specialty has now been combined with that of RHEUMATOLOGY. (See also PHYSIOTHERAPY.)... physical medicine
Professional person qualified by education and authorised by law to practise medicine. In certain countries refers to a specialist in internal medicine.... physician
The study or knowledge of the pharmacologically active ingredients of plants.... pharmacognosy
See oesophageal diverticulum.... pharyngeal pouch
A barbiturate drug used mainly as an anticonvulsant. It is often used with phenytoin to treat epilepsy. Possible side effects include drowsiness, clumsiness, dizziness, excitement, and confusion.... phenobarbital
A decongestant drug used to treat seasonal allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and the common cold. As eye-drops, it is used to dilate the pupils for eye examinations. High doses or prolonged use of nasal preparations may cause headache and blurred vision; stopping taking the drug suddenly may make nasal congestion worse.... phenylephrine
A surgical treatment for astigmatism, myopia, and hypermetropia, in which areas of the cornea are shaved away by laser.... photorefractive keratectomy
n. a unit of loudness of sound. The intensity of a sound to be measured is compared by the human ear to a reference tone of 2 × 10?5 pascal sound pressure and 1000 hertz frequency. The intensity of the reference tone is increased until it appears to be equal in loudness to the sound being measured; the loudness of this sound in phons is then equal to the number of decibels by which the reference tone has had to be increased.... phon
See PHARMACOPOEIA.... british pharmacopoeia
A doctor who works in the specialty that encompasses PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, EPIDEMIOLOGY and PUBLIC HEALTH.... community physician
An ENZYME that performs an essential function in the metabolism of CARBOHYDRATE. A de?ciency in this enzyme – acronym G6PD – results in the breakdown of ERYTHROCYTES (HAEMOLYSIS), usually in the presence of oxidants (see OXIDANT) such as infections or drugs. The de?ciency disorder is a hereditary condition in which the enzyme is absent. The condition, characterised by pallor, rigors and pain in the loin, is divided into African, European (including FAVISM) and Oriental types. Sufferers should avoid substances that trigger haemolysis. Acute episodes are best treated symptomatically.... glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
A deficiency in the enzyme G6PD resulting in a haemolytic anaemia. This haemoglobinopathy contraindicates the use of the 4-aminoquinolines such as primaquine for the radical treatment of benign tertian and ovale tertian malaria.... glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (g6pd) deficiency
Commonly known as fireweed, Lytocarpus is a stinging hydroid (hydrozoan) that grows on pilings, rocks and overhangs in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. Skin contact causes an itchy vesicular rash.... lytocarpus philippinus
(Greek) A bright woman; in mythology, the wife of Theseus Phadra, Phaidra, Phedra, Phaydra, Phedre, Phaedre... phaedra
(Asian) One who shares with others... phan
The term applied to an imaginary appearance or daydream.... phantasy
See PHARMACOGENOMICS.... pharmacogenetics
Pain in the pharynx... pharyngodynia
Any disease of the pharynx... pharyngopathy
(Vietnamese) A faithful woman Pheakkly, Pheakkli, Pheakklie, Pheakklee, Pheakkleigh, Pheakklea... pheakkley
(Greek) One who smiles a lot Phebah, Phiba, Phibah... pheba
A powerful analgesic which can be given under the tongue if nausea and vomiting are a problem.... phenazocine hydrobromide
(American) One who enjoys life Phenyce, Phenise, Phenyse, Phenicia, Phenicea... phenice
The British Pharmacopoeia name for one of the most widely used of all the group of drugs called BARBITURATES. It was mainly used in combination with PHENYTOIN SODIUM as an anticonvulsant drug in the control of EPILEPSY, but has been superceded largely by newer and safer anti-epileptic drugs.... phenobarbitone
See PERMETHRIN.... phenothrin
(African) A victorious woman... phenyo
An older drug for the treatment of EPILEPSY. It is not now widely used, as it is di?cult to determine the precise dose to avoid ill-effects and long-term use leads to changes to the facial appearance. However, the drug is still used for the quick control of an apparently uncontrollable epileptic ?t, and after head injury or neurosurgery.... phenytoin sodium
(Greek) A supreme gift Pheodorah, Phedora, Phedorah... pheodora
(American) A well-spoken woman Pherneeta, Phernyta, Phernieta, Pherneita, Pherneata... phernita
Chemicals produced and emitted by an individual which produce changes in the social or sexual behaviour when perceived by other individuals of the same species. The precise role of these odours – for it is by their smell that they are recognised – in humans is still not clear, but there is growing evidence of the part they play in the animal kingdom. Thus, if a strange male rat is put into a group of female rats, this may cause death of the fetus in any pregnant rats, and this is attributed to the pheromones emitted by the male rat.... pheromones
(Italian) A saintly woman Phiah, Phea, Pheah... phia
(Greek) One who adores mankind Philena, Philanna, Philanne, Philenne, Philenna, Philene, Phileane, Phileene... philana
(English) Feminine form of Philibert; one who is dearly loved Philiberta, Philbertha, Philibertha, Philberte, Philiberte, Philiberthe, Philberthe... philberta
(Greek) Feminine form of Philo; one who loves and is loved Phila... phile
(Greek) A loving woman Phileese, Philease, Phileise, Philiese, Philyse, Philese... philise
(Greek) Resembling a nightingale Philomela, Philomele, Philomell, Philomelle, Philomella... philomel
(English) A friend of strength Philomina, Philomeena, Philomyna, Philomenia, Philominia, Philomeenia, Philomynia, Phiomeana... philomena
(Greek) A woman who loves music Philyre, Philyria, Philyrea... philyra
(Greek) One who loves music Phirah, Pheera, Pheerah, Phiera, Phierah, Pheira, Pheirah, Pheara, Phearah... phira
A group of biting flies commonly called sandflies including the genus Phlebotomus, sometimes vectors of leishmaniasis.... phlebotomine
A HYPERSENSITIVITY reaction of the conjunctiva (see EYE). At the turn of the century the most common cause was TUBERCULOSIS; nowadays it is most commonly due to hypersensitivity to staphylococci (see STAPHYLOCOCCUS).... phlyctenule
(Greek) Resembling a mystical bird Phoenah, Phoenna, Phena, Phenna... phoena
(Greek) A dark-red color; in mythology, an immortal bird Phuong, Phoenyx... phoenix
Linn.
Family: Palmae; Arecaceae.
Habitat: Cultivated in Punjab and Rajasthan.
English: Date Palm.
Ayurvedic: Kharjuura, Kharjuuraka, Kharjuurikaa. Pindakharjuurikaa. Chhuhaaraa (dry date). Pindakhar- juura is the fruit of Phoenix acaulis Roxb.
Unani: Khurmaa, Khajuur, Chhuharaa.
Siddha/Tamil: Perichchankay, Ita.
Action: Fruit pulp—antitussive, expectorant, demulcent, laxative, diuretic, restorative. Sap—cooling, laxative. Gum—used in diarrhoea and genitourinary diseases.
The fruit contains ascorbic acid (vitamin C), carotene (as vitamin A), nicotinic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, sugars (60-80%). Besides sucrose and invert sugars, rhamnose, xylose, ara- binose, ribose, galactose and galac- turonic acid have been identified in the fruit. Invert sugar predominates in the soft dates; sucrose in dry varieties. The dried date, used in Ayurvedic and Unani compositions, contains protein 2.5-3, fat 0.5, carbohydrates 75.882.9% and calcium 35.9, phosphorus 129.3 and iron 3.4 mg/100 g. Presence of sterols of ergosterol group, and esterone has been reported from dried date seeds.Charged C-glycosylflavones and caf- feylshikimic acid, leucocyanidin are characteristically present in the plant. Flavonol glycosides are also common. Several uncharged C-glycosylflavones were also detected.
Dosage: Fresh fruit—10-50 g, dried fruit—10-15 g. (API, Vol. IV.)... phoenix dactylifera
An instrument for the graphic recording of heart sounds and murmurs.... phonocardiograph
(American) Filled with joy Phonsah, Phonsia, Phonsiah, Phonsea, Phonseah, Phonza, Phonzia, Phonzea... phonsa
Fats containing phosphorous, and, along with cholesterol, the primary constituents of cell membranes.... phospholipids
Phosphorus compounds are used in chemical laboratories, some industrial processes, matches, ?reworks and in certain types of aerial bombs and artillery shells. If particles of phosphorus settle on or become embedded in the skin, the resulting burn should be treated with a 2 per cent solution of sodium bicarbonate, followed by application of a 1 per cent solution of copper sulphate.... phosphorus burns
(American) A stylish woman Photeena, Photeana, Photiena, Photeina, Photyna... photina
Reacting poorly to sunlight, either by skin reactivity or by forming abnormal sunlight-mediated serum metabolites... photosensitive
(Greek) One who is fortunate Phyliciah, Phylicea, Phyliceah, Phylecia, Phylecea, Phyleciah, Phyleceah... phylicia
(Greek) Of the foliage; in mythology, a girl who was turned into an almond tree Phylis, Phillis, Philis, Phylys, Phyllida, Phylida, Phillida, Philida, Phyllina, Phylina, Phyliss... phyllis
The taxonomic group below a Kingdom, and above a Class. See Taxonomy.... phylum
(Armenian) One who burns brightly Phyra, Phyria, Phyrea... phyre
Any form of exercise or movement.... physical activity
Schum. & Thonn. Phyllanthus fraternus Webster.
Family: Euphorbiaceae.
Habitat: Throughout the hotter parts of India, particularly on cultivated land, up to 1,000 m.
Ayurvedic: Bhuumyaamalaki, Bahu- patri, Bhuudhaatri, Bahuphalaa, Taamalaki.
Unani: Bhui Aaamalaa.
Siddha/Tamil: Keelkaay Nelli.
Action: Plant—diuretic, deobstru- ent, astringent, anti-inflammatory, styptic. Used as a single drug in the treatment of jaundice. Used in prescriptions for dyspepsia, indigestion, chronic dysentery, urinary tract diseases, diabetes, skin eruptions.
The leaves yielded lignans—phyl- lanthin (bitter), hypophyllanthin (nonbitter); niranthin, nirtetralin and phyl- tetralin. The whole plant gave a number of flavonoids, including quercetin, quercitrin, astragalin, rutin, kaempfer- ol. Isolation of a hydrolysable tannins, amarulone, is reported from the plant.The plant is reported to show antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus and related hepadna virus. It was also found to effectively repair CCl4-induced liver damage in rats.The herb exhibited hypotensive and hypoglycaemic activity. (Indian J Exp Biol 1995, 33 (11) 861-864.)Phyllanthus fraternus Webster: The ethanolic extract of the plant exhibited hepatotoxic-protective activity in albino rats pretreated with CCl-4, The petroleum extract is reported to possess analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. The flavonoids, isolated from the ethanolic extract of the plant, exhibit hypoglycaemic activity in alloxan-treated albino rats. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the plant exhibit antibacterial and antifun- gal activity.
Dosage: Root, stem, leaf—3-6. powder. (API, Vol. I and III.)... phyllanthus amarus
1 Treatment of pain, disease or injury by physical means. 2 The profession concerned with promotion of health; prevention of physical disabilities; evaluation and rehabilitation of persons disabled by pain, disease or injury; and with treatment by physical therapeutic measures, as opposed to medical, surgical or radiologic measures.... physical therapy / physiotherapy
A health care professional who provides patient services ranging from taking medical histories and doing physical examinations to performing minor surgical procedures. Physicians’ assistants work under the supervision of a physician.... physician assistant
See SUICIDE.... physician-assisted suicide
A siphonophore or hydrozoan colony that is usually regarded as a jellyfish by non-biological people. It has a float, rather than a bell, and the tentacle(s) hang beneath. There are two main varieties: 1. Physalia utriculus. A single-tentacled species common in the warmer waters of the world, and especially common on the eastern seaboard of Australia where it causes some 10,000-odd stings each summer. No deaths have ever been reported, and usually it causes mild-to moderate skin pain and possibly some aching pains in the draining lymph glands in the leg or armpit. 2. Physalia physalis. The multi-tentacled species found world-wide, but commonly on both side of the North Atlantic. Stings are common on the eastern coast of the United States and have now caused 3 deaths as well as manysevere systemic symptoms. Specimens may have a float length of up to 25cm with tentacles up to 30m in length. Some severe systemic symptoms resemble a modified Irukandji syndrome with painful breathing, muscle cramps, anxietyand sweating.... physalia
Any wasting disease in which the whole body or part of the body is involved... phythisis
Plant lipids, with little other than dietary value, but often excitedly referred to as “Hormone Precursors” with incorrect but well-meaning pseudoscience. See: STEROIDS, PLANT... phytosterols
A statutory organisation that is part of the NHS. It comprises ten laboratory groups and two centres in the UK, with central coordination from PHLS headquarters. The service provides diagnostic-testing facilities for cases of suspected infectious disease. The remit of the PHLS (which was set up during World War II and then absorbed into the NHS) is now based on legislation approved in 1977 and 1979. Its overall purpose was to protect the population from infection by maintaining a national capability of high quality for the detection, diagnosis, surveillance, protection and control of infections and communicable diseases. It provided microbiology services to hospitals, family doctors and local authorities as well as providing national reference facilities. In 2001 it was incorporated into the newly established NATIONAL INFECTION CONTROL AND HEALTH PROTECTION AGENCY.... public health laboratoryservice (phls)
World-accepted work. New edition published: 1990, fully revised and updated. Over 80 monographs. Official publication of the British Herbal Medicine Association to set and maintain standards of herbal medicine. Does not contain Therapeutic Section and index that appear in the 1983 edition, but describes macroscopical and microscopical characteristics. Quantitative standards, methods of identification, commercial form and source and description of the powdered form. BHP 1990 vol 1 is available from BHMA Publications, PO Box 304, Bournemouth, Dorset, England BH7 6JZ (£35). Abbreviation: BHP. ... british herbal pharmacopoeia
Published six-monthly by the School of Phytotherapy (Herbal Medicine), edited by Hein Zeylstra. Scientific journal for the professional. Enquiries: School of Phytotherapy, Bucksteep Manor, Bodle Street Green, near Hailsham, East Sussex BN27 4RJ, UK. ... british journal of phytotherapy
Provides authoritative standards for the quality of many substances, preparations and articles used in medicine and pharmacy, and includes the monographs of the European Pharmacopoeias. A legally enforceable document throughout the UK, most of the Commonwealth and many other countries, and is an indispensable laboratory handbook for all concerned with the quality of medicines. Published on the recommendation of the Medicines Commission pursuant to the Medicines Act 1968. Published by Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London. The most useful BPC for the herbal practitioner is the BPC 1934. ... british pharmacopoeia, the
Formerly Reader in Phytochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham. Research interests: secondary metabolites of the Solanaceae and Erythroxylaceae. Principal author of Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy. Visiting lecturer, School of Phytotherapy (Herbal Medicine). ... evans, william c. (b.pharm., b.sc., ph.d., f.r. pharm. s)
The world’s most comprehensive source of drug information in a single volume. Provides an accurate and concise summary of the properties, actions, and uses of plant and other medicines in clinical use. All information evaluated by expert editorial staff of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. ... martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia
Legal status of. Under the 1964 Convention on the Elaboration of a European Pharmacopoeia the standards of the European Pharmacopoeia are required to take precedence over the standards of the national pharmacopoeias of the contracting parties, thus ensuring a common standard. In the United Kingdom this has been achieved by means of section 65(7) of the Medicines Act 1968. In addition to the United Kingdom the countries party to the Convention are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, German Federal Republic, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Portugal. (Mail 54, June 1988) ... european pharmacopoeia
An alternative term for a pharyngeal pouch.... pharyngeal diverticulum
A drug of abuse, commonly known as angel dust or.... phencyclidine
A nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) used to relieve the symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis. Phenylbutazone may cause nausea, fluid retention, rash, and peptic ulcer. It may also increase the risk of blood disorders. It is prescribed only under hospital supervision, when other drugs are ineffective.... phenylbutazone
A substance with a particular odour that, when released in minute quantities by an animal, affects the behaviour or development of other individuals of the same species.... pheromone
A branch of medicine concerned with caring for patients who have become disabled through injury or illness.... physical medicine and rehabilitation
A prefix meaning of plant origin.... phyto-
Oestrogens that occur naturally in plants.... phyto-oestrogens
the normal outward and upward rotation of the eyes that occurs when the lids are closed, but not during blinking. [Sir C. Bell]... bell’s phenomenon
a disorder of the phobic type in which minor symptoms are interpreted as signs of cancer and panic attacks may occur. As with any other phobic disorder, cancer phobia cannot be treated by appeals to reason. Some success has been achieved by various forms of *behaviour therapy and *SSRIs.... cancer phobia
n. a drug used in the treatment of diarrhoea. It consists of a mixture of diphenoxylate hydrochloride (an opioid that reduces *peristalsis) and atropine (which relaxes the smooth muscle of the gut) in a ratio of 100 to 1.... co-phenotrope
a malignant tumour of the connective tissue of the breast: it accounts for approximately 1% of all breast cancers. Such tumours may show a wide variation in cell structure and they often present as a large mass but without distant spread. The best treatment for a localized tumour is simple *mastectomy.... cystosarcoma phylloides
visual sensations caused by changes within the eye itself, rather than by the normal light stimulation process. The commonest are tiny floating spots (floaters) that most people can see occasionally, especially when gazing at a brightly illuminated background (such as a blue sky).... entoptic phenomena
a common condition characterized by a sensation of a lump in the throat, in the midline just above the sternum; swallowing is not affected. The condition, formerly called globus hystericus, is sometimes related to *gastro-oesophageal reflux and tends to be worse during periods of stress.... globus pharyngeus
a derivative of *histamine that was formerly used to test for acid secretion in the stomach in conditions involving abnormal gastric acid secretion, such as *Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.... histamine acid phosphate
a collection of symptoms that includes skin rash, conjunctivitis, salivary gland inflammation, and hyperthyroidism due to the intake of high doses of iodine (German Jod, hence the name). [K. A. von Basedow (1799–1854), German physician]... jod–basedow phenomenon
(Kernohan’s syndrome) *hemiplegia that is *ipsilateral to the brain lesion that caused it, due to pressure of the lesion (which is often a haematoma) on surrounding structures in the brain. It is unusual because normally a lesion of the brain causes dysfunction in the *contralateral limbs. [J. W. K. Kernohan (20th century), US pathologist]... kernohan’s phenomenon
(Somogyi effect) the phenomenon of high fasting blood-sugar levels in the morning due to an unrecognized hypoglycaemic episode during the night in a person with diabetes. The low blood sugar has resulted in an outpouring of regulatory hormones, such as adrenaline and glucagon, which have raised the blood sugar to supranormal levels by the time of waking. It is important to recognize the cause, since increasing the evening insulin dose, thinking this will bring the morning sugars down, could actually cause a more severe nocturnal hypoglycaemic attack, which the body may not be able to counteract: coma might ensue. The condition can be tested for by measuring blood sugars at the time of the assumed low level.... dawn phenomenon
a hereditary disorder – an X-linked condition (see sex-linked) – in which the absence of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), which functions in carbohydrate metabolism, results in the breakdown of the red blood cells (*haemolysis), usually after exposure to *oxidants, such as drugs, or infections. The breakdown causes acute attacks that are characterized by pallor, loin pain, and rigors. There are several varieties of G6PD deficiency, which is most common in people of African, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean descent. Treatment involves identifying and avoiding agents that trigger the haemolysis and treating acute attacks symptomatically. See also favism.... glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
(isomorphic response) a phenomenon that occurs in skin diseases, especially psoriasis and lichen planus, in which the characteristic lesions of the disease appear in linear form in response to such trauma as cuts, burns, or scratches. [H. Koebner (1834–1904), German dermatologist]... koebner phenomenon
the rapid alternation between jerky uncontrolled movements (on) and very limited or no movement (off) most often seen in patients with Parkinson’s disease who have been undergoing long-term treatment with levodopa.... on–off phenomenon
(phako-) combining form denoting the lens of the eye.... phaco
n. tremulousness of the lens seen when the eye moves from side to side as a result of partial dislocation of the lens, as can occur after trauma or in *Marfan’s syndrome.... phacodonesis
(phakoemulsification) n. the use of a high-frequency *ultrasound probe to break up a cataract so that it can be removed through a very small incision. This is now the most popular method of performing cataract surgery in the developed world.... phacoemulsification
(phago-) combining form denoting 1. eating. 2. phagocytes.... phag
n. see bacteriophage.... phage
combining form denoting a condition involving eating.... phagia
adj. denoting an eye with the natural crystalline lens still in place, as contrasted with aphakic (see aphakia) or pseudophakic (see pseudophakia).... phakic
combining form. see phaco-.... phako
rows of supporting cells between the sensory hair cells of the organ of Corti (see cochlea).... phalangeal cells
n. surgical removal of one or more of the small bones (phalanges) in the fingers or toes.... phalangectomy
n. inflammation of a finger or toe, causing swelling and pain. The condition may be caused by infection of the soft tissues, tendon sheaths, bone, or joints or by some rheumatic diseases, such as *psoriatic arthritis. See also dactylitis.... phalangitis
a diagnostic sign for *carpal tunnel syndrome. The patient is asked to hold his or her wrists in full flexion with the dorsal surfaces of both hands pushing against each other with fingers pointing downwards for 30–60 seconds. This manoeuvre increases pressure on the median nerve: tingling and numbness or pain in the thumb, index, middle, and ring fingers suggests carpal tunnel syndrome. See also Tinel’s sign. [G. S. Phalen (1911–98), US orthopaedist]... phalen’s sign
n. surgical reconstruction or repair of the penis. It is required for congenital deformity of the penis, as in *hypospadias or *epispadias, and sometimes also following injury to the penis with loss of skin.... phalloplasty
combining form denoting visible; apparent.... phanero
see pseudocyesis.... phantom pregnancy
1. an accumulation of fluid (pleural effusion) in the lung in patients with heart failure, which resembles a lung tumour on radiological examination. 2. a swelling in the abdomen or elsewhere, caused by local muscular contraction or the accumulation of gases, that mimics a swelling caused by a tumour.... phantom tumour
n. a person who is qualified by examination and registered and authorized to dispense medicines or to keep open a shop for the sale and dispensing of medicines.... pharmacist
combining form denoting drugs. Example: pharmacophobia (morbid fear of).... pharmaco
n. the interaction of drugs with cells. It includes such factors as the binding of drugs to cells, their uptake, and intracellular metabolism.... pharmacodynamics
(pharyngo-) combining form denoting the pharynx. Example: pharyngopathy (disease of).... pharyng
(branchial arch, visceral arch) any of the paired segmented ridges of tissue in each side of the throat of the early embryo that correspond to the gill arches of fish. Each arch contains a cartilage, a cranial nerve, and a blood vessel. Between each arch there is a *pharyngeal pouch.... pharyngeal arch
(branchial cleft, visceral cleft) any of the paired segmented clefts in each side of the throat of the early embryo that correspond to the gills of fish. Soon after they have formed they close to form the *pharyngeal pouches, except for the first cleft, which persists as the external auditory meatus.... pharyngeal cleft
see gag reflex.... pharyngeal reflex
n. surgical removal of part of the pharynx.... pharyngectomy
n. a pouch or cyst opening off the pharynx (see branchial cyst).... pharyngocele
n. an *endoscope for the examination of the pharynx.... pharyngoscope
n. a drug that dilates blood vessels (see alpha blocker) and is used to reduce high blood pressure in patients with *phaeochromocytoma. Side-effects include fast heartbeat and digestive upsets.... phentolamine
(PTC) n. a substance that tastes bitter to some individuals but is tasteless to others. Response to PTC appears to be controlled by a single pair of genes (*alleles): ability to taste PTC is *dominant to the inability to taste it.... phenylthiocarbamide
n. a small glass bottle for storing medicines or poisons.... phial
an abnormal form of chromosome 22 that has a foreshortened long arm due to a reciprocal *translocation with chromosome 9. It is most commonly seen in the marrow cells of patients with chronic *myeloid leukaemia.... philadelphia chromosome
combining form denoting morbid craving or attraction. Example: nyctophilia (for darkness).... philia
(phlebo-) combining form denoting a vein or veins. Example: phlebectopia (abnormal position of).... phleb
n. the surgical removal of a vein (or part of a vein), sometimes performed for the treatment of varicose veins in the legs (varicectomy).... phlebectomy
(venosclerosis) n. a rare degenerative condition, of unknown cause, that affects the leg veins of young men. The vein walls become thickened and feel like cords under the skin. It is not related to arteriosclerosis and needs no treatment.... phlebosclerosis
n. see sandfly.... phlebotomus
n. Archaic. inflammation of connective tissue, leading to ulceration.... phlegmon
n. a small pinkish-yellow nodule surrounded by a zone of dilated blood vessels that occurs in the conjunctiva or in the cornea. It develops into a small ulcer that heals without trace in the conjunctiva but produces some residual scarring in the cornea. Phlyctens, which are prone to recur, are thought to be due to a type of allergy to certain bacteria.... phlycten
n. weakness of the voice, especially when due to fatigue.... phonasthenia
n. the study of the voice and its disorders.... phoniatrics
n. see electrocardiophonography. —phonocardiography n.... phonocardiogram
n. excessive sensitivity to and fear of certain specific sounds irrespective of the level of the sound. See hyperacusis; misophonia.... phonophobia
n. surgery performed on the larynx externally or endoscopically to improve or modify the quality of the voice.... phonosurgery
combining form denoting (in ophthalmology) an abnormal deviation of the eyes or turning of the visual axis. Example: heterophoria (tendency to squint).... phoria
n. a genus of non-bloodsucking flies, commonly known as blowflies. The maggot of P. regina normally breeds in decaying meat but it has occasionally been found in suppurating wounds, giving rise to a type of *myiasis.... phormia
n. a poisonous gas developed during World War I. It is a choking agent, acting on the lungs to produce *oedema, with consequent respiratory and cardiac failure.... phosgene
n. creatine phosphate (see creatine).... phosphagen
n. the presence of phosphates in the blood. Sodium, calcium, potassium, and magnesium phosphates are normal constituents.... phosphataemia
n. one of a group of enzymes capable of catalysing the hydrolysis of phosphoric acid esters. An example is glucose-6-phosphatase, which catalyses the hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose and phosphate. Phosphatases are important in the absorption and metabolism of carbohydrates, nucleotides, and phospholipids and are essential in the calcification of bone. Acid phosphatase is present in kidney, semen, serum, and the prostate gland. Alkaline phosphatase occurs in teeth, developing bone, plasma, kidney, and intestine.... phosphatase
n. see lecithin.... phosphatidylcholine
n. a cephalin-like phospholipid containing the amino acid serine. It is found in brain tissue. See also cephalin.... phosphatidylserine
n. creatine phosphate (see creatine).... phosphocreatine
n. an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-diphosphate. This is an important reaction occurring during the process of *glycolysis.... phosphofructokinase
n. the destruction of tissues caused by excessive amounts of phosphorus in the system. The tissues likely to suffer in phosphorus poisoning are the liver, kidneys, muscles, bones, and the cardiovascular system.... phosphonecrosis
n. any enzyme that catalyses the combination of an organic molecule (usually glucose) with a phosphate group (phosphorylation). Phosphorylase is found in the liver and kidney, where it is involved in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate.... phosphorylase
(photo-) combining form denoting light.... phot
n. pain in the eye caused by very bright light.... photalgia
n. the use of light or lasers to destroy tissue.... photoablation
n. any of various skin diseases caused by exposure to light of varying wavelength (see photosensitivity). The facial prominences and the ‘V’ of the neck are most commonly affected, the shadow areas behind the ears and below the chin being protected. A common photodermatosis is polymorphous light eruption, which affects 10% of the population. It appears with the first sunshine of spring and abates by late summer. The photodermatoses include certain *porphyrias, notably porphyria cutanea tarda.... photodermatosis
a technique for improving the sensitivity and specificity of bladder cancer diagnosis at cystoscopy using a light-sensitive agent. This agent is instilled into the bladder, taken up by the epithelial cells, and converted into a porphyrin that accumulates only in malignant and premalignant cells. It fluoresces under light of a specific wavelength and is thus highlighted against normal bladder mucosa.... photodynamic diagnosis
n. an enlarged photographic record of an object taken through an optical or electron microscope. Compare microphotograph.... photomicrograph
an electronic device that magnifies the light emitted from a *scintillator by accelerating electrons in a high-voltage field. The resulting signal can be used to display the scintillations on a TV screen. Such devices are commonly used in *gamma cameras.... photomultiplier tube
n. inflammation of the eye due to exposure to light. It is usually caused by the damaging effect of ultraviolet light on the cornea, for example in snow blindness or when lying under a sunbed.... photophthalmia
adj. relating to or describing conditions of bright illumination. For example, photopic vision is vision in bright light, in which the *cones of the retina are responsible for visual sensation. —photopia n.... photopic
n. see photodynamic therapy.... photoradiation
n. damage to the retina of the eye caused by looking at the sun without adequate protection for the eyes. The retina may be burnt by the intense light focused on it; this affects the central part of the visual field, which may be permanently lost (sun blindness).... photoretinitis
(PVP) a technique to vaporize the prostate by means of a high-energy laser, used to relieve *lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (see prostate gland). It is associated with less blood loss and a shorter hospital stay than a traditional TURP (see resection), but can only be used on smaller prostates.... photoselective vaporization of the prostate
n. movement of a cell or organism in response to a stimulus of light.... phototaxis
see keratectomy.... phototherapeutic keratectomy
n. damage caused by prolonged exposure to light; for example, retinal phototoxicity is damage to the retina of the eye as a result of prolonged exposure to light.... phototoxicity
n. the excretion of phosphorescent urine, which glows in the dark, due to the presence of certain phosphorus-containing compounds derived from phosphates.... photuria
(phreno-) combining form denoting 1. the mind or brain. 2. the diaphragm. 3. the phrenic nerve.... phren
combining form denoting a condition of the mind. Example: hebephrenia (schizophrenia affecting young adults).... phrenia
1. damage to the phrenic nerve as a result of trauma. 2. formerly, surgical crushing of a portion of the *phrenic nerve. This paralyses the diaphragm on the side operated upon, which is then pushed upwards by the abdominal contents, thus pressing on the lung and partially collapsing it. This operation was formerly often combined with *pneumoperitoneum in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis but is now obsolete.... phrenic crush
the normal radiological appearance of the tip of the gall bladder, seen in a minority of cholecystograms (see cholecystography). Its name is derived from its resemblance to the characteristic Balkan headgear.... phrygian cap
n. a widely distributed genus of lice. The crab (or pubic) louse, P. pubis, is a common parasite of humans that lives permanently attached to the body hair, particularly that of the pubic or perianal regions but also on the eyelashes and the hairs in the armpits. Crab lice are not known to transmit disease but their bites can irritate the skin (see pediculosis). An infestation may be acquired during sexual intercourse or from hairs left on clothing, towels, and lavatory seats.... phthirus
n. a disease caused by parasitic fungi of the genera Rhizopus, Absidia, and Mucor. The disease affects the sinuses, the central nervous system, the lungs, and the skin tissues. The fungi are able to grow within the blood vessels of the lungs and nervous tissue, thus causing blood clots which cut off the blood supply (see infarction). Treatment with the antibiotic *amphotericin has proved effective.... phycomycosis
n. the evolutionary history of a species or individual.... phylogenesis
(physio-) combining form denoting 1. physiology. 2. physical.... physi
adj. (in medicine) relating to the body rather than to the mind. For example, a physical sign is one that a doctor can detect when examining a patient, such as abnormal dilation of the pupils or the absence of a knee-jerk reflex (see also functional disorder; organic disorder).... physical
see saline.... physiological saline
one of a group of solutions used to maintain tissues in a viable state. These solutions contain specific concentrations of substances that are vital for normal tissue function (e.g. sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, magnesium, bicarbonate, and phosphate ions, glucose, and oxygen). An example of such a solution is *Ringer’s solution.... physiological solution
(phyto-) combining form denoting plants; of plant origin.... phyt
n. one of a large group of non-nutritive compounds made by plants that have an effect on health. They include *antioxidants, flavonoids, flavanols, flavanones, isoflavones, anthocyanins, carotenoids, polyphenols, phenolic acids, phyto-oestogens, and others.... phytochemical
(PHA) n. a plant-derived alkaloid that stimulates T lymphocytes to divide in the test tube.... phytohaemagglutinin
n. an eruption of linear blisters occurring after exposure to light in people who have been in contact with certain plants, such as wild parsnip or cow parsley, to which they are sensitive. A particularly dramatic reaction occurs with giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum). The skin often appears brown as the blisters resolve.... phytophotodermatitis
n. any poisonous substance (toxin) produced by a plant, such as any of the toxins produced by fungi of the genus *Amanita.... phytotoxin
the recovery phase that follows immediately after an epileptic seizure (see epilepsy). It may last anything from a few minutes to several hours and is typically characterized by drowsiness, confusion, loss of memory, and feelings of sadness or anxiety. See ictus.... postictal phase
see aura.... preictal phase
perception of the lateral motion of an object in the visual field as having a depth component, due to a relative difference in signal timings between the two eyes. It often occurs spontaneously in several diseases affecting the eyes, such as cataract, *retrobulbar neuritis, and multiple sclerosis. [C. Pulfrich (20th century), German physicist]... pulfrich phenomenon
a derivative of vitamin B6 that is an important *coenzyme in certain reactions of amino-acid metabolism. See transamination.... pyridoxal phosphate
(in *electrocardiography) the superimposition of an R wave (ventricular *depolarization) on the T wave (ventricular *repolarization) of the preceding heartbeat. It may trigger ventricular fibrillation. See QRS complex; Q–T interval; S–T segment.... r on t phenomenon
see SPECT scanning.... single photon emission computed tomography
dizziness induced by exposure to sound. It is seen in various conditions of the inner ear, including *Ménière’s disease and *superior canal dehiscence syndrome. [P. Tullio (1881–1941), Italian biologist]... tullio phenomenon
the worsening of neurological symptoms, including vision, in demyelinating conditions such as multiple sclerosis, when the body becomes overheated in hot weather or by exercise, fever, or saunas and hot tubs. [W. Uhthoff (1853–1927), German ophthalmologist]... uhthoff phenomenon
describes the natural biological processes of a living organism.... physiological
plant substances that mimic the action of human hormones.... phytohormones
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