Roux-en-y: From 1 Different Sources
a technique using an end-to-side anastomosis between a defunctioned section of jejunum and another upper abdominal organ (e.g. stomach, duodenum, common bile duct) in order to bypass an obstruction.
Inflammation of the small intestines.... enteritis
Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord due to infection... encephalitis
Confined to a limited geographic or ecologic niche.... endemic
The presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus. The endometrium is the mucus membrane inner lining of the uterus, with glandular cells and structural cells, both responding to estrogen by increasing in size (the proliferative phase), the first responding to progesterone (the secretory phase); if there is endometrial tissue outside of the uterus, the tissue expands and shrinks in response to the estrus cycle, but the normal shedding of the menstrual phase can be difficult. The most common type of endometriosis is found in the fallopian tubes; the abnormal fallopian endometrial tissue can shed and drain into the uterus, but it hurts! It’s funny, but little tiny ducts, like the ureters, bile ducts, and fallopian tubes really cramp. The colon and uterus are big muscular tubes and, when cramped up, cause rather strong pain. When one of those little bitty things gets tenesmus, your face gets white (or light tan), you start to sweat, shiver, and revert to a fetal position. Endometriosis that occurs around the ovaries or inside the belly and therefore can NEVER drain is a purely physical and medical condition, but fallopian presence of endometrium usually reaches its peak in the early thirties. It can be helped by ensuring a strong estrogen and progesterone balance, thereby decreasing the tendency to form clots in the tubes, and to experience severe cramps every month... endometriosis
Involuntary voiding of urine... enuresis
Usually a protein made by the body to make chemical reactions take place at a faster rate or to cause a colour change in a laboratory test.... enzyme
Any degenerative brain disease... encephalopathy
In?ammation of the lining, valves and muscle of the HEART. The main causes are bacterial and virus infections and rheumatic fever, and the condition occurs most often in patients whose ENDOCARDIUM is already damaged by congenital deformities or whose immune system has been suppressed by drugs. Infection may be introduced into the bloodstream during dental treatment or surgical procedures, especially on the heart or on the gastrointestinal system. The condition is potentially very serious and treatment is with large doses of antibiotic drugs. (See HEART, DISEASES OF.)... endocarditis
From within the body, either a native function or the product of the extended colony...normal flora in the colon are considered endogenous.... endogenous
In?ammation of the mucous membrane lining the womb. (See UTERUS, DISEASES OF.)... endometritis
Toxin released when certain bacterial species (especially the Gram negative rods) die. Symptoms not specific to the bacterial specie s (eg endotoxic shock in Gram negative rod septicaemias).... endotoxin
Typhoid and Paratyphoid. Septicaemic diseases caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi.... enteric fever
In?ammation of the substance of both brain and spinal cord.... encephalomyelitis
Surgical reopening of an artery obstructed by ATHEROMA. If a blood clot is present, the re-boring process is called thromboendarterectomy. Restored patency allows arterial blood supply to restart. The carotid arteries and arteries to the legs are those most commonly operated on.... endarterectomy
The study of the endocrine system, the substances (hormones) it secretes and its disorders (see ENDOCRINE GLANDS.)... endocrinology
The inner tissues of an organism.... endoderm
The mucous membrane which lines the interior of the UTERUS.... endometrium
Peptides (see PEPTIDE) produced in the brain which have a pain-relieving action; hence their alternative name of opiate peptides. Their name is derived from endogenous MORPHINE. They have been de?ned as endogenous opiates or any naturally occurring substances in the brain with pharmacological actions resembling opiate alkaloids such as morphine. There is some evidence that the pain-relieving action of ACUPUNCTURE may be due to the release of these opiate peptides. It has also been suggested that they may have an antipsychotic action and therefore be of value in the treatment of major psychotic illnesses such as SCHIZOPHRENIA.... endorphins
A tube-shaped instrument inserted into a cavity in the body to investigate and treat disorders. It is ?exible and equipped with lenses and a light source. Examples of endoscopes are the CYSTOSCOPE for use in the bladder, the GASTROSCOPE for examining the stomach and the ARTHROSCOPE for looking into joints (see also FIBREOPTIC ENDOSCOPY).... endoscope
The membrane lining various vessels and cavities of the body, such as the pleura (lining the lung), the pericardium (lining the heart), the peritoneum (lining the abdomen and abdominal organs), the lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and joints. It consists of a ?brous layer covered with thin ?at cells, which render the surface perfectly smooth and secrete the ?uid for its lubrication.... endothelium
The event during pregnancy when the presenting part of the baby, usually the head, moves down into the mother’s pelvis. (See PREGNANCY AND LABOUR.)... engagement
An operation by which an arti?cial opening is formed into the intestine and joined to another part of the intestine or brought to the exterior via the abdominal wall.... enterostomy
A type of toxin (see TOXINS) that causes in?ammation of the intestinal lining and results in vomiting and diarrhoea (see FOOD POISONING).... enterotoxin
Infection with Enterobius vermicularis, the threadworm (or pinworm as it is known in the USA). It is the most common of all the intestinal parasites in Britain, and the least harmful. The male is about 6 mm (••• inch) in length and the female about 12 mm (••• inch) in length. Each resembles a little piece of thread. These worms live in considerable numbers in the lower bowel, affecting children particularly. They usually cause no symptoms but can result in great irritation round the anus or within the female genitalia, especially at night when the female worm emerges from the anus to lay its eggs and then die. The most e?ective form of treatment is either viprynium embonate or piperazine citrate, which needs to be taken by the whole family. Bedclothes must then be laundered.... enterobiasis
See EYE, DISORDERS OF.... entropion
The joint utilisation of engineering and biological knowledge to illuminate normal and abnormal functions of the human body. Blood ?ow, the reaction of bones and joints to stress, the design of kidney dialysis machines, and the development of arti?cial body parts are among the practical results of this collaboration.... biomechanical engineering
A naturally occurring brain PEPTIDE, the effects of which resemble those of MORPHINE or other opiates (see ENDORPHINS; ENKEPHALINS).... encephalin
A TUMOUR formed of cartilage.... enchondroma
Enclosed within a bladder-like wall. The term is applied to parasites, collections of pus, etc., which are shut o? from surrounding tissues by a membrane or by adhesions.... encysted
In?ammation of the inner coat of an artery. (See ARTERIES, DISEASES OF.)... endarteritis
A thin membrane consisting of ?at endothelial cells; it lines the four chambers of the HEART and is continuous with the lining of arteries and veins. The endocardium has a smooth surface which helps the blood to ?ow easily. The valves at the openings of the heart’s chambers are made from folded-up membranes. In?ammation of the endocardium is called ENDOCARDITIS.... endocardium
Organs whose function it is to secrete into the blood or lymph, substances known as HORMONES. These play an important part in general changes to or the activities of other organs at a distance. Various diseases arise as the result of defects or excess in the internal secretions of the di?erent glands. The chief endocrine glands are:
Adrenal glands These two glands, also known as suprarenal glands, lie immediately above the kidneys. The central or medullary portion of the glands forms the secretions known as ADRENALINE (or epinephrine) and NORADRENALINE. Adrenaline acts upon structures innervated by sympathetic nerves. Brie?y, the blood vessels of the skin and of the abdominal viscera (except the intestines) are constricted, and at the same time the arteries of the muscles and the coronary arteries are dilated; systolic blood pressure rises; blood sugar increases; the metabolic rate rises; muscle fatigue is diminished. The super?cial or cortical part of the glands produces steroid-based substances such as aldosterone, cortisone, hydrocortisone, and deoxycortone acetate, for the maintenance of life. It is the absence of these substances, due to atrophy or destruction of the suprarenal cortex, that is responsible for the condition known as ADDISON’S DISEASE. (See CORTICOSTEROIDS.)
Ovaries and testicles The ovary (see OVARIES) secretes at least two hormones – known, respectively, as oestradiol (follicular hormone) and progesterone (corpus luteum hormone). Oestradiol develops (under the stimulus of the anterior pituitary lobe – see PITUITARY GLAND below, and under separate entry) each time an ovum in the ovary becomes mature, and causes extensive proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM lining the UTERUS, a stage ending with shedding of the ovum about 14 days before the onset of MENSTRUATION. The corpus luteum, which then forms, secretes both progesterone and oestradiol. Progesterone brings about great activity of the glands in the endometrium. The uterus is now ready to receive the ovum if it is fertilised. If fertilisation does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, the hormones cease acting, and menstruation takes place.
The hormone secreted by the testicles (see TESTICLE) is known as TESTOSTERONE. It is responsible for the growth of the male secondary sex characteristics.
Pancreas This gland is situated in the upper part of the abdomen and, in addition to the digestive enzymes, it produces INSULIN within specialised cells (islets of Langerhans). This controls carbohydrate metabolism; faulty or absent insulin production causes DIABETES MELLITUS.
Parathyroid glands These are four minute glands lying at the side of, or behind, the thyroid (see below). They have a certain e?ect in controlling the absorption of calcium salts by the bones and other tissues. When their secretion is defective, TETANY occurs.
Pituitary gland This gland is attached to the base of the brain and rests in a hollow on the base of the skull. It is the most important of all endocrine glands and consists of two embryologically and functionally distinct lobes.
The function of the anterior lobe depends on the secretion by the HYPOTHALAMUS of certain ‘neuro-hormones’ which control the secretion of the pituitary trophic hormones. The hypothalamic centres involved in the control of speci?c pituitary hormones appear to be anatomically separate. Through the pituitary trophic hormones the activity of the thyroid, adrenal cortex and the sex glands is controlled. The anterior pituitary and the target glands are linked through a feedback control cycle. The liberation of trophic hormones is inhibited by a rising concentration of the circulating hormone of the target gland, and stimulated by a fall in its concentration. Six trophic (polypeptide) hormones are formed by the anterior pituitary. Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin are simple proteins formed in the acidophil cells. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are glycoproteins formed in the basophil cells. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), although a polypeptide, is derived from basophil cells.
The posterior pituitary lobe, or neurohypophysis, is closely connected with the hypothalamus by the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tracts. It is concerned with the production or storage of OXYTOCIN and vasopressin (the antidiuretic hormone).
PITUITARY HORMONES Growth hormone, gonadotrophic hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone and thyrotrophic hormones can be assayed in blood or urine by radio-immunoassay techniques. Growth hormone extracted from human pituitary glands obtained at autopsy was available for clinical use until 1985, when it was withdrawn as it is believed to carry the virus responsible for CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (COD). However, growth hormone produced by DNA recombinant techniques is now available as somatropin. Synthetic growth hormone is used to treat de?ciency of the natural hormone in children and adults, TURNER’S SYNDROME and chronic renal insu?ciency in children.
Human pituitary gonadotrophins are readily obtained from post-menopausal urine. Commercial extracts from this source are available and are e?ective for treatment of infertility due to gonadotrophin insu?ciency.
The adrenocorticotrophic hormone is extracted from animal pituitary glands and has been available therapeutically for many years. It is used as a test of adrenal function, and, under certain circumstances, in conditions for which corticosteroid therapy is indicated (see CORTICOSTEROIDS). The pharmacologically active polypeptide of ACTH has been synthesised and is called tetracosactrin. Thyrotrophic hormone is also available but it has no therapeutic application.
HYPOTHALAMIC RELEASING HORMONES which affect the release of each of the six anterior pituitary hormones have been identi?ed. Their blood levels are only one-thousandth of those of the pituitary trophic hormones. The release of thyrotrophin, adrenocorticotrophin, growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone is stimulated, while release of prolactin is inhibited. The structure of the releasing hormones for TSH, FSH-LH, GH and, most recently, ACTH is known and they have all been synthesised. Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) is used as a diagnostic test of thyroid function but it has no therapeutic application. FSH-LH-releasing hormone provides a useful diagnostic test of gonadotrophin reserve in patients with pituitary disease, and is now used in the treatment of infertility and AMENORRHOEA in patients with functional hypothalamic disturbance. As this is the most common variety of secondary amenorrhoea, the potential use is great. Most cases of congenital de?ciency of GH, FSH, LH and ACTH are due to defects in the hypothalamic production of releasing hormone and are not a primary pituitary defect, so that the therapeutic implication of this synthesised group of releasing hormones is considerable.
GALACTORRHOEA is frequently due to a microadenoma (see ADENOMA) of the pituitary. DOPAMINE is the prolactin-release inhibiting hormone. Its duration of action is short so its therapeutic value is limited. However, BROMOCRIPTINE is a dopamine agonist with a more prolonged action and is e?ective treatment for galactorrhoea.
Thyroid gland The functions of the thyroid gland are controlled by the pituitary gland (see above) and the hypothalamus, situated in the brain. The thyroid, situated in the front of the neck below the LARYNX, helps to regulate the body’s METABOLISM. It comprises two lobes each side of the TRACHEA joined by an isthmus. Two types of secretory cells in the gland – follicular cells (the majority) and parafollicular cells – secrete, respectively, the iodine-containing hormones THYROXINE (T4) and TRI-IODOTHYRONINE (T3), and the hormone CALCITONIN. T3 and T4 help control metabolism and calcitonin, in conjunction with parathyroid hormone (see above), regulates the body’s calcium balance. De?ciencies in thyroid function produce HYPOTHYROIDISM and, in children, retarded development. Excess thyroid activity causes thyrotoxicosis. (See THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF.)... endocrine glands
The ?uid that ?lls the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear (see EAR).... endolymph
A type of neural tube defect that results in defects of the brain rather than of the spinal cord, as occurs in spina bifida.... encephalocele
A type of soiling in which children pass normal faeces in unacceptable places after the age at which bowel control is normally achieved. The cause of encopresis is usually an underlying behavioural problem.... encopresis
A gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream rather than through a duct. Examples include the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands. (See also exocrine gland.)... endocrine gland
A treatment for persistent menorrhagia (heavy menstrual blood loss) that involves endoscopic examination of the uterus (see endoscopy) and removal of the uterus lining, the endometrium, by diathermy or laser.... endometrial ablation
See uterus, cancer of.... endometrial cancer
Overfilling of the breasts with milk. Engorgement is common a few days after childbirth. It causes the breasts and nipples to become swollen and tender, and can make breastfeeding difficult. The problem can be relieved by expressing milk.... engorgement
A condition, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, in which local pressure on a nerve causes muscle pain, numbness, and weakness in the area that the nerve supplies.... entrapment neuropathy
Also known as (see chronic fatigue syndrome).... myalgic encephalomyelitis
Examination of a body cavity – for example, PLEURAL CAVITY, GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, BILE DUCT and URINARY BLADDER – using an ENDOSCOPE in order to diagnose or treat a disorder in the cavity. The development of endoscopy has reduced the need for major surgery, as many diagnostic procedures can be performed with an endoscope (as can MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY (MIS)). The development of ?bre optics (the transmission of light along bundles of glass or plastic ?bres) has greatly advanced the practice of endoscopy and hospitals now routinely run endoscopy clinics on an out-patient basis, often without the necessity for a general anaesthetic.... endoscopy
A measure or indicator chosen for determining an effect of an intervention.... endpoint
Peptides (see PEPTIDE) that have a pain-killing e?ect similar to that of ENDORPHINS. Produced by certain nerve endings and in the brain, enkephalins (also spelt encephalins) are also believed to act as a sedative and mood-changer.... enkephalins
Abnormal retraction of the eye into its socket: for example, when the sympathetic nerve in the neck is paralysed.... enophthalmos
Another name for COLIC.... enteralgia
pertaining to the small intestines.... enteric
A description of tablets covered in material that allows them to pass through the stomach and enter the intestine unaltered. Drugs coated in this way are those whose action is reduced or stopped by acid in the stomach.... enteric-coated
A HERNIA of the bowel.... enterocele
A hormone derived from the mucosal lining of the small intestine which inhibits the movements and secretion of the stomach.... enterogastrone
The ENZYME secreted in the DUODENUM and jejunum (see INTESTINE) which converts the enzyme, trypsinogen, secreted by the PANCREAS, into TRYPSIN. (See also DIGESTION.)... enterokinase
A proprietary analgesic drug taken by inhalation and comprising half nitrous oxide and half oxygen. It is valuable in providing relief to casualties who are in pain, as it provides analgesia without making them unconscious. Entonox is also used in obstetric practice to ease the pains of childbirth.... entonox
All that which is external to the individual, including physical, biological, social, cultural and other factors.... environment
The study of the consequences for people’s health of the natural environment. This includes the effects of climate, geography, sunlight and natural vegetation.... environmental medicine
An endonuclease ENZYME, extracted from BACTERIA, that is used to cut DNA into short segments – a process essential in GENETIC ENGINEERING.... restriction enzyme
A neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by disease of the LIVER, and occurring most often in patients with CIRRHOSIS – see also LIVER, DISEASES OF; it also occurs in acute form in acute failure of liver function. The disorder is believed to be the result of biochemical disturbance of brain function, because the condition is reversible and pathological changes in brain tissue are rarely found. The patient’s intellect, personality, emotions and consciousness are altered but neurological signs may or may not be identi?ed. Apathy, confusion, drowsiness, sometimes CONVULSIONS, speech disturbance and eventually COMA mark the progress of the condition. The principles of treatment are to remove the precipitating causes. These include: URAEMIA; sedative, antidepressant and hypnotic drugs; gastrointestinal bleeding; too much protein in the diet; infection; and trauma (including surgical operations).... hepatic encephalopathy
A disease of the neurological system caused by a PRION. Spongy degeneration of the BRAIN occurs with progressive DEMENTIA. Known examples of the disorder in humans are CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD) and KURU. Among animals, scrapie in sheep and BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE) are caused by slow viruses. The latter has occurred as an outbreak in cattle over the past decade or so, probably as a result of cattle being fed processed o?al from infected animals. Some people have developed a form of CJD from eating infected beef.... spongiform encephalopathy
A syndrome in which various combinations of extreme fatiguability, muscle pain, lack of concentration, panic attacks, memory loss and depression occur. Its existence and causes have been the subject of controversy re?ected in the variety of names given to the syndrome: CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS), post-viral fatigue syndrome, Royal Free disease, epidemic neuromyasthenia and Icelandic disease. ME often follows virus infections of the upper respiratory tract or gut, but it is not clear whether this is an association or cause-ande?ect. It may occur in epidemics or as individual cases. Physical examination shows no evidence of diagnosable disease and there is no diagnostic test – diagnosis usually being made by excluding other possible disorders. The sufferer usually recovers in time, although sometimes recovery may take many months or even years. The most severely affected may be bedridden and may need tube-feeding. There is no speci?c curative treatment, but symptomatic treatment such as resting in the early stages may help. Some experts believe that the illness has a psychological element, and sufferers have been treated with COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY. In 1998 the Chief Medical O?cer set up a multidisciplinary working group, including patients, to consider possible cures and treatments for ME/CFS. The report (2002) concluded that the disorder should be recognised as chronic and treatable, but there was no clear agreement on cause(s) and treatment(s). Meanwhile research continues, including a programme by the Centre of Disease Control in Atlanta, USA. Su?erers may ?nd it helpful to consult the ME Association.... myalgic encephalomyelitis (me)
Intestinal Juice. These are enzyme-rich secretions produced by the lining of the upper small intestines. Apparently the enzymes produced compensate for any pancreatic enzymes that are deficient for that particular meal.... succus entericus
An ACE inhibitor drug used to treat hypertension and heart failure.... enalapril
See Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome.... wernicke’s encephalopathy
An arboviral disease in Australia transmitted by mosquitoes.... australian encephalitis
A naturally occurring painkiller which is produced by the PITUITARY GLAND as part of a pro-hormone (pre-pro-opianomelanocortin). It is an agonist at opioid receptors, and its release is stimulated by pain and stress. (See ENDORPHINS.)... b endorphin
A written legal document in which a person appoints another individual to act as his/her agent for the purposes of health care decision-making in the event that he/she is unable or unwilling to make such decisions. See also “advance directive”.... durable power of attorney (enduring power of attorney)
Taking action in partnership with individuals or groups to empower them, through the mobilization of human and material resources, to promote and protect their health.... enabling
(Spanish) Refers to the Incarnation festival... encarnacion
A form of cancer which, to the naked eye, resembles the tissue of the brain.... encephaloid
A contact between an individual and a care provider.... encounter
(Irish) A flighty woman Endeh, Ende, Enda... endah
(American) A magical woman Endiah, Endea, Endeah, Endie, Endi, Endee, Endy, Endey... endia
Pre?x meaning situated inside.... endo
Inward development from the germinal layer of a hydatid resulting in the formation of a daughter cyst or brood capsule.... endogenous budding
Preferring to feed indoors.... endophagic
Preferring to rest indoors.... endophilic
(Hebrew) From the fountain Endorah, Endoria, Endorea, Endor, Endore, Endoriah, Endoreah, Endorra, Endorrah... endora
A tube that is passed into the trachea through the nose or mouth that enables delivery of oxygen during artificial ventilation or of anaesthetic gases (see anaesthesia) during surgery. An inflatable cuff around the lower end of the endotracheal tube prevents secretions or stomach contents from entering the lungs.... endotracheal tube
A liquid mixed with oxygen and inhaled as a vapour to induce and help maintain general anaesthesia (see anaesthesia, general). Rarely, enflurane may cause arrhythmia.... enflurane
Another name for Crohn’s disease.... enteritis, regional
See coeliac disease.... gluten enteropathy
A nontechnical term for the increased drive and activity of individuals who are always restless, anxious, and on the go.... nervous energy
This is a procedure in which a catheter (see CATHETERS) is passed via an ENDOSCOPE into the AMPULLA OF VATER of the common BILE DUCT. The duct is then injected with a radio-opaque material to show up the ducts radiologically. The technique is used to diagnose pancreatic disease as well as obstructive jaundice.... endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ercp)
Insertion of a rubber or plastic tube through the nose or mouth into the TRACHEA. The tube often has a cu? at its lower end which, when in?ated, provides an airtight seal. This allows an anaesthetist to supply oxygen or anaesthetic gases to the lungs with the knowledge of exactly how much the patient is receiving. Endotracheal intubation is necessary to undertake arti?cial ventilation of a patient (see ANAESTHESIA).... endotracheal intubation
See “durable power of attorney”.... enduring power of attorney
(Spanish) One who is praised Enedinah, Enedeena, Enedeenah, Enedeana, Enedeanah, Enedyna, Enedynah... enedina
A volatile inhalational anaesthetic similar to HALOTHANE but less potent and less likely to have toxic effects on the LIVER.... enflurane
(German) Feminine form of Engel; a heavenly messenger; an angel Engelia, Engelea, Engelina, Engelyna, Engeleena, Engeleana, Engella... engela
(German) A luminous angel Engelberta, Engelberthe, Engelberte, Engelbertine, Engelbertina, Engelberteena, Engelberteen, Engelbertyna, Engelbertyne... engelbertha
English Breakfast Tea is a mixture of black teas originating from Assam, Ceylon and Kenya and was invented in Scotland in the 19th century. This blend is an established breakfast custom in England, having an invigorating and energizing aroma which is the perfect way to start the day.
English Breakfast Tea - when and how to drink it
As the name suggests, the tea is associated with a particular moment of the day, but it is generally consumed on any occasion. It can be served with milk or other additives in order to suit your personal preference. Do not pour the milk first; this could result in an unpleasant aroma.
How to brew English Breakfast Tea
Before pouring boiling water into your cup to make the infusion, the pot should ideally be already warmed with hot water. Allow your English Breakfast Tea brewing three to five minutes in order to attain the desired results, according to the preferred taste. Do not steep it for too long, because it will turn slightly bitter. If you want a stronger aroma, add more tea leaves.
Health benefits of English Breakfast Tea
English breakfast Tea contains high amounts of beneficial nutrients which can prevent cardiovascular diseases, improve oral health by reducing dental caries and lower the risk of cancer. It can be used as a replacement for coffee because it contains a sufficient amount of caffeine to provide the daily necessary dose. Furthermore, it contains no calories and it can be extremely effective in the weight loss process if you are on a diet because the beverage reduces the cholesterol levels.
English Breakfast Tea side effects
The only reported side effects of English Breakfast Tea consumption are those associated with caffeine consumption, such as anxiety. For people who find it hard to tolerate the caffeine, there are a number of decaffeinated alternatives.
The strong and smooth taste of English Breakfast Tea, sweetened or not, will complement your meal at any moment throughout the day! The refreshing aroma of this extremely popular black tea is guaranteed to turn it into a personal favourite for any tea lover.... english breakfast tea
(Spanish) A graceful woman Engraciah, Engracea, Engraceah... engracia
(Welsh) One who gives life Enide, Enit, Enite, Enyd, Enyde... enid
If you haven’t tried reishi tea until now, you should get some. Made from a “cure-all” herb, reishi tea has plenty of health benefits and helps you stay healthy with every gulp.
About Reishi Tea
Reishi tea is made form reishi, which is considered the best and most superior of all Chinese herbs.
Reishi is a polypore mushroom which can be found growing in dark forests, on deciduous trees and logs. It is soft, corky, and flat, and has a conspicuous red-varnished cap, kidney-shaped, and with pores underneath it. It is classified based on its color and shape, and each variety protects and nourishes a different body organ. The classification is the following: white (lungs and skin), purple (joints), red (heart), green (liver), black (brain and kidney), and yellow (spleen).
How to prepare Reishi Tea
For a cup of reishi tea, you need about 5 grams of dried reishi mushroom herbs. Add them to the necessary amount of water for one cup and boil for about 10 minutes. Then, let the mixture steep for 2-3 hours, before you strain it to remove the herbs.
If you don’t like the taste too much or you think it’s too bitter, you can add honey or fruit juice to sweeten it.
Reishi Tea Constituents
Reishi tea gets many of its health benefits thanks to the active constituents found in the reishi mushroom - the tea’s main ingredient. Some of them include triterpenes (ganoderic acids), polysaccharides, alkaloids, lactones, mannitol and coumarin. Also, reishi tea has various vitamins, proteins, and minerals.
Reishi Tea Benefits
Reishi tea is an important element in the fight against cancer. It helps by enhancing the human ability to fight abnormal cells and, consequently, it can improve the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acid. It also protects the cells against further damage, and it helps alleviate the pain and discomfort caused by chemotherapy.
Drinking reishi tea will keep the heart diseases away, as it lowers bad cholesterol levels and blood pressure. It helps strengthen the immune system, and it will also slow down the aging process by nurturing the cells in your body.
Not only is reishi tea good for your immune system, but it also helps your nervous system. This tea is bound to help you relax, by soothing the mind and sedating the nerves. It will also help you sleep properly during the night.
You can drink reishi tea if you’ve got problems with coughing or asthma. It protects your liver, therefore it is recommended to persons who suffer from acute and chronic hepatitis. Besides this, it also helps with diabetes, skin allergy, and duodenal ulcers.
Reishi Tea Side Effects
You might have an allergic reaction to reishi tea. If you end up with an upset stomach, or you feel your mouth, nose and/or throat dry, you might have an allergic reaction. Stop drinking reishi tea and contact your doctor, just in case.
Other side effects you might get when drinking reishi tea include dizziness, nosebleeds, sore bones, gastrointestinal distress, or irritated skin.
It is best not to drink reishi tea if you’re taking blood thinning medication (aspirin, warfarin). The tea might intensify the effects of the medicine. It is also considered that this tea may interfere with immunosuppressive drugs or even organ transplants.
According to the Chinese, the reishi mushroom is a plant which can bring “the dying back to life”. Reishi tea has quite similar properties too, as it comes with many health benefits. This should encourage you to drink reishi tea every day!... enjoy a cup of reishi tea!
If you feel like drinking an herbal tea with plenty of health benefits, you should try prickly ash tea. Even if the taste is bitter, the tea is bound to help you stay healthy. Find out more about it in this article!
About Prickly Ash Tea
Prickly ash tea is made from the bark of the prickly ash. The plant is also known as Devil’s Walkingstick, Hercules’s Club or Prickly Elder. The plant grows in the eastern parts of North America.
Prickly ash is a tall shrub, usually reaching 6m in height. It has a stem with large leaves, 70-120cm long. The flowers bloom in late summer; they’re small and creamy-white. Also, the fruits are a small, purple-black berry.
How to make Prickly Ash Tea
It’s easy to make prickly ash tea. Boil the necessary amount of water and add a teaspoon of chopped bark for each cup of tea. Let it steep for 5-7 minutes; then, strain in order to remove the herbs. If it tastes too bitter for you, you can sweeten the tea with milk, honey or fruit juices.
Prickly Ash Tea Benefits
Prickly ash tea gets important active constituents from the bark of its plant. These include chelerythin alkaloids, tannins, lignans, resins, and volatile oils.
You can drink prickly ash tea if you’ve got toothaches, abdominal pains (or any other chronic pains) or diarrhea. It is also used in killing intestinal parasites, and treating arthritis and rheumatism.
It is also useful in treating circulation problems and lowering blood pressure. You can drink it if you’ve got a cold or a sore throat.
Prickly ash tea can also be combined with other ingredients, for different health benefits. Combined with ginger, it alleviates chronic abdominal pains, and treats nausea and vomiting caused by long-term illnesses. It can also be combined with coptis or Oregon grape root in order to treat symptoms caused by roundworms.
Prickly Ash Tea side Effects
It is best not to drink prickly ash tea if you’re pregnant or breast feeding. It’s not quite sure how it can affect the baby, but it might, so it’s better to stop drinking it during these periods.
Be careful with the amount of tea you drink if you’ve got low blood pressure. Prickly ash tea helps lower the blood pressure, so it might end up causing some harm (hypotension). Also, if you drink this tea while taking medication (aspirin, warfarin, heparin, tinzaparin), the combination might lead to bleeding and bruising.
Also, don’t drink prickly ash tea if you’ve got stomach or intestinal problems: ulcerative colitis, peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux, Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome, infections, and other digestive tract conditions. It’s bound to make your stomach and intestinal problems worse. Also, dopn’t drink this tea if you’ve got a fever with profuse sweating.
Despite its bitter taste, you should give prickly ash tea a chance, especially thanks to its health benefits. As an herbal tea, it’s bound to keep you healthy!... enjoy prickly ash tea
(Greek) The ninth-born child Enneah, Ennia, Enniah... ennea
(Irish) From the market town Enniss, Ennisse, Ennys, Ennyss, Ennysse... ennis
It you want to drink a special type of herbal tea, try the rose petal tea. It is aromatic, with a pleasant taste, and you’re bound to enjoy it. It also has important health benefits. Find out more about rose petal tea!
About Rose Petal Tea
Rose petal tea is made from the petals of a flower most adored by many women: the rose. This woody perennial plant has over 100 species which grow in Asia, Europe, North America, and northwest Africa.
Roses grow as a group of erect shrubs, acting like climbing plants. Its stems often have small, sharp thorns. The leaves are oval-shaped with sharply-toothed edges, and they’re about 10cm long. The fruit is called rosehip; it is ripe from late summer to autumn, and it is edible. The flowers usually have 5 petals with two distinct lobes; they are usually pink, white, red, or yellow.
You can make tea both from the rose petals and from the rose’s fruit, the rosehip.
How to prepare Rose Petal Tea
When making rose petal tea, first make sure that the petals you use are free of pesticides. Roses from gardens and flower shops are usually treated with pesticides, and shouldn’t be used to make rose petal tea.
To enjoy rose petal tea, add about two handfuls of properly washed and dry rose petals to a pot with water for three cups of tea. Leave the pot over medium heat for 5 minutes, or until the petals have lost their original color, becoming darker. Stream to remove the petals and sweeten, if necessary, with honey or fruit juice.
Rose Petal Tea Components
Rose petal tea gets many active components from the rose petals: cyclic monoterpene alcohols, geraniol, citronellol and nerol are just a few important ones. It also includes long-chain hydrocarbons (nonadecane, heneicosane).
These active components lead to the many health benefits rose petal tea has.
Rose Petal Tea Benefits
Rose petal tea helps strengthen your immunity, and can be part of the treatment for colds. It is useful if you’ve got a fever, a runny nose, a sore throat, or bronchial congestion. Also, it helps clean your body of toxins.
Drinking rose petal tea can help during menstrual periods, if you’ve got a heavy menstrual flow. It can also reduce menstrual cramps, and helps regulate your period.
Rose petal tea is often used to treat diarrhea and dysentery. It can also help you fight against depression, fatigue and insomnia.
Rose petal tea also acts as a digestive aid, as it protects the gastrointestinal tract. It is often used to treat constipation, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and dysentery; the tea also nourishes the gastric mucosa. You can drink rose petal tea to treat urinary tract infections, as well.
Rose Petal Tea Side Effects
No important side effects of rose petal tea have been noted. Still, it is considered best not to drink more than 5 cups of tea a day. If you drink too much, you might get some of these symptoms: headaches, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, insomnia, dizziness, and irregular heartbeats.
Spoil yourself with a delicious cup of rose petal tea! Not only will you enjoy its taste, but its health benefits, as well.... enjoy a cup of rose petal tea
(English) One who is careful... enore
An individual enrolled in a health plan and, therefore, entitled to receive the health services the plan provides.... enrollee
(American) An emotional woman Ensli, Ensley, Ensly, Enslee, Enslea, Ensleigh... enslie
Celandine tea is one of the many herbal teas available all around the world. While it has a bitter taste, it is still a valuable beverage thanks to its many health benefits. Find out more about celandine tea!
About Celandine Tea
Celandine tea is made from the plant called greater celandine, also known as tetterwort in Europe. It is an herbaceous perennial plant which can be found in Europe, western Asia and North America.
The greater celandine has an erect stem with a height between 30 and 120cm. The leaves are quite long (around 30cm), lobed and crenate. The flowers are yellow, with four petals and two sepals; they bloom from late spring till the end of summer. The plant also has a pod-like fruit with an unpleasant odor and a bitter taste.
How to prepare Celandine Tea
For a cup of celandine tea, add half a teaspoon of chopped celandine herbs to a cup of freshly boiled water. Let it steep for about 10 minutes. Once the steeping time is done, strain to remove the herbs and the tea is done.
If you think the taste is too bitter for your liking, you can add honey or fruit juice (lemon, for example).
Celandine Tea Benefits
Celandine tea gets many active constituents from the greater celandine. Some of them include berberine, sanguinarine, chelidonine, protopine, coptisine, and stylopine.
Celandine tea, especially in combination with other herbs, is quite beneficial for your stomach. It can be combined with peppermint leaf, German chamomile, caraway, licorice, clown’s mustard plant, lemon balm, angelica, and milk thistle. The mixture helps with dyspepsia, as it reduces the severity of acid reflux, stomach pains, cramping, nausea, and vomiting.
You can drink celandine tea if you’ve got problems with gallstones. It increases bile production and therefore flushes out gallstones. It also helps with jaundice, scurvy, and gout.
Celandine tea can also help if you’ve got a toothache or high blood pressure. It is often used to treat whooping cough, bronchitis, and arthritis. Also, if you’ve got an irregular menstruation, celandine tea can help regulate it.
Celandine tea can also be used topically. It is useful when it comes to various skin problems, for example warts, blister rashes or scabies.
Celandine Tea Side Effects
Celandine tea has a few side effects, as well.
It is recommended not to drink celandine tea if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. It isn’t known just how much harm it can do, but it might affect the baby. Therefore, it is safer not to consume it during these periods.
Celandine tea might increase the flow of bile. In some cases, if a large quantity is consumed, it might cause blockage of the bile duct. Also, you shouldn’t drink celandine tea if you know you’ve got liver problems. In some cases, it might cause hepatitis.
Be careful with the amount of celandine tea you drink, as well. It is recommended not to drink more than six cups of celandine tea a day. If you do, it might cause more harm than good. Some of the symptoms you might get include: headaches, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and irregular heartbeats.
Celandine tea is recommended as an everyday tea. It has important health benefits and very few side effects. Despite its bitter taste, give it a try!... enjoy celandine tea
A small nematode parasite of humans. Also known as pinworm, threadworm or seatworm. Infection often associated with anal pruritis, especially in children.... enterobius vermicularis
A condition in which, owing to a lax condition of the mesenteries (see MESENTERY) and ligaments which support the intestines, the latter descend into the lower part of the abdominal cavity.... enteroptosis
A family of VIRUSES which include the POLIOMYELITIS, COXSACKIE and ECHO (see ECHOVIRUSES) groups of viruses. Their importance lies in their tendency to invade the central nervous system. They receive their name from the fact that their mode of entry into the body is through the gut.... enteroviruses
If you like herbal teas, there are lots of types you can try - one of them is periwinkle tea. Like most herbal teas, it has a slightly bitter taste, but it also has important health benefits. Read to find out more about periwinkle tea!
About Periwinkle Tea
Periwinkle tea is made from the vinca plant, an herbaceous plant which can be found in Europe, northwest Africa and southwest Asia.
Vinca plant has long, trailing stems that grow near the ground, touching it. The branches can reach about half a meter in height. The leaves are evergreen and, opposite, the flowers are salverform, with 5 vilet (and sometimes white) petals connected together at the base.
Two species of the plant are often cultivated as ornamental plants. However, in some parts of Australia, New Zealand, and the United States, it has spread too much, becoming an invasive plant.
Interestingly, it is said that the plant protects you from voodoo magic.
Periwinkle Tea constituents
Vinca plants have lots of constituents which are transferred to periwinkle tea, as well.
Periwinkle tea is rich in alkaloids that come from the vinca plant. It has at least 86 different alkaloids. Some of them are: vincamine, vinpocetine, vinblastine, vincristine, alstonine, ajmalicine, leurocristine, and reserpine.
How to prepare Periwinkle Tea
For a cup of periwinkle tea, you need a teaspoon of dried herbs. Pour boiling water into the cup and let it steep for 10-15 minutes. Once the steeping time is done, strain to remove the herbs and your cup of periwinkle tea is done.
If the taste is too bitter for you, you can sweeten the tea by adding honey or fruit juice to your cup.
Periwinkle Tea Benefits
Thanks to the many constituents derived from the vinca plant, periwinkle tea has lots of important health benefits.
Periwinkle tea plays an important role in the fight against cancer. It is often recommended in the treatment for leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease, malignant lymphomas, neuroblastoma, Wilm’s tumor and Kaposi’s sarcoma.
Drinking periwinkle tea will help lower blood sugar levels and blood pressure, as well as improve blood circulation. You can drink periwinkle tea during menstruation if you’ve got an excessive blood flow. It should help in such situations. This tea is also useful in treating diarrhea, colitis and diabetes.
You can use periwinkle tea to treat mouth sores and bleeding gums; it acts as a good mouth rinse. It can help you with headaches and memory loss problems and it enhances your memory. It also has calming effects, helping you with anxiety and nervousness.
Periwinkle tea can be used topically, as well. You can wet a cloth with tea and use it to stop wounds from bleeding. You can also put it on the skin to treat wasp stings or on the eye if you’ve got an eye infection.
Periwinkle Tea Side Effects
With so many health benefits, periwinkle tea has to have a few side effects too. Here are some which you have to be careful with.
If you’ve got kidney, liver or lung diseases, you should avoid drinking periwinkle tea. Also you should not drink it if you’ve got low blood pressure, or if you’re constipated.
Pregnant women shouldn’t drinkperiwinkle tea, as it may lead to birth defects or even miscarriages. Also, it is best to stay away from this tea if you’re breast feeding; even in this case, it might affect the baby.
It is best to stop drinking periwinkle tea before a surgery. It can lower blood pressure and it might lead to problems during and after the surgery. Check with your doctor and make sure you’re safe to drink periwinkle tea after a surgery.
It is also recommended that you not drink more than 4 cups of periwinkle tea. Besides the usual symptoms (low blood pressure and constipation) you might also get other symptoms: headaches, loss of appetite, insomnia, dizziness, and irregular heartbeats.
Drinking periwinkle tea can help you a lot, with its many health benefits. Don’t forget about the side effects, though. As long as you make sure it’s safe to drink periwinkle tea, you can happily drink it!... enjoy periwinkle tea
A leaf with a straight, untoothed margin.... entire
The injection of a venom into the tissues by teeth, spines, miniature harpoons (nematocysts) or drills. c.f. bite and sting.... envenomation
A local-authority health o?cial specially quali?ed in aspects of environmental health such as clean air, food hygiene, housing, pollution, sanitation and water supplies. He or she is responsible for running the authority’s environmental health department and, when epidemiological advice is needed, the relevant public-health physician acts in a consultative capacity (see EPIDEMIOLOGY; PUBLIC HEALTH).... environmental health officer
Making temporary changes to the environment with the objective of reducing vector abundance.... environmental manipulation
Environment and Health concerns those aspects of human health, including quality of life, that are determined by physical, biological, social and psychosocial factors in the environment. The promotion of good health requires not only public policies which support health, but also the creation of supportive environments in which living and working conditions are safe, stimulating and enjoyable.
Health has driven much of environmental policy since the work of Edwin Chadwick in the early 1840s. The ?rst British public-health act was introduced in 1848 to improve housing and sanitation with subsequent provision of puri?ed water, clean milk, food hygiene regulations, vaccinations and antibiotics. In the 21st century there are now many additional environmental factors that must be monitored, researched and controlled if risks to human health are to be well managed and the impact on human morbidity and mortality reduced.
Environmental impacts on health include:
noise
air pollution
water pollution
dust •odours
contaminated ground
loss of amenities
vermin
vibration
animal diseases
Environmental risk factors Many of the major determinants of health, disease and death are environmental risk factors. Some are natural hazards; others are generated by human activities. They may be directly harmful, as in the examples of exposure to toxic chemicals at work, pesticides, or air pollution from road transport, or to radon gas penetrating domestic properties. Environmental factors may also alter people’s susceptibility to disease: for example, the availability of su?cient food. In addition, they may operate by making unhealthy choices more likely, such as the availability and a?ord-ability of junk foods, alcohol, illegal drugs or tobacco.
Populations at risk Children are among the populations most sensitive to environmental health hazards. Their routine exposure to toxic chemicals in homes and communities can put their health at risk. Central to the ability to protect communities and families is the right of people to know about toxic substances. For many, the only source of environmental information is media reporting, which often leaves the public confused and frustrated. To bene?t from public access to information, increasingly via the Internet, people need basic environmental and health information, resources for interpreting, understanding and evaluating health risks, and familiarity with strategies for prevention or reduction of risk.
Risk assessment Environmental health experts rely on the principles of environmental toxicology and risk assessment to evaluate the environment and the potential effects on individual and community health. Key actions include:
identifying sources and routes of environmental exposure and recommending methods of reducing environmental health risks, such as exposure to heavy metals, solvents, pesticides, dioxins, etc.
assessing the risks of exposure-related health hazards.
alerting health professionals, the public, and the media to the levels of risk for particular potential hazards and the reasons for interventions.
ensuring that doctors and scientists explain the results of environmental monitoring studies – for example, the results of water ?uoridation in the UK to improve dental health.
National policies In the United Kingdom in 1996, an important step in linking environment and health was taken by a government-initiated joint consultation by the Departments of Health and Environment about adding ‘environment’ as a key area within the Health of the Nation strategy. The ?rst UK Minister of State for Public Health was appointed in 1997 with responsibilities for health promotion and public-health issues, both generally and within the NHS. These responsibilities include the implementation of the Health of the Nation strategy and its successor, Our Healthy Nation. The aim is to raise the priority given to human health throughout government departments, and to make health and environmental impact assessment a routine part of the making, implementing and assessing the impact of policies.
Global environmental risks The scope of many environmental threats to human health are international and cannot be regulated e?ectively on a local, regional or even national basis. One example is the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident, which led to a major release of radiation, the effects of which were felt in many countries. Some international action has already been taken to tackle global environmental problems, but governments should routinely measure the overall impacts of development on people and their environments and link with industry to reduce damage to the environment. For instance, the effects of global warming and pollution on health should be assessed within an ecological framework if communities are to respond e?ectively to potential new global threats to the environment.... environment and health
Making permanent changes to the environment with the objective of reducing vector abundance.... environmental modification
(Hebrew) Filled with grace... enye
(Greek) In mythology, a war goddess... enyo
This is a sensitive method for measuring the quantity of a substance. An antibody to the substance is prepared along with an ENZYME which binds to the antibody and which can be accurately measured using colour changes that occur as a result of the chemical reaction.... enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa)
A disease in patients presenting with severe abdominal colic, evanescent small bowel obstruction and a peripheral blood eosinophilia. Zoonotic hookworms, e.g. Ancyclostoma caninum, are believed to be the causative agent, as described by Dr John Croese and others from northern Queensland.... eosinophilic enteritis
A complication of severe HYPERTENSION, this serious but uncommon condition is characterised by neurological symptoms which include transient verbal and visual disturbances, PARAESTHESIA, disorientation, ?ts and sometimes loss of consciousness. It also affects the eyes, causing PAPILLOEDEMA. Haemorrhages may occur in the brain, usually in the area of the BASAL GANGLIA. Neurological symptoms can usually be treated e?ectively by controlling the patient’s hypertension.... hypertensive encephalopathy
With a reputation of an energy tea, Ephedra tea was taken by athletes and it is the subject of many controversies. Learn more about other benefits of this kind of tea.
About Ephedra tea
Ephedra, also known as Ma huang in Chinese, has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for centuries to treat cold related conditions. Botanically called Ephedra sinica, this is an evergreen shrub native to Asia. The plant’s leaves and stems are harvested, dried and then sold as teas, tinctures, extracts or tablets.
The stems of ephedra have pungent and bitter taste and also diaphoretic, diuretic, pectoral, vasoconstrictive and vasodilative properties.
The main chemical constituents in ephedra are ephedrine and pseudoephedrine which work by stimulating the nervous system, dilating bronchial tubes, elevating blood pressure, and increasing heart rate. Due to these effects, ephedra became a favorite for athletes as it is believed that the herb enhances athletic performance.
Several incidences of adverse effects and even death that may have been caused by excessive consumption of ephedra and ephedra supplements led the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to ban the sale of ephedra supplements in the United States in 2004. Currently, ephedra is still a subject of debate, especially when it comes to athletes in international competitions and anti-doping testes.
However, don’t avoid Ephedra tea as it has important benefits as well.
Ephedra tea preparation
Ephedra tea can be made by placing about 10 grams of ephedra herb in 2 cups of water and let it boil for 10 minutes. Filter out the herbs before drinking the Ephedra tea.
Ephedra tea benefits
Here are several health benefits attributed to Ephedra tea.
Ephedra Tea may alleviate respiratory ailments such asthma, colds, coughs and hay fever, as well as various allergic symptoms.
Ephedra Tea may help expel exterior pathogens and regulate the proper functioning of the lungs.
Ephedra Tea, taken in a regulated and supervised manner, may be effective for short-term weight loss, often associated with caffeine.
Taken in a regulated and supervised manner, it stimulates the central nervous system may help boost energy and enhance alertness.
Ephedra tea side effects
Excessive use of Ephedra tea can cause dizziness, irregular heartbeat, seizures, strokes and even death.
This tea is not recommended during pregnancy, breastfeeding and to persons with high blood pressure or heart disease.
Ephedra tea should not be used as an energy booster, sports or diet aid or in combination with any stimulant such as caffeine as it may lead to unwanted side effects.
In spite of these side effects, you can occasionally drink a cup of Ephedra tea, but first ask your current practitioner and pay attention to overdose.... ephedra tea - the energy tea
A flavivirus, related to Murray Valley virus (see Australian Encephalitis). Rice paddybreeding Culicine mosquitoes, Culex tritaeniorhyehus, often transmit the disease. Mosquitoes are largely zoophilic. Occasionally Aedes spp and Anopholines implicated in transmission. Disease consists of prodrome, encephalitis and recovery (or death on average in 7%). Affects mostly children less than five years of age and leaves sequelae. A vaccination is available.... japanese encephalitis
The atypical mycobacteria. The commonest PPEM to cause human disease is the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex. PPEM differ from M. tuberculosis in their source (environmental or zoonotic), rate of growth, temperature of growth and ability to produce pigment on culture. Mostly infect immunologically compromised humans and the disease caused by some species may be clinicallyindistinguishable from true human tuberculosis.... potentially pathogenic environmental mycobacteria (ppem)
This consists of highly specialised cells scattered throughout the body, but found mainly in the SPLEEN, BONE MARROW, LIVER, and LYMPH nodes or glands. Their main function is the ingestion of red blood cells and the conversion of HAEMOGLOBIN to BILIRUBIN. They are also able to ingest bacteria and foreign colloidal particles.... reticulo-endothelial system
(French) A red-haired woman... roux
An online service that compares search criteria with its database of information on the Internet and displays the results.... search engine
A local or regional access point where older persons receive information, assessment of needs, care planning, referrals to health and social services and, in some systems, authorization of services for home care, community-based care or residential care facilities.... single point of entry
An environment that reduces risks to people’s health and promotes healthy living.... supportive environment for health
An operation, usually done under local anaesthetic, in which the lining membrane of the UTERUS (womb) is excised using a type of LASER or DIATHERMY surgery that utilises a hysterescope (a variety of ENDOSCOPE) through which the operator can visualise the inside of the uterus. The operation is done to treat MENORRHAGIA (heavy blood loss during MENSTRUATION) and its introduction has reduced the need to perform HYSTERECTOMY for the condition.... transcervical resection of endometrium (tcre)
A septicaemic infection of humans caused by Salmonella typhi. A similar but generallymilder enteric fever, paratyphoid, is caused by Salmonella paratyphi A,B,C.... typhoid (enteric) fever
If you need something to enhance your energy, you can try one of the teas for energy. As tea is a healthy, natural beverage, this should encourage you to give it a try. You will definitely enjoy its other health benefits, as well. Find out more about teas for energy!
Why do we need tea for energy
Whether it’s because we don’t get enough sleep or we’re sick, there are times when we feel low on energy. This can lead to various side effects: you might feel dizzy, tired, or you could have trouble with focusing on something.
A proper alimentation can help boost our energy. The drinks we have also matter: we should consume beverages which give us energy. In this case, the best solution is the tea. It is a natural beverage, either hot or cold, which has lots of health benefits.
Teas for energy
The list of teas for energy includes various types of tea. These are teas with caffeine content, as well as herbal teas.
Teas which contain caffeine help you when you are low on energy. These include teas made from the Camellia Sinensis plant: black tea, green tea, white tea and oolong tea. Other blends are bai Hao oolong tea (oriental beauty), darjeeling tea, genmaicha tea, mango tea (a mix of green tea, black tea, and mango pieces), and nepal tea. Not only will they make you feel more energized, but they will also improve your mental functions.
Herbal teas, despite their lack of caffeine content, also boost your energy. You can try ginkgo biloba tea, muira puama tea, ginger tea, licorice tea, or rosehip tea.
You can also drink yerba mate tea, which is an herbal tea with very low caffeine content. This tea is known for stimulating the brain and the nervous system in a gentler way than coffee. It is also recommended to people who feel tired because of stress.
Side effects of teas for energy
The main side effects of the teas for energy are related to the teas made from the Camellia Sinensis plant: black tea, green tea, white tea and oolong tea. In some cases, the caffeine content can lead to the following symptoms: headaches, nervousness, sleep problems, vomiting, diarrhea, irritability, irregular heartbeats, tremors, dizziness, or ringing in the ears.
In the case of yerba mate tea, it’s important not to drink more than 4 cups of tea a day. If you drink large amounts, it might increase the risk of getting lung cancer, esophageal cancer, laryngeal cancer, or kidney cancer.
As for herbal teas, side effects vary from one type to another. However, it is recommended not to drink herbal teas during pregnancy or nursing periods.
Teas you should not drink
If you want to feel full of energy, you should avoid drinking teas that help you relax and teas that help you get rid of stress (especially valerian tea and chamomile tea). They have their own share of benefits, ones which won’t help you in this case, though.
Also, you should avoid teas that help you fall asleep. They’re supposed to have a calming effect on the body and mind; this is the opposite of what you need when you’re low on energy.
If you want to feel energized, make sure you drink tea - especially tea which contains caffeine. Choose one that’s to your liking and enjoy a cup of tea for energy!... tea for energy
ENGLAND Dr F.H. Physician and Professor of Materia Medica, College of Medicine and Surgery, Chicago. Pioneer in the introduction of American Herbalism into Britain at the turn of the 20th century. ... england
An enzyme is a substance produced in the body, acting as a catalyst to trigger chemical change in another. Complex substances are thereby broken down into simple compounds to facilitate assimilation and absorption, as in the digestive juices. ... enzymes
Tribulus Tea is a well known for its aphrodisiac properties and for its ability to enhance the sexual activity, even if Tribulus plant is still considered a pest in many areas of the world. Tribulus is a perennial herb that grows mainly in sunny and warm places, such as Southern Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia, with small green leaves and bright yellow flowers. Its fruits contain a fruit that is round and hard. You can recognize it by its short needles, places on the back side of the leaves and all over the roots.
Tribulus Tea Properties
The main ingredient of Tribulus Tea is called steroidal sapoins and it can be found mainly in the leaves. However, drinking too much Tribulus Tea may increase your body’s toxicity level and cause great damages to your health. A great amount of steroidal sapoins is hard to be flushed out of your system, so if you’re not sure about taking it and you don’t know how much steroidal sapoins your system can take, talk to a herbalist or to your doctor.
Tribulus Tea Benefits
Tribulus Tea is a great help when it comes to increasing the libido. However, too much of it may cause you problems. It is also used to treat infertility in men, some erectile disorders and it is said that Tribulus Tea has also anti-tumor properties. Herbalists say that this tea can also increase your muscular mass, lower your blood pressure and your cholesterol.
How to make Tribulus Tea Infusion
Preparing Tribulus Tea involves following a number of simple steps. Take the fresh or dried herbs (you can use any parts of tribulus plant), put them in a teapot and add boiling water. Leave it for 10 or 15 minutes and drink it hot or cold. Use a teaspoon of herbs for every cup of tea and don’t drink more than 1 or 2 cups per day, for a short time period.
Do not turn drinking Tribulus Tea into a daily habit, just take it as long as you need to take advantage of its benefits and then take some time off. This way, your system will be able to flush away any trace of toxicity that this tea could leave.
Tribulus Tea Side Effects
The main concern when it comes to taking Tribulus Tea is that you shouldn’t drink more than one or two cups per day, for not longer than 7 days. When enhancing your libido, Tribulus Tea increases your hormone level, especially your estrogen and testosterone level.
If you are a female, pay attention to hair growth and other male characterics, and if you are a male, make sure you keep an eye on how your glands are behaving. Let’s not forget that Tribulus Tea is a medical treatment and should not be used unsupervised. Before starting a Tribulus Tea Treatment, talk to a specialist.
Tribulus Tea Contraindications
Do not take Tribulus Tea if you are suffering from one of these conditions: stomach disorders, ulcers, breast and prostate cancers as well as other hormone-dependent problems. The same advice if you are pregnant or breastfeeding: since the active ingredient of this tea enhances your libido by increasing your hormone level, it is best to avoid taking it. If you have already taken it and you’re experiencing vomiting episodes or any other side effect, talk to your doctor as soon as possible!
But, if both your health and will are strong, there’s no reason not to take Tribulus Tea. At least give it a try and enjoy the wonderful benefits of this tea!... tribulus tea libido enhancer
A rare inherited disorder in which areas of the skin (most commonly the fingers, toes, scalp, and the areas around the anus and mouth) are reddened, ulcerated, and covered with pustules. Acrodermatitis enteropathica is due to an inability to absorb enough zinc from food. Zinc supplements usually help.... acrodermatitis enteropathica
A substance that converts angiotensin I to its active form, angiotensin. Drugs that reduce the action of this enzyme are known as ACE inhibitor drugs and are used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.... angiotensin converting enzyme
A type of mammoplasty.... breast enlargement surgery
The hard outer layer of a tooth that covers and protects the inner structures.... enamel, dental
(AVNRT) *re-entry tachycardia arising from the presence of an abnormal electrical connection between atria and ventricles situated within the *atrioventricular node.... atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia
a radiological technique used to diagnose conditions of the large bowel using the combination of X-ray imaging and radiopaque contrast (barium sulphate). Prior bowel cleansing is usually required with a colonic cleansing preparation. A large-bore tube with a balloon is inserted into the rectum and through this the barium is delivered to the caecum. The balloon is inflated in the rectum to prevent leakage of barium outside. In *double contrast studies, air is passed through the catheter to distend the colon. A series of radiographs are taken after barium has coated the colon, and the patient may be asked to change position to ensure that the whole bowel is delineated. Barium enema is used to identify colonic polyps, colorectal cancer, and diverticular disease. However, its role has been largely taken over by *colonoscopy which enables additional mucosal sampling and therapeutic intervention.... barium enema
see video capsule endoscopy.... capsule endoscopy
special enquiries that seek to improve health and health care by collecting evidence on aspects of care and disseminating recommendations based on these findings. MBRRACE-UK (Mothers and Babies; Reducing Risks through Audits and Confidential Enquiries in the UK) investigates maternal deaths, stillbirths, late fetal losses and terminations, and neonatal deaths (see infant mortality rate; maternal death; maternal mortality rate; perinatal mortality rate). It replaced the Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries (CMACE), which carried out this work until 2012. The National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death investigates general medical and surgical care, and the National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness covers the care of people with mental illness. *NHS England manages the contracts with the confidential enquiries.... confidential enquiries
vb. to empower someone to undertake an action or to take responsibility for a situation. See empowerment.... enable
n. a ball-and-socket joint: a type of *diarthrosis (freely movable joint), e.g. the shoulder joint and the hip joint. Such a joint always involves a long bone, which is thus allowed to move in all planes.... enarthrosis
adj. (of an organ, tumour, bacterium, etc.) enclosed in a *capsule.... encapsulated
(encephalo-) combining form denoting the brain.... encephal
n. any of various techniques for recording the structure of the brain or the activity of the brain cells. Examples are *electroencephalography and *pneumoencephalography.... encephalography
n. any condition in which there is widespread disease of the brain and spinal cord. Necrotizing encephalomyelopathy of childhood is a progressive illness with extensive destruction of nerve cells throughout the central nervous system. It is thought to be caused by a disorder of metabolism.... encephalomyelopathy
n. see brain.... encephalon
see bejel.... endemic syphilis
n. inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the cervix (neck) of the uterus, usually caused by infection. Surface cells (columnar epithelium) may die, resulting in a new growth of healthy epithelium over the affected area. The condition is accompanied by a thick mucoid discharge.... endocervicitis
n. the mucous membrane lining the cervix (neck) of the uterus, which (like the *endometrium) is covered with stratified columnar *epithelium.... endocervix
adj. within the material of a cartilage.... endochondral
a rare tumour of fetal remnants of the ovaries or testes. In women it is an aggressive malignant ovarian tumour that develops in adolescence and may secrete alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotrophin, which can be used as *tumour markers. It is treated by oophorectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy.... endodermal sinus tumour
a blind-ended duct that leads from the sacculus and joins a duct from the utriculus of the membranous *labyrinth of the ear.... endolymphatic duct
a dilatation at the end of the *endolymphatic duct that removes waste products from the inner ear.... endolymphatic sac
an increase in the thickness of the cells of the *endometrium, usually due to prolonged exposure to unopposed oestrogen, which can be endogenous, as in anovular menstrual cycles; or exogenous, deriving, for example, from *hormone replacement therapy or an oestrogen-secreting tumour. It is classified as simple, complex, or atypical. Endometrial hyperplasia most commonly presents with abnormal uterine bleeding and accounts for 15% cases of postmenopausal bleeding. It may also be asymptomatic, and in some cases regresses spontaneously without ever being detected. The presence of atypical cells may lead to *endometrial cancer. Treatment can include progestogen therapy or surgery (see endometrial ablation); hysterectomy is advised when atypical changes are present.... endometrial hyperplasia
n. a complex *ovarian cyst, usually with ‘chocolate’ material (altered blood) inside and associated with *endometriosis. A history of cyclical enlargement of the nodule and painful periods is highly suggestive. There is a characteristic ground-glass appearance on transvaginal ultrasound and these cysts may be associated with a raised *CA125 level. Endometriomas are not amenable to medical therapy and should be surgically excised.... endometrioma
adj. describing a *body type that is relatively fat, with highly developed viscera and weak muscular and skeletal development. —endomorph n. —endomorphy n.... endomorphic
n. see endorphin.... endomorphin
n. the fine connective tissue sheath that surrounds a single *muscle fibre.... endomysium
adj. within or through the nose: describing minimally invasive techniques that allow access through the nose to correct problems. Such procedures are performed by an ENT or ophthalmic surgeon or a neurosurgeon.... endonasal
n. the layer of fibrous tissue that separates individual fibres within a *nerve.... endoneurium
n. a parasite that lives inside its host, for example in the liver, lungs, gut, or other tissues of the body. Compare ectoparasite.... endoparasite
n. a digestive enzyme (e.g. *pepsin) that splits a whole protein into small peptide fractions by splitting the linkages between peptides in the interior of the molecule. Compare exopeptidase. See also peptidase.... endopeptidase
n. inflammation, usually due to infection, within the eye.... endophthalmitis
adj. describing growth inwards from an epithelial surface due to invasion of the surrounding tissues. Endophytic growth is characteristic of carcinomas. Compare exophytic.... endophytic
n. the inner cytoplasm of cells, which is less dense than the *ectoplasm and contains most of the cell’s structures. —endoplasmic adj.... endoplasm
(ER) a system of membranes present in the cytoplasm of cells. ER is described as rough when it has *ribosomes attached to its surface and smooth when ribosomes are absent. It is the site of manufacture of proteins and lipids and is concerned with the transport of these products within the cell (see also Golgi apparatus).... endoplasmic reticulum
n. a procedure for relieving obstruction of the junction between the kidney pelvis and ureter. An incision is made, via an endoscope, through the obstructed junction, using electrocautery, laser, or an endoscopic scalpel. Following this, *balloon dilation is usually performed and a *stent inserted.... endopyelotomy
(endomorphin) n. one of a group of chemical compounds, similar to the *encephalins, that occur naturally in the brain and have pain-relieving properties similar to those of the opiates. They are also responsible for sensations of pleasure. The endorphins are derived from a substance found in the pituitary gland known as beta-lipotrophin; they are thought to be concerned with controlling the activity of the endocrine glands.... endorphin
see ERCP.... endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
(ESS) surgery of the *paranasal sinuses using endoscopes. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) clears inflamed tissue from routes of sinus drainage and aeration to allow the other sinuses to return to normal.... endoscopic sinus surgery
the fusion of endoscopy with ultrasonography. An ultrasound probe is incorporated into the endoscope in order to deliver highly detailed images from within the body. Endoscopic ultrasound is used predominantly by gastroenterologists, to assess internal structures or organs within the upper gastrointestinal tract, or by respiratory physicians in the assessment of bronchial disease. It may be used for diagnostic purposes, to accurately stage a confirmed diagnosis of cancer or to obtain tissue samples using fine-needle aspiration. Therapeutic indications include drainage of a pancreatic *pseudocyst, the common bile duct, or the pancreatic duct, and coeliac plexus neurolysis, a technique used to deliver pain relief in cases of intractable abdominal pain, usually resulting from chronic pancreatitis.... endoscopic ultrasound
n. the resting stage of certain bacteria, particularly species of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium. In adverse conditions the bacterium can become enclosed within a tough protective coat, allowing the cell to survive. On return of favourable conditions the spore changes back to the vegetative form.... endospore
n. a stapling instrument (see staple) used endoscopically for fixing tissues or joining them together.... endostapler
n. the membrane that lines the marrow cavity of a bone.... endosteum
n. any one of a class of peptide hormones, consisting of chains of 21 amino acids, that are synthesized by endothelial cells, often of large blood vessels. They are the most powerful known stimulants of smooth muscle (such as that in the walls of arteries) and are believed to be important causes of hypertension. The drug bosentan, which blocks receptors for endothelin-1, is administered by mouth for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.... endothelin
n. any tumour arising from or resembling endothelium. It may arise from the linings of blood or lymph vessels (haemangioendothelioma and lymphangioendothelioma respectively); from the linings of the pleural cavity or the peritoneal cavity (see mesothelioma); or from the meninges (see meningioma).... endothelioma
adj. describing a chemical reaction associated with the absorption of heat. Compare exothermic.... endothermic
adj. within or through the trachea (windpipe). See intubation.... endotracheal
adj. within a blood vessel: describing procedures for imaging the circulation or for treating vascular disorders from within the circulation, including *angioplasty, the placement of *stents or coils in aneurysms (see endovascular aneurysm repair; coiling), and *embolization. Endovascular procedures are usually performed by an interventional radiologist or a vascular surgeon.... endovascular
(EVAR) a recently developed technique that involves the insertion of a covered metal *stent into an *aneurysm. The stent lines the aneurysm and thereby excludes it from the circulation, preventing further expansion and rupture. The delivery system containing the stents is introduced through the common femoral artery. *Fluoroscopy provides real-time imaging to guide placement of the stents and ensure they are in the correct anatomical position.... endovascular aneurysm repair
(EVLT) a minimally invasive procedure to treat *varicose veins. A laser fibre (usually an 810-nm *diode laser) contained within a sheath is fed into the vein by ultrasound guidance and slowly withdrawn as it is fired, thereby delivering laser energy that causes irreversible destruction and eventual ablation of the vein.... endovenous laser treatment
n. 1. weakness; loss of strength. 2. the surgical removal of a nerve.... enervation
(EECP) an experimental treatment for patients with intractable angina. Specially designed inflatable trousers are inflated rhythmically in time with ventricular *diastole. Theoretically this imparts additional energy to the circulating blood volume when the heart is relaxed, and this may improve blood flow down severely narrowed coronary arteries. It is also claimed to have beneficial effects on blood flow to other organs. Despite promising clinical trials, this technique has not been widely adopted.... enhanced external counterpulsation
n. see encephalin.... enkephalin
see low-molecular-weight heparin.... enoxaparin sodium
n. an *inotropic drug used in the treatment of congestive heart failure to increase the force and output of the heart.... enoximone
see xiphoid process.... ensiform cartilage
(entero-) combining form denoting the intestine. Example: enterolith (calculus in).... enter
adj. of or relating to the intestinal tract.... enteral
n. surgical removal of part of the small intestine.... enterectomy
(Oxyuris) n. see threadworm.... enterobius
n. a former name for a surgical procedure in which a hollow needle is pushed through the wall of the stomach or intestines to release an abnormal accumulation of gas or fluid or to introduce a catheter for feeding (see gastrostomy; enterostomy).... enterocentesis
n. see small-bowel enema.... enteroclysis
n. a genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria formerly classified as species of *Streptococcus. They are normal inhabitants of the human and animal intestine but a few species, notably E. faecalis and E. faecium, can cause infections in humans. They are responsible for some hospital-acquired infections and have been found in teeth with persisting disease after root canal treatment. Enterococci have the ability to survive under adverse (starvation) conditions and are therefore difficult to eradicate; there is concern at the development of strains resistant to glycopeptide antibiotics, such as *vancomycin (glycopeptide-resistant enterococci, GRE).... enterococcus
n. inflammation of the colon and small intestine. See also colitis; enteritis; necrotizing enterocolitis.... enterocolitis
adj. of intestinal origin.... enterogenous
n. a stone within the intestine. It usually builds up around a gallstone or a swallowed fruit stone.... enterolith
an inflammatory arthritis associated with gastrointestinal disease, such as *inflammatory bowel disease.... enteropathic arthritis
n. disease of the small intestine. See also coeliac disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy).... enteropathy
n. an enzyme secreted by the glands of the small intestine that acts on trypsinogen to produce *trypsin.... enteropeptidase
n. the surgical procedure of stitching an intestine that has either perforated or been divided during an operation.... enterorrhaphy
n. surgical incision into the intestine.... enterotomy
n. any virus that enters the body through the gastrointestinal tract, multiplies there, and then (generally) invades the central nervous system. Enteroviruses include *Coxsackie viruses and *polioviruses.... enterovirus
n. any animal species inhabiting or infecting the gut of another. See also endoparasite.... enterozoon
n. (pl. entheses) 1. the site of insertion of tendons or ligaments into bones. 2. the insertion of synthetic inorganic material to replace lost tissue.... enthesis
n. any rheumatic disease resulting in inflammation of *entheses. Ankylosing *spondylitis, *psoriatic arthritis, and *reactive arthritis are examples. In these conditions the Achilles tendon is commonly involved, with swelling at its insertion on the calcaneus. Calcification within the tendon insertion may be seen on X-ray in patients with longstanding enthesopathy.... enthesopathy
n. an illuminated optical instrument (see endoscope) used to inspect the interior of the small intestine. The image is transmitted through digital video technology. The examination can be performed using the oral and/or anal approach. The double balloon (push and pull) type, about 280 cm long with a distal balloon combined with an *overtube with a proximal balloon, is introduced under direct vision. Double balloon inflation and deflation helps in progression of the endoscope through the small intestine and is the predominant type in current use. The sonde (or push) type, about 280 cm long, has a single inflatable balloon that helps pull the instrument through the length of the intestine using peristalsis. It is now rarely used in clinical practice. The enteroscope is useful in diagnosing the cause of obscure gastrointestinal haemorrhage of the small intestine or of *stricture(s). It may also be used to treat bleeding lesions, remove small intestinal polyps, and to obtain tissue samples in suspected cases of malabsorption, inflammation, or intestinal tumours. —enteroscopy n.... enteroscope
visual sensations caused by changes within the eye itself, rather than by the normal light stimulation process. The commonest are tiny floating spots (floaters) that most people can see occasionally, especially when gazing at a brightly illuminated background (such as a blue sky).... entoptic phenomena
n. the complete removal of an organ, tumour, or cyst leaving surrounding structures intact. In ophthalmology it is an operation in which the eyeball is removed but the other structures in the socket (e.g. eye muscles) are left in place. Commonly a plastic ball is buried in the socket to give a better cosmetic result when fitting an artificial eye.... enucleation
(EHO) a person, employed by a local authority, with special training in such aspects of environmental health as housing, pollution, and food safety (formerly known as a Public Health Inspector). EHOs work closely with other professionals within the local authority and with other agencies, including *Public Health England.... environmental health officer
any of various devices for helping people with hearing difficulties. Environmental aids include *assistive listening devices and alerting devices, such as door bells with visible as well as audible alarms, infrared links to televisions, and vibrating alarm clocks.... environmental hearing aid
(ELISA) a sensitive technique for measuring the amount of a substance. An antibody that will bind to the substance is produced; the amount of an easily measured enzyme that then binds to the antibody complex enables accurate measurement.... enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
a hereditary condition in which the corneal endothelium loses its functional ability, usually with age. It may result in thickening and swelling of the cornea (*bullous keratopathy) and thus affect vision. Cornea guttata, small whitish deposits of hyalin, are seen on the inner surface of the cornea and signify a reduced number of endothelial cells. A corneal transplantation (see keratoplasty) may become necessary in certain cases. [E. Fuchs (1851–1913), German ophthalmologist]... fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy
(FESS) see endoscopic sinus surgery.... functional endoscopic sinus surgery
(HIE, birth asphyxia, perinatal asphyxia) brain damage in a newborn infant as a result of the brain receiving inadequate oxygen. HIE may cause seizures and, if severe, death within minutes of oxygen deprivation. If the infant survives there can be significant long-term consequences, such as developmental delay, learning disabilities, or cerebral palsy.... hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy
see endometrial ablation.... microwave endometrial ablation
(MEN) see MENS.... multiple endocrine neoplasia
(NEC) a serious disease affecting the bowel during the first three weeks of life; it is much more common in preterm babies. The abdomen distends and blood and mucus appear in the stools; the bowel may perforate. Treatment is to rest the bowel and administer antibiotics. If the bowel becomes necrotic, surgery may be necessary. The cause is unknown but the disease may be the result of a reduced supply of oxygen to the bowel or infection.... necrotizing enterocolitis
the final part (terminal) of one of the branches of a nerve fibre, where a *neuron makes contact either with another neuron at a synapse or with a muscle or gland cell at a neuromuscular or neuroglandular junction.... nerve ending
any syndrome resulting from pressure on a nerve from surrounding structures. Examples include the *carpal tunnel syndrome and *meralgia paraesthetica.... nerve entrapment syndrome
(PERT) a therapeutic approach using supplements of the digestive enzymes lipase, amylase, and protease (Creon, Pancrex), which are given when there is insufficient endogenous production of pancreatic enzymes: for example, to patients with pancreatic cancer or cystic fibrosis. The capsules must be taken with all meals and snacks to be effective. PERT treats the symptoms of *steatorrhoea.... pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy
a digestive enzyme that causes the breakdown of protein. See endopeptidase; exopeptidase.... proteolytic enzyme
a focal encephalitis, found most commonly in children, that results in continual focal seizures (see epilepsy). The underlying cause is unknown but it may be due to a viral infection or an autoimmune process. Patients who are unresponsive to medical (antiepileptic) therapy may undergo surgery of the abnormal brain to try and control the seizures. [G. L. Rasmussen (20th century), US anatomist]... rasmussen’s encephalitis
a rapid heart rate due to a self-sustaining circulation of electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles and back again. This re-entry circuit requires the presence of an abnormal second electrical conduction pathway in addition to the usual atrioventricular nodal connection route. The abnormal pathway may be located within the *atrioventricular node (causing *atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia) or it may be an *accessory pathway situated outside the atrioventricular node (causing *atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia). Medication is often effective and *radiofrequency ablation is usually curative.... re-entry tachycardia
an influenza-like viral disease that affects the brain and nervous system and occurs in Russia and central Europe. It is transmitted to humans either through the bite of forest-dwelling ticks of the species Ixodes persulcatus or by drinking the milk of infected goats. Infection of the meninges results in paralysis of the limbs and of the muscles of the neck and back. The disease, which is often fatal, can be prevented by vaccination.... russian spring-summer encephalitis
(enteroclysis) a radiological technique for examining the jejunum and ileum by passing a tube through the nose, oesophagus, and stomach into the small bowel and directly injecting *barium sulphate. Images are captured in real time as the contrast moves through the small bowel. It produces highly detailed images of the small bowel, making it particularly useful for investigating coeliac disease and Crohn’s disease, as well as strictures, tumours, and obstructions. It can be combined with X-ray imaging, CT, or MRI.... small-bowel enema
(TEMS) a minimally invasive surgical procedure for rectal polyps not suitable for colonoscopic resection. For early rectal cancer it can be an alternative to lower anterior resection of the rectum. The procedure is performed through the anus and rectum using an *operating microscope and microsurgical instruments.... transanal endoscopic microsurgery
(TCRE) an operation, which is performed under local anaesthetic, in which the membrane lining the uterus (see endometrium) is cut away by a form of *electrosurgery using a *resectoscope, which is introduced through the cervix. Like *endometrial ablation, TCRE is used as an alternative to hysterectomy to treat abnormally heavy menstrual bleeding as it results in fewer complications and shorter stays in hospital.... transcervical resection of the endometrium
(VEGF) a *growth factor made by both normal cells and their abnormal or malignant counterparts to stimulate new blood vessel formation (see angiogenesis). It can be targeted by a family of drugs known as *angiogenesis inhibitors, which include *bevacizumab.... vascular endothelial growth factor
(VCE) an investigation for visualizing the intestinal lining (mucosa). A capsule containing a miniature digital video camera is swallowed by the patient and passively propelled through the intestine by peristalsis. The images are uploaded to a computer for subsequent analysis. Various capsules are available for investigation of oesophageal, small-intestinal, and colonic disorders. The commonest in use is the small-intestinal capsule, for investigation of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, recurrent iron-deficiency anaemia, or in cases of suspected Crohn’s disease, coeliac disease, or small-bowel tumours.... video capsule endoscopy
Amenorrhoea/lack of menstruation (M,B):
French basil, carrot seed, celery seed, cinnamon leaf, dill, sweet fennel, hops, hyssop, juniper, laurel, lovage, sweet marjoram, myrrh, parsley, rose (cabbage & damask), sage (clary & Spanish), tarragon, yarrow.
Dysmenorrhoea/cramp, painful or difficult menstruation (M,C,B):
Melissa, French basil, carrot seed, chamomile (German & Roman), cypress, frankincense, hops, jasmine, juniper, lavandin, lavender (spike & true), lovage, sweet marjoram, rose (cabbage & damask), rosemary, sage (clary & Spanish), tarragon, yarrow.
Cystitis (C,B,D):
Canadian balsam, copaiba balsam, bergamot, cedarwood (Atlas, Texas & Virginian), celery seed, chamomile (German & Roman), cubebs, eucalyptus blue gum, frankincense, juniper, lavandin, lavender (spike & true), lovage, mastic, niaouli, parsley, Scotch pine, sandalwood, tea tree, thyme, turpentine, yarrow.
Frigidity (M,S,B,V):
Cassie, cinnamon leaf, jasmine, neroli, nutmeg, parsley, patchouli, black pepper, cabbage rose, rosewood, clary sage, sandalwood, ylang ylang.
Lack of nursing milk (M):
Celery seed, dill, sweet fennel, hops.
Labour pain & childbirth aid (M,C,B):
Cinnamon leaf, jasmine, true lavender, nutmeg, parsley, rose (cabbage & damask), clary sage.
Leucorrhoea/white discharge from the vagina (B,D):
Bergamot, cedarwood (Atlas, Texas & Virginian), cinnamon leaf, cubebs, eucalyptus blue gum, frankincense, hyssop, lavandin, lavender (spike & true), sweet marjoram, mastic, myrrh, rosemary, clary sage, sandalwood, tea tree, turpentine.
Menopausal problems (M,B,V):
Cypress, sweet fennel, geranium, jasmine, rose (cabbage & damask).
Menorrhagia/excessive menstruation (M,B):
Chamomile (German & Roman), cypress, rose (cabbage & damask).
Premenstrual tension/PMT (M,B,V):
Carrot seed, chamomile (German & Roman), geranium, true lavender, sweet marjoram, neroli, tarragon.
Pruritis/itching (D):
Bergamot, Atlas cedarwood, juniper, lavender, myrrh, tea tree.
Sexual overactivity (M,B):
Hops, sweet marjoram.
Thrush/candida (B,D):
Bergamot, geranium, myrrh, tea tree.
Urethritis (B,D):
Bergamot, cubebs, mastic, tea tree, turpentine.
Immune System
Chickenpox (C,S,B):
Bergamot, chamomile (German & Roman), eucalyptus (blue gum & lemon), true lavender, tea tree.
Colds/’flu (M,B,V,I):
Angelica, star anise, aniseed, copaiba balsam, Peru balsam, French basil, West Indian bay, bergamot, borneol, cabreuva, cajeput, camphor (white), caraway, cinnamon leaf, citronella, clove bud, coriander, eucalyptus (blue gum, lemon & peppermint), silver fir, frankincense, ginger, grapefruit, immortelle, juniper, laurel, lemon, lime, sweet marjoram, mastic, mint (peppermint & spearmint), myrtle, niaouli, orange (bitter & sweet), pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, rosewood, Spanish sage, hemlock spruce, tea tree, thyme, turpentine, yarrow.
Fever (C,B):
French basil, bergamot, borneol, camphor (white), eucalyptus (blue gum, lemon & peppermint), silver fir, ginger, immortelle, juniper, lemon, lemongrass, lime, mint (peppermint & spearmint), myrtle, niaouli, rosemary, rosewood, Spanish sage, hemlock spruce, tea tree, thyme, yarrow.
Measles (S,B,I,V):
Bergamot, eucalyptus blue gum, lavender (spike & true), tea tree.... genito-urinary and endocrine systems
Health Encyclopedia