Té: From 1 Different Sources
Tea; a simple infusion of one or a few herbs; typically 2 teaspoons of dried plant material (1/4 cup if fresh) in 1 cup of water, infused for 10-15 minutes. This term may also refer to a decoction which is typically stronger than an infusion and prepared by boiling the plant material in water in a covered pot for an extended period of time.
The painful expelling cramps of the tubular smooth muscles and ducts. Normal peristalsis of various types produce no pain or sensation (except for the dreaded borborygmies); only the energetic expulsion contraction can induce referred pain. Examples: Nausea, gas pain, uterine cramps, gall bladder pain.... tenesmus
A neoplasm possibly starting in the foetus and having different types of tissues; e.g., ovarian teratoma often have teeth, adenoma, and connective tissue proliferation.... teratoma
The principal reproductive androgen of males, largely responsible for sexual maturation, some libido, and a range of metabolic reactions that, while supplying short-term strengths, creates a long-term fragility and brittleness if not in balance with less garish but more sustainable metabolic buffers. It is secreted by the Leydig cells of the testes, as well as smaller amounts in the adrenal cortices of both sexes. It is made under the direction of LH from the pituitary, and, if oversecreted, can be inhibited by sperm-producing cells, diminished pituitary support, and a rise in blood levels of its waste-product, stored in adipose tissues...estradiol... testosterone
An infective disease due to the toxins of Clostridium tetani... tetanus
A skin test to ?nd out if a person is immune to TUBERCULOSIS. TUBERCULIN (a preparation derived from the TUBERCLE bacillus) is injected via punctures in the skin of the forearm, using a spring-loaded gunlike instrument with six very short needles set in circular form. A positive test is indicated by a red raised reaction of the skin: this means that the subject is immune. If the result is negative, the subject can be given BCG VACCINE.... heaf test
A test for TUBERCULOSIS. It consists in injecting into the super?cial layers of the skin (i.e. intradermally) a very small quantity of old TUBERCULIN which contains a protein ANTIGEN to TB. A positive reaction of the skin – swelling and redness – shows that the person so reacting has been infected at some time in the past with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, it does not mean that such a person is suffering from active tuberculosis.... mantoux test
The temporary teeth of children. (For the time of their appearance, see under TEETH.)... milk teeth
Consists of members of different disciplines, involved in the same task (assessing people, setting goals and making care recommendations) and working along side each other, but functioning independently. Each member undertakes his or her own tasks without explicit regard to the interaction. These teams are traditionally led by the highest ranking team member.... multidisciplinary team
This is used to identify possible substances that may be causing a patient’s ALLERGY. Small amounts of di?erent substances are placed on the skin – usually of the back or arm. If the patient is allergic then a red ?are and swelling will appear, usually within about 15 minutes. Sometimes the reaction may take longer – up to three days – to develop.... patch test
A psychological test (see PSYCHOLOGY) for investigating personality and disorders of personality. Also called the ‘ink blot test’, it is now rarely used. It was devised by a Swiss psychiatrist, Hermann Rorschach (1884–1922), who determined individuals’ reactions to a series of symmetrical ink-blots, ten in number and standardised by him.... rorschach test
A benzodiazepine anxiolytic (see BENZODIAZEPINES; ANXIOLYTICS) derived from diazepam. To be used with care for short-term treatment of insomnia, generally associated with di?culty in falling asleep, frequent nocturnal awakening or early-morning awakening. Temazepam is a relatively quick-acting hypnotic of short duration, so – although there is little hangover the next morning compared with other hypnotics – there may still be some drowsiness and e?ect on skilled tasks such as driving. It should be avoided in elderly people who are at risk of becoming ataxic and so liable to falling and injuring themselves. Temazepam is often abused by drug addicts.... temazepam
In?ammation of a TENDON. Usually caused by unusual or excessive physical activity, it may also be infective in origin or secondary to a connective-tissue disorder. The pain and in?ammation may be treated with NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS), immobilisation splinting, and STEROID injections. Repetitive strain injury (RSI), caused by constant use of a keyboard (typewriter, word processor or computer), is tendinitis occurring in the hands and arms (see UPPER LIMB DISORDERS).... tendinitis
Reconstructive surgery in which the TENDON from an unimportant muscle is removed and used to repair or replace a damaged tendon of a major muscle.... tendon transfer
Referring or relating to the temporal region (see TEMPLE).... temporal
In?ammation of the TEMPORAL ARTERY. Also known as giant cell arteritis, it often affects other arteries too, mainly in the head. It predominantly affects the elderly. The artery becomes tender with reddening of the overlying skin; headache and blindness may also occur. The diagnosis is con?rmed by temporal artery BIOPSY, and treatment is with steroids (see STEROID).... temporal arteritis
See TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION (TENS).... tens
A beta2 adrenoreceptor agonist that acts as a BRONCHODILATOR (see also BETAADRENOCEPTOR-BLOCKING DRUGS). As an aerosol (see INHALANTS), it is of particular value in the treatment of mild to moderate attacks of ASTHMA; it is also available in oral and parenteral forms, as well as subcutaneous, intramuscular, or slow intravenous injection.... terbutaline
The provision of highly specialized services in ambulatory and hospital settings.... tertiary care
A process aimed at limiting the negative effects of an established disease.... tertiary prevention
Every man has two testicles or testes which are the sexual glands. In the fetus, they develop in the abdomen, but before birth they descend into a fold or pouch of skin known as the SCROTUM. Each testicle consists of up to 1,000 minute tubes lined by cells from which the spermatozoa (see SPERMATOZOON) are formed. Around 4·5 million spermatozoa are produced per gram of testicle per day. These tubes communicate with one another near the centre of the testicle, and are connected by a much coiled tube, the EPIDIDYMIS, with the ductus, or VAS DEFERENS, which enters the abdomen and passes on to the base of the bladder. This duct, after joining a reservoir known as the seminal vesicle, opens, close to the duct from the other side of the body, into the URETHRA where it passes through the PROSTATE GLAND. Owing to the convolutions of these ducts leading from the testicles to the urethra, and their indirect route, the passage from testicle to urethra is over 6 metres (20 feet) in length. In addition to producing spermotozoa, the testicle also forms the hormone TESTOSTERONE which is responsible for the development of male characteristics.... testicle
The most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease. The tetralogy consists of stenosis of the pulmonary valve (see PULMONARY STENOSIS); a defect in the septum separating the two ventricles (see VENTRICLE); the AORTA over-riding both ventricles; marked HYPERTROPHY of the right ventricle. Surgery is required to remedy the defects.... tetralogy of fallot
PARALYSIS of the body’s four limbs, also called quadriplegia.... tetraplegia
A condition characterised by SPASM of muscle, usually caused by a fall in blood CALCIUM levels. This results in hyperexcitability of muscles which may go into spasm at the slightest stimulus. This is well demonstrated in two of the classical signs of the disease: Chvostek’s sign, in which the muscles of the face contract when the cheek is tapped over the facial nerve as it emerges on the cheek; and Erb’s sign, in which muscles go into spasm in response to an electrical stimulus which normally causes only a contraction of the muscle. Tetany occurs in newborn babies, especially if they are premature, and in infants; as a result of RICKETS, excessive vomiting, or certain forms of NEPHRITIS. It may also be due to lack of the active principle of the PARATHYROID glands. Overbreathing may also cause it. Treatment consists of the administration of calcium salts, and in severe cases this is done by giving calcium gluconate intravenously or intramuscularly. High doses of vitamin D are also required.... tetany
A thick tendon that joins the calf muscles to the heel bone (calcaneus) and pulls up that bone. The tendon is prone to rupture in middle-aged people playing vigorous sports such as squash or tennis. Named after the classical Greek hero Achilles, who was reputedly vulnerable to his enemies only in his heel.... achilles tendon
Not septic; free from septic material technique.... aseptic technique
Removal of venous, capillary or arterial blood for haematological, microbiological or biochemical laboratory investigations.... blood test
A test for vestibular function (see EAR). It is performed by irrigating the external auditory meatus of the ear with alternate cold and hot water. This usually stimulates the vestibular apparatus, causing nystagmus (see DIABETES MELLITUS – Diabetic eye disease). If the vestibular apparatus is affected by disease, the response may be absent or reduced.... caloric test
A sensitive test that detects ANTIBODIES to the body’s red cells (see ERYTHROCYTE). There are two methods: one – the direct method – identi?es those antibodies that are bound to the cells; the other, indirect, method identi?es those circulating unattached in the serum.... coomb’s test
Skin test used to determine the immune s tatus to scarlet fever.... dick test
A way of assessing the body’s e?ciency at metabolising GLUCOSE. The test is used in the diagnosis of DIABETES MELLITUS. The patient is starved for up to 16 hours, after which he or she is fed glucose by mouth. The concentrations of glucose in the blood and urine are then measured at half-hour intervals over a period of two hours.... glucose-tolerance test
A standardised procedure of mental assessment to determine an individual’s intellectual ability. The result is produced as a score termed the INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ). The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and one for children, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WICS), are commonly used, as is the Stanford-Binet Scale. Assessments are made for educational purposes and to help in the diagnoses of people with possible mental retardation or intellectual deterioration.... intelligence test
Consists of members who work together interdependently to develop goals and a common treatment plan, although they maintain distinct professional responsibilities and individual assignments. In contrast to multidisciplinary teams, leadership functions are shared.... interdisciplinary team
The characteristic histological test used for the diagnosis of SARCOIDOSIS. The test involves an intradermal injection of sarcoid SPLEEN tissue. If positive, non-caseating granulomata (see GRANULOMA) are seen at the injection site in 4– 6 weeks. A positive test is highly speci?c for sarcoid, but if negative, this would not be excluded.... kveim test
A doctor who stands in for another.... locum tenens
A sheet of plastic put over a hospital bed with OXYGEN fed into it so that a patient can receive oxygen. Such treatment may be for a heart or lung condition in which the normal atmospheric concentration of oxygen is insu?cient to enable the person to oxygenate the blood ?owing through the lungs to a normal level, so extra oxygen is provided in the patient’s immediate surroundings.... oxygen tent
See CERVICAL SMEAR.... papanicolaou test
Ways of producing images of body organs that record, process and analyse sound waves, radio waves or X-RAYS passing through or generated by the body’s tissues. ULTRASOUND scanning using high-frequency, inaudible sound waves directed at the area of the body being studied is the most generally used scanning procedure. Sound waves are re?ected more powerfully by some structures than others, and a pattern of those re?ections is detected and shown on a screen. Other screening methods include COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET SCANNING) and RADIONUCLIDE scanning, which measures the di?erential uptake of radioactive materials in the body’s tissues.... scanning techniques
See EYE – Lacrimal apparatus.... tears
The screening of apparently healthy people to identify those who may have treatable diseases. Cervical smears are done when screening women to detect if they have cancer or precancer of the neck of the womb (cervix). Newborn babies are screened for hip dislocation. Screening tests are not designed to diagnose individual persons, but rather to divide a population into a large number at low risk and a small number at high risk of a condition. This allows clinicians to concentrate on a sub-section of the population. All screening tests produce false negative and false positive results, a problem often misunderstood by those at the receiving end. Factors to be assessed when planning screening procedures include the severity, frequency and distribution of the disease, and the availability and e?ectiveness of treatment. Convenience, safety, sensitivity and cost should also be assessed. In the United Kingdom the government has supported the extension of screening procedures for breast cancer, cervical cancer, hypertension and diabetes. (See PREVENTIVE MEDICINE.)... screening test
Hard organs developed from the mucous membranes of the mouth and embedded in the jawbones, used to bite and grind food and to aid clarity of speech.
Structure Each tooth is composed of enamel, dentine, cement, pulp and periodontal membrane. ENAMEL is the almost translucent material which covers the crown of a tooth. It is the most highly calci?ed material in the body, 96–97 per cent being composed of calci?ed salts. It is arranged from millions of long, six-sided prisms set on end on the dentine (see below), and is thickest over the biting surface of the tooth. With increasing age or the ingestion of abrasive foods the teeth may be worn away on the surface, so that the dentine becomes visible. The outer sides of some teeth may be worn away by bad tooth-brushing technique. DENTINE is a dense yellowish-white material from which the bulk and the basic shape of a tooth are formed. It is like ivory and is harder than bone but softer than enamel. The crown of the tooth is covered by the hard protective enamel and the root is covered by a bone-like substance called cement. Decay can erode dentine faster than enamel (see TEETH, DISORDERS OF – Caries of the teeth). CEMENT or cementum is a thin bone-like material which covers the roots of teeth and helps hold them in the bone. Fibres of the periodontal membrane (see below) are embedded in the cement and the bone. When the gums recede, part of the cement may be exposed and the cells die. Once this has happened, the periodontal membrane can no longer be attached to the tooth and, if su?cient cement is destroyed, the tooth-support will be so weakened that the tooth will become loose. PULP This is the inner core of the tooth and is
composed of a highly vascular, delicate ?brous tissue with many ?ne nerve-?bres. The pulp is very sensitive to temperature variation and to touch. If the pulp becomes exposed it will become infected and usually cannot overcome this. Root-canal treatment or extraction of the tooth may be necessary. PERIODONTAL MEMBRANE This is a layer of ?brous tissue arranged in groups of ?bres which surround and support the root of a tooth in a bone socket. The ?bres are interspersed with blood vessels and nerves. Loss of the membrane leads to loss of the tooth. The membrane can release and re-attach the ?bres to allow the tooth to move when it erupts, or (to correct dental deformities) is being moved by orthodontic springs.
Arrangement and form Teeth are present in most mammals and nearly all have two sets: a temporary or milk set, followed by a permanent or adult set. In some animals, like the toothed whale, all the teeth are similar; but in humans there are four di?erent shapes: incisors, canines (eye-teeth), premolars (bicuspids), and molars. The incisors are chisel-shaped and the canine is pointed. Premolars have two cusps on the crown (one medial to the other) and molars have at least four cusps. They are arranged together in an arch in each jaw and the
cusps of opposing teeth interdigitate. Some herbivores have no upper anterior teeth but use a pad of gum instead. As each arch is symmetrical, the teeth in an upper and lower quadrant can be used to identify the animal. In humans, the quadrants are the same: in other words, in the child there are two incisors, one canine and two molars (total teeth 20); in the adult there are two incisors, one canine, two premolars and three molars (total 32). This mixture of tooth-form suggests that humans are omnivorous. Anatomically the crown of the tooth has mesial and distal surfaces which touch the tooth next to it. The mesial surface is the one nearer to the centre line and the distal is the further away. The biting surface is called the incisal edge for the anterior teeth and the occlusal surface for the posteriors.
Development The ?rst stage in the formation of the teeth is the appearance of a down-growth of EPITHELIUM into the underlying mesoderm. This is the dental lamina, and from it ten smaller swellings in each jaw appear. These become bell-shaped and enclose a part of the mesoderm, the cells of which become specialised and are called the dental papillae. The epithelial cells produce enamel and the dental papilla forms the dentine, cement and pulp. At a ?xed time the teeth start to erupt and a root is formed. Before the deciduous teeth erupt, the permanent teeth form, medial to them. In due course the deciduous roots resorb and the permanent teeth are then able to push the crowns out and erupt themselves. If this process is disturbed, the permanent teeth may be displaced and appear in an abnormal position or be impacted.
Eruption of teeth is in a de?nite order and at a ?xed time, although there may be a few months’ leeway in either direction which is of no signi?cance. Excessive delay is found in some congenital disorders such as CRETINISM. It may also be associated with local abnormalities of the jaws such as cysts, malformed teeth and supernumerary teeth.
The usual order of eruption of deciduous teeth is:
Middle incisors 6–8 months Lateral incisors 8–10 months First molars 12–16 months Canines (eye-teeth) 16–20 months Second molars 20–30 months
The usual order of eruption of permanent teeth is:
First molars 6–7 years Middle incisors 6–8 years Lateral incisors 7–9 years Canines 9–12 years First and second premolars 10–12 years Second molars 11–13 years Third molars (wisdom teeth) 17–21 years
The permanent teeth of the upper (top) and lower (bottom) jaws.
Teeth, Disorders of
Teething, or the process of eruption of the teeth in infants, may be accompanied by irritability, salivation and loss of sleep. The child will tend to rub or touch the painful area. Relief may be obtained in the child by allowing it to chew on a hard object such as a toy or rusk. Mild ANALGESICS may be given if the child is restless and wakens in the night. A serious pitfall is to assume that an infant’s symptoms of ill-health are due to teething, as the cause may be more serious. Fever and ?ts (see SEIZURE) are not due to teething.
Toothache is the pain felt when there is in?ammation of the pulp or periodontal membrane of a tooth (see TEETH – Structure). It can vary in intensity and may be recurring. The commonest cause is caries (see below) when the cavity is close to the pulp. Once the pulp has become infected, this is likely to spread from the apex of the tooth into the bone to form an abscess (gumboil – see below). A lesser but more long-lasting pain is felt when the dentine is unprotected. This can occur when the enamel is lost due to decay or trauma or because the gums have receded. This pain is often associated with temperature-change or sweet foods. Expert dental advice should be sought early, before the decay is extensive. If a large cavity is accessible, temporary relief may be obtained by inserting a small piece of cotton wool soaked, for example, in oil of cloves.
Alveolar abscess, dental abscess or gumboil This is an ABSCESS caused by an infected tooth. It may be present as a large swelling or cause trismus (inability to open the mouth). Treatment is drainage of the PUS, extraction of the tooth and/or ANTIBIOTICS.
Caries of the teeth or dental decay is very common in the more a?uent countries and is most common in children and young adults. Increasing awareness of the causes has resulted in a considerable improvement in dental health, particularly in recent years; this has coincided with a rise in general health. Now more than half of ?ve-year-old children are caries-free and of the others, 10 per cent have half of the remaining carious cavities. Since the start of the National Health Service, the emphasis has been on preventive dentistry, and now edentulous patients are mainly found among the elderly who had their teeth removed before 1948.
The cause of caries is probably acid produced by oral bacteria from dietary carbohydrates, particularly re?ned sugar, and this dissolves part of the enamel; the dentine is eroded more quickly as it is softer (see TEETH – Structure). The exposed smooth surfaces are usually protected as they are easily cleaned during normal eating and by brushing. Irregular and overcrowded teeth are more at risk from decay as they are di?cult to clean. Primitive people who chew coarse foods rarely get caries. Fluoride in the drinking water at about one part per million is associated with a reduction in the caries rate.
Prolonged severe disease in infancy is associated with poor calci?cation of the teeth, making them more vulnerable to decay. As the teeth are formed and partly calci?ed by the time of birth, the diet and health of the mother are also important to the teeth of the child. Pregnant mothers and children should have a good balanced diet with su?cient calcium and vitamin
D. A ?brous diet will also aid cleansing of the teeth and stimulate the circulation in the teeth and jaws. The caries rate can be reduced by regular brushing with a ?uoride toothpaste two or three times per day and certainly before going to sleep. The provision of sweet or sugary juices in an infant’s bottle should be avoided.
Irregularity of the permanent teeth may be due to an abnormality in the growth of the jaws or to the early or late loss of the deciduous set (see TEETH – Development). Most frequently it is due to an imbalance in the size of the teeth and the length of the jaws. Some improvement may take place with age, but many will require the help of an orthodontist (specialist dentist) who can correct many malocclusions by removing a few teeth to allow the others to be moved into a good position by means of springs and elastics on various appliances which are worn in the mouth.
Loosening of the teeth may be due to an accident or in?ammation of the GUM. Teeth loosened by trauma may be replaced and splinted in the socket, even if knocked right out. If the loosening is due to periodontal disease, the prognosis is less favourable.
Discoloration of the teeth may be intrinsic or extrinsic: in other words, the stain may be in the calci?ed structure or stuck on to it. Intrinsic staining may be due to JAUNDICE or the antibiotic tetracycline. Extrinsic stain may be due to tea, co?ee, tobacco, pan (a mixture of chuna and betel nuts wrapped in a leaf), iron-containing medicines or excess ?uoride.
Gingivitis or in?ammation of the gum may occur as an acute or chronic condition. In the acute form it is often part of a general infection of the mouth, and principally occurs in children or young adults – resolving after 10–14 days. The chronic form occurs later in life and tends to be progressive. Various microorganisms may be found on the lesions, including anaerobes. Antiseptic mouthwashes may help, and once the painful stage is past, the gums should be thoroughly cleaned and any calculus removed. In severe conditions an antibiotic may be required.
Periodontal disease is the spread of gingivitis (see above) to involve the periodontal membrane of the tooth; in its ?orid form it used to be called pyorrhoea. In this, the membrane becomes damaged by the in?ammatory process and a space or pocket is formed into which a probe can be easily passed. As the pocket becomes more extensive, the tooth loosens. The loss of the periodontal membrane also leads to the loss of supporting bone. Chronic in?ammation soon occurs and is di?cult to eradicate. Pain is not a feature of the disease but there is often an unpleasant odour (halitosis). The gums bleed easily and there may be DYSPEPSIA. Treatment is largely aimed at stabilising the condition rather than curing it.
Dental abscess is an infection that arises in or around a tooth and spreads to involve the bone. It may occur many years after a blow has killed the pulp of the tooth, or more quickly after caries has reached the pulp. At ?rst the pain may be mild and intermittent but eventually it will become severe and a swelling will develop in the gum over the apex of the tooth. A radiograph of the tooth will show a round clear area at the apex of the tooth. Treatment may be by painting the gum with a mild counter-irritant such as a tincture of aconite and iodine in the early stages, but later root-canal therapy or apicectomy may be required. If a swelling is present, it may need to be drained or the o?ending teeth extracted and antibiotics given.
Injuries to teeth are common. The more minor injuries include crazing and the loss of small chips of enamel, and the major ones include a broken root and avulsion of the entire tooth. A specialist dental opinion should be sought as soon as possible. A tooth that has been knocked out can be re-implanted if it is clean and replaced within a few hours. It will then require splinting in place for 4–6 weeks.
Prevention of dental disease As with other disorders, prevention is better than cure. Children should be taught at an early age to keep their teeth and gums clean and to avoid re?ned sugars between meals. It is better to ?nish a meal with a drink of water rather than a sweetened drink. Fluoride in some of its forms is useful in the reduction of dental caries; in some parts of the UK natural water contains ?uoride, and in some areas where ?uoride content is low, arti?cial ?uoridation of the water supply is carried out. Overcrowding of the teeth, obvious maldevelopment of the jaw and persistent thumbsucking into the teens are all indications for seeking the advice of an orthodontist. Generally, adults have less trouble with decay but more with periodontal disease and, as its onset is insidious, regular dental inspections are desirable.... teeth
See under TEETH, DISORDERS OF.... teething
This refers to zigzag lines that patients with MIGRAINE often experience as a visual AURA preceding an attack.... teichopsia
Abnormal dilatation of ARTERIOLES and venules (see VENULE). In the skin it is seen in spider NAEVUS and ROSACEA particularly.... telangiectasis
Body temperature is the result of a balance of heat-generating forces, chie?y METABOLISM and muscular activity, and heat-loss, mainly from blood circulation through and evaporation from the skin and lungs. The physiological process of homeostasis – a neurological and hormonal feedback mechanism – maintains the healthy person’s body at the correct temperature. Disturbance of temperature, as in disease, may be caused by impairment of any of these bodily functions, or by malfunction of the controlling centre in the brain.
In humans the ‘normal’ temperature is around 37 °C (98·4 °F). It may rise as high as 43 °C or fall to 32 °C in various conditions, but the risk to life is only serious above 41 °C or below 35 °C.
Fall in temperature may accompany major loss of blood, starvation, and the state of collapse (see SHOCK) which may occur in severe FEVER and other acute conditions. Certain chronic diseases, notably hypothyroidism (see THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF), are generally accompanied by a subnormal temperature. Increased temperature is a characteristic of many acute diseases, particularly infections; indeed, many diseases have a characteristic pattern that enables a provisional diagnosis to be made or acts as a warning of possible complications. In most cases the temperature gradually abates as the patient recovers, but in others, such as PNEUMONIA and TYPHUS FEVER, the untreated disease ends rapidly by a CRISIS in which the temperature falls, perspiration breaks out, the pulse rate falls, and breathing becomes quieter. This crisis is often preceded by an increase in symptoms, including an epicritical rise in temperature.
Body temperature is usually measured on the Celsius scale, on a thermometer reading from 35 °C to 43·3 °C. Measurement may be taken in the mouth (under the tongue), in the armpit, the external ear canal or (occasionally in infants) in the rectum. (See also THERMOMETER.)
Treatment Abnormally low temperatures may be treated by application of external heat, or reduction of heat loss from the body surface. High temperature may be treated in various ways, apart from the primary treatment of the underlying condition. Treatment of hyperthermia or hypothermia should ensure a gradual return to normal temperature (see ANTIPYRETICS.... temperature
Pain experienced when a diseased part is handled.... tenderness
Also called tenovaginitis: in?ammation of a TENDON and of the sheath enveloping it.... tendovaginitis
A pre?x denoting some relation to a TENDON.... teno
Also called tenositis: in?ammation of a TENDON.... tenosynovitis
An operation in which one or more tendons (see TENDON) are divided, usually with the object of remedying some deformity.... tenotomy
See TENDOVAGINITIS.... tenovaginitis
The side of the head above the line between the eye and ear. The term, temporal, is applied to the muscles, nerves, and artery of this region. The hair usually begins to turn grey ?rst at the temples.... temple
A branch of the external carotid artery that is the main vessel supplying blood to the temple and scalp.... temporal artery
Part of the cerebral cortex in each hemisphere of the BRAIN. Areas of the temporal lobe are involved in the understanding of sound and spoken language.... temporal lobe
More accurately called complex partial seizures, this is a type of EPILEPSY in which the abnormal cerebral activity originates in the temporal lobe of the BRAIN. It is characterised by hallucinations of smell and sometimes of taste, hearing, or sight. There may be disturbances of memory, including déjà vu phenomena. AUTOMATISM may occur, but consciousness is seldom lost.... temporal lobe epilepsy
A wide ?ap of DURA MATER forming a partition between the cerebrum and cerebellum (see BRAIN) and supporting the former.... tentorium
The medical name for this condition is epicondylitis. The condition is characterised by pain and tenderness on the outside of the elbow and is the result of in?ammation in the TENDON that attaches the muscles which extend the elbow to the HUMERUS bone. Epicondylitis can be the result of playing a lot of tennis or other racquet sports, gardening, ‘do it yourself’ work, or any activity that constantly pulls the tendon at its point of attachment. Lifting heavy objects aggravates the condition. Treatment is resting the arm, ANALGESICS and/or NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS). Sometimes ULTRASOUND therapy may promote healing, but persistent severe pain may necessitate the local injection of CORTICOSTEROIDS. Rarely, surgery may be recommended to release the tendon.... tennis elbow
Medical and nursing care of persons in the terminal stage of an illness. See also “palliative care”.... terminal care
The name applied to that type of MALARIA in which the fever reappears every other day.... tertian fever
See EMBRYO TRANSFER.... test-tube baby
The toxin responsible for envenomation in blue-ringed octopus and Japanese Fugu (tetrodotoxic) poisoning from puffer fish ingestion.... tetrodotoxin
In this team, each member becomes so familiar with the roles and responsibilities of the other members that tasks and functions become interchangeable to some extent. This type of team is difficult to operationalize.... transdisciplinary team
Most vision tests examine a person’s sharpness of VISION (visual acuity) and often of the ?eld of vision (see VISION, FIELD OF). Refraction tests assess whether a person has an error that can be corrected with glasses such as ASTIGMATISM, HYPERMETROPIA or MYOPIA. Visual acuity is tested using a Snellen chart when the patient tries to read letters of di?ering standard sizes from 6 metres away. The optician will prescribe lenses to correct any defects detected by vision tests.... vision tests
(CCl) A colourless, poisonous, volatile chemical with a characteristic odour that is present in some home dry-cleaning fluids and industrial solvents. It can cause dizziness, confusion, and liver and kidney damage if it is inhaled or swallowed.... carbon tetrachloride
See primary teeth.... deciduous teeth
See tetralogy of Fallot.... fallot’s tetralogy
The 1st teeth (also known as milk teeth), which usually start to appear at age 6 months and are replaced by the permanent teeth from about age 6 years. There are 20 primary teeth, 10 in each jaw. (See also teeth; eruption of teeth; teething.)... primary teeth
The joint between the mandible (lower jaw bone) and the skull.... temporomandibular joint
Pain and other symptoms affecting the head, jaw, and face, thought to result when the temporomandibular joints and the muscles and ligaments attached to them do not work together correctly. Causes include spasm of the chewing muscles, an incorrect bite (see malocclusion), jaw, head, or neck injuries, or osteoarthritis. Common symptoms include headaches, tenderness of the jaw muscles, and aching facial pain. Treatment involves correction of any underlying abnormality, analgesic drugs, and, in some cases, injection of corticosteroid drugs into the joint.... temporomandibular joint syndrome
A physical, chemical, or biological agent, such as radiation, the drug thalidomide, and the rubella virus, that causes abnormalities in a developing embryo or fetus.... teratogen
An antifungal drug used to treat fungal nail or skin infections. Side effects are rare with topical use but may include local irritation. Taken as tablets, the drug may cause nausea, abdominal pain, and, occasionally a rash.... terbinafine
A testis that is drawn up.... testis, retractile
A drug used to test the functioning of the adrenal glands. Tetracosactide is a chemical analogue of the natural hormone corticotrophin (ACTH). stimulates the cortices of the adrenal glands to secrete hormones such as cortisol. To diagnose a disorder of the adrenal glands, a tetracosactide injection is given and the blood cortisol level measured. Failure of the level to rise indicates an abnormality.... tetracosactide
Multidisciplinary team of health professionals that is responsible for comprehensive assessments of the needs of older persons, including their suitability for hospital, home or institutional care.... aged care assessment team
Methods, procedures, techniques and equipment that are scientifically valid, adapted to local needs and acceptable to those who use them and to those for whom they are used, and that can be maintained and utilized with resources the community or country can afford.... appropriate health technology
An umbrella term for any device or system that allows individuals to perform tasks they would otherwise be unable to do or increases the ease and safety with which tasks can be performed.... assistive technology
A test for gauging the e?ciency of the balancing mechanism (the vestibular apparatus) by applying hot or cold air or water to the external ear.... barany’s test
A medico-legal defence for a clinician accused of failing to provide an acceptable standard of care for one of his or her quali?cation and experience. The defence is that a responsible body of medical practitioners would have taken the same action, even though others would have acted di?erently. The precise size of a ‘responsible body’ has not been de?ned. The test has been modi?ed following a case referred to as Bolitho, in which it was held that the Bolam defence failed if it could be shown that the actions relied upon, although shown to be carried out by some responsible doctors, were nonetheless illogical.... bolam test
In surveys, studying the process of interpretation of questions and the formation and reporting of responses by respondents to learn how to make the questions more accurately obtain the data the questionnaire is seeking.... cognitive testing
An iterative group judgment technique in which a central source forwards surveys or questionnaires to isolated, anonymous (to each other) participants whose responses are collated/summarized and recirculated to the participants in multiple rounds for further modification/critique, producing a final group response (sometimes statistical).... delphi technique
See TETRALOGY OF FALLOT.... fallot’s tetralogy
Screening and surveillance uncover problems which then need careful attention. Most NHS districts have a CDT to carry out this task – working from child development centres – usually separate from hospitals. Various therapists, as well as consultant paediatricians in community child health, contribute to the work of the team. They include physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, psychologists, health visitors and, in some centres, pre-school teachers or educational advisers and social workers. Their aims are to diagnose the child’s problems, identify his or her therapy needs and make recommendations to the local health and educational authorities on how these should be met. A member of the team will usually be appointed as the family’s ‘key worker’, who liaises with other members of the team and coordinates the child’s management. Regular review meetings are held, generally with parents sharing in the decisions made. Mostly children seen by CDTs are under ?ve years old, the school health service and educational authorities assuming responsibility thereafter.
Special needs The Children Act 1989, Education Acts 1981, 1986 and 1993, and the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Legislation 1979 impose various statutory duties to identify and provide assistance for children with special needs. They include the chronically ill as well as those with impaired development or disabilities such as CEREBRAL PALSY, or hearing, vision or intellectual impairment. Many CDTs keep a register of such children so that services can be e?ciently planned and evaluated. Parents of disabled children often feel isolated and neglected by society in general; they are frequently frustrated by the lack of resources available to help them cope with the sheer hard work involved. The CDT, through its key workers, does its best to absorb anger and divert frustration into constructive actions.
There are other groups of children who come to the attention of child health services. Community paediatricians act as advisers to adoption and fostering agencies, vital since many children needing alternative homes have special medical or educational needs or have behavioural or psychiatric problems. Many see a role in acting as advocates, not just for those with impairments but also for socially disadvantaged children, including those ‘looked after’ in children’s homes and those of travellers, asylum seekers, refugees and the homeless.
Child protection Regrettably, some children come to the attention of child health specialists because they have been beaten, neglected, emotionally or nutritionally starved or sexually assaulted by their parents or carers. Responsibility for the investigation of these children is that of local-authority social-services departments. However, child health professionals have a vital role in diagnosis, obtaining forensic evidence, advising courts, supervising the medical aspects of follow-up and teaching doctors, therapists and other professionals in training. (See CHILD ABUSE.)
School health services Once children have reached school age, the emphasis changes. The prime need becomes identifying those with problems that may interfere with learning – including those with special needs as de?ned above, but also those with behavioural problems. Teachers and parents are advised on how to manage these problems, while health promotion and health education are directed at children. Special problems, especially as children reach secondary school (aged 11–18) include accidents, substance abuse, psychosexual adjustment, antisocial behaviour, eating disorders and physical conditions which loom large in the minds of adolescents in particular, such as ACNE, short stature and delayed puberty.
There is no longer, in the UK, a universal school health service as many of its functions have been taken over by general practitioners and hospital and community paediatricians. However, most areas still have school nurses, some have school doctors, while others do not employ speci?c individuals for these tasks but share out aspects of the work between GPs, health visitors, community nurses and consultant paediatricians in child health.
Complementing their work is the community dental service whose role is to monitor the whole child population’s dental health, provide preventive programmes for all, and dental treatment for those who have di?culty using general dental services – for example, children with complex disability. All children in state-funded schools are dentally screened at ages ?ve and 15.
Successes and failures Since the inception of the NHS, hospital services for children have had enormous success: neonatal and infant mortality rates have fallen by two-thirds; deaths from PNEUMONIA have fallen from 600 per million children to a handful; and deaths from MENINGITIS have fallen to one-?fth of the previous level. Much of this has been due to the revolution in the management of pregnancy and labour, the invention of neonatal resuscitation and neonatal intensive care, and the provision of powerful antibiotics.
At the same time, some children acquire HIV infection and AIDS from their affected mothers (see AIDS/HIV); the prevalence of atopic (see ATOPY) diseases (ASTHMA, eczema – see DERMATITIS, HAY FEVER) is rising; more children attend hospital clinics with chronic CONSTIPATION; and little can be done for most viral diseases.
Community child health services can also boast of successes. The routine immunisation programme has wiped out SMALLPOX, DIPHTHERIA and POLIOMYELITIS and almost wiped out haemophilus and meningococcal C meningitis, measles and congenital RUBELLA syndrome. WHOOPING COUGH outbreaks continue but the death and chronic disability rates have been greatly reduced. Despite these huge health gains, continuing public scepticism about the safety of immunisation means that there can be no relaxation in the educational and health-promotion programme.
Services for severely and multiply disabled children have improved beyond all recognition with the closure of long-stay institutions, many of which were distinctly child-unfriendly. Nonetheless, scarce resources mean that families still carry heavy burdens. The incidence of SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS) has more than halved as a result of an educational programme based on ?rm scienti?c evidence that the risk can be reduced by putting babies to sleep on their backs, avoidance of parental smoking, not overheating, breast feeding and seeking medical attention early for illness.
Children have fewer accidents and better teeth but new problems have arisen: in the 1990s children throughout the developed world became fatter. A UK survey in 2004 found that one in ?ve children are overweight and one in 20 obese. Lack of exercise, the easy availability of food at all times and in all places, together with the rise of ‘snacking’, are likely to provoke signi?cant health problems as these children grow into adult life. Adolescents are at greater risk than ever of ill-health through substance abuse and unplanned pregnancy. Child health services are facing new challenges in the 21st century.... child development teams (cdts)
See GENETIC SCREENING.... gene testing
Linn.
Family: Papilionaceae; Fabaceae.
Habitat: Throughout India in tropical areas; also cultivated in hedges.
English: Butterfly Pea, Winged- leaved Clitoria, Mezereon.
Ayurvedic: Girikarnikaa, Aparaa- jitaa, Aasphota, Girimallikaa, Girikanyaa, Kokilaa,Yonipushpaa, Vishnukraantaa. (Evolvulus alsi- noides Linn. is also known as Vishnukraantaa, Vishnukranti). Used as Shankhapushpi in the South.
Unani: Mezereon Hindi.
Siddha/Tamil: Kakkanam.
Folk: Koyal (Punjab).
Action: Root—cathartic like jalap. Roots cause gripe and tenesmus, hence not recommended as purgative. Used in ascites. Root bark—diuretic (infusion used in irritation of bladder and urethra). Root juice—given in cold milk to liquefy phlegm in chronic bronchitis. The root, bark, seeds and leaves—used for gastric acidity. The root is administered with honey as a general tonic to children for improving mental faculty.
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India recommends the dried leaf in migraine, psychoneurosis and mania.An alcoholic extract of the plant showed sedative and hypothermic effect in rodents.Rats, fed with ethanol extract of flowers, showed a significantly lowered serum sugar level in experimentally induced diabetes.The seeds contain a nucleoprotein with its amino acid sequence similar to insulin, but for the absence of his- tidine, threonine, proline and crystine.Seeds gave cinnamic acid, flavonol gly- coside. Leaves contain glycosides of kaempferol.In South India, the seeds and roots constitute the drug Shankhapushpi, used as a nervine tonic. In other regions, Canscora decussata, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Evolvulus alsinoides and Lavendula bipinnata are used as Shan- khapushpi.
Dosage: Root—1-3 g powder (API Vol. II); dried leaf—2-5 g; seed—1- 3 g. (API Vol. IV.)... clitoria ternatea
Intended as a key part of the NHS’s local comprehensive mental health services serving populations of around 50,000, these multidisciplinary, multi-agency teams have been less e?ective than expected, in part due to varying modes of operation in di?erent districts. Some experts argue that the services they provide – for example, crisis intervention, liaison with primary care services and continuing care for long-term clients – could be delivered more e?ectively by several specialist teams rather than a single, large generic one comprising psychiatrists, psychologists, community mental health nurses, occupational therapists, support and (sometimes) social workers.... community mental health teams
See “aged care assessment team”.... geriatric assessment team
A group comprising a variety of professionals (medical practitioners, nurses, physical and occupational therapists, social workers, pharmacists, spiritual counsellors), as well as family members, who are involved in providing coordinated and comprehensive care. There are three types of health care team, defined by the degree of interaction among members and the sharing of responsibility for care:... health care team
The systematic evaluation of properties, effects and/or impacts of health care technology. It may address the direct, intended consequences of technologies as well as their indirect, unintended consequences.... health care technology assessment (hcta)
A group of persons working together, where each member of the team contributes, in accordance with his or her competence and skill and in coordination with the functions of the others, in order to achieve the maximum benefit for the care recipient.... health team
Gmelina arboreaVerbenaceaeSan: Gumbhari;Hin:Gamari, Jugani-chukar;Mal: Kumizhu, Kumpil;Guj: Shewan; Pun:Gumbar; Mar: Shivanasal;Kan: Kummuda;Tam: Uni, Gumadi;Tel: Gummadi;Importance: Coomb teak, Candahar tree or Kashmeeri tree is a moderate sized, unarmed, deciduous tree which is a vital ingredient of the ”dasamula” (group of ten roots). The whole plant is medicinally very important. It promotes digestive power, improves memory, overcomes giddiness and is also used as an antidote for snake bite and scorpion sting. Roots are useful in hallucination, fever, dyspepsia, hyperdipsia, haemorrhoids, stomachalgia, heart diseases, nervous disorders, piles and burning sensation. Bark is used in fever and dyspepsia. Leaf paste is good for cephalagia and leaf juice is a good wash for foul ulcers and is also used in the treatment of gonorrhoea and cough. Flowers are recommended for leprosy, skin and blood diseases. The fruits are used for promoting the growth of hair and in anaemia, leprosy, ulcers, constipation, strangury, leucorrhoea, colpitis and lung disease.Wood is one of the best and most reliable timber of India. It is used for making furniture, planks, carriages, printing boxes, musical instruments, shafts, axles, picture frames, jute bobbins, calipers, ship buildings, artificial limbs and stethoscopes.In south India the bark of the tree is used by arrack manufacturers to regulate the fermentation of toddy. The plant is also grown in garden or avenues (Dey, 1988; Sivarajan and Indira, 1994).Distribution: The plant is found wild throughout India from the foot of Himalayas to Kerala and Anadamans, in moist, semideciduous and open forests upto an altitude of 1500 m. It is also distributed in Sri Lanka and Philippines.Botany: Gmelina arborea Roxb. Syn. Premna arborea Roth. belongs to Family Verbenaceae. It is an unarmed deciduous tree growing up to 20m height with whitish grey corky lenticellate bark, exfloliating in thin flakes. Branchlets and young parts are clothed with fine white mealy pubescence. Leaves are simple, opposite, broadly ovate, cordate, glandular, glabrous above when mature and fulvous-tomentose beneath. Flowers brownish yellow in terminal panicle. Calyx campanulate, pubescent outside and with 5 lobes. Corolla showy brownish yellow with short tube and oblique limbs. Stamens 4, didynamous and included. Ovary is 4 chambered with one ovule each; style slender ending in a bifid stigma. Fruits are fleshy ovoid drupes, orange yellow when ripe. Seeds 1 or 2, hard and oblong.Agrotechnology: Coomb teak is a sun loving plant. It does not tolerate drought. But it grows in light frost. Rainfall higher than 2000mm and loose soil are ideal. The best method of propagation is by seeds but rarely propagated vegitatevely by stem cuttings also. Seed formation occurs in May-June. Seeds are dried well before use. They are soaked in water for 12 hours before sowing. Seed rate is 3kg/ha. Seeds are sown in nursery beds shortly before rains. Seeds germinate within one month. Seedlings are transplanted in the first rainy season when they are 7-10cm tall. Pits of size 50cm cube are made at a spacing of 3-4m and filled with sand, dried cowdung and surface soil, over which the seedlings are transplanted. 20kg organic manure is given once a year. Irrigation and weeding should be done on a regular basis. The common disease reported is sooty mould caused by Corticium salmonicolor which can be controlled by applying a suitable fungicide. The tree grows fast and may be ready for harvesting after 4 or 5 years. This plant is coppiced and traded. The roots are also used for medicinal purposes. The tree may stand up to 25 years.Properties and activity: Roots and heart wood of Coomb teak are reported to contain gmelinol, hentriacontanol, n-octacosanol and -sitosterol. The roots contain sesquiterpenoid and apiosylskimmin, a coumarin characterised as umbelliferone-7-apiosyl glucoside and gmelofuran. The heart wood gives ceryl alcohol, cluytyl ferulate, lignans, arboreol, gmelonone, 6”-bromo isoarboreol, lignan hemiacetal and gummidiol. Leaves yield luteolin, apigenin, quercetin, hentriacontanol, -sitosterol, quercetogenin and other flavons. Fruits contain butyric acid, tartaric acid, and saccharine substances (Asolkar et al, 1992; Dey, 1988).The roots are acrid, bitter, tonic, stomachic, laxative, galactogogue, demulcent, antibilious, febrifuge and anthelmintic. Bark is bitter, hypoglycaemic, antiviral, anticephalalgic and tonic. The leaves are demulcent, antigonorrhoeic and bechic. Flowers are sweet, refrigerant, astringent and acrid. Fruits are acrid, refrigerant, diuretic, astringent, aphrodisiac, trichogenous, alterant and tonic (Warrier et al; 1995).... coomb teak
The application of scientific knowledge to solving health problems. Health technologies include pharmaceuticals, medical devices, procedures or surgical techniques and management, communication and information systems innovations.... health technology
The systematic evaluation of the properties, effects or other impacts of health care technology. HTA is intended to inform decision-makers about health technologies and may measure the direct or indirect consequences of a given technology or treatment.... health technology assessment (hta)
The term applied to the narrowed and notched permanent incisor teeth which occur in congenital SYPHILIS. They are so-named after Sir Jonathan Hutchinson (1828–1913), the London physician who ?rst described them.... hutchinson’s teeth
The advent of computing has had widespread effects in all areas of society, with medicine no exception. Computer systems are vital – as they are in any modern enterprise – for the administration of hospitals, general practices and health authorities, supporting payroll, ?nance, stock ordering and billing, resource and bed management, word-processing correspondence, laboratory-result reporting, appointment and record systems, and management audit.
The imaging systems of COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (see MRI) have powerful computer techniques underlying them.
Computerised statistical analysis of study data, population databases and disease registries is now routine, leading to enhanced understanding of the interplay between diseases and the population. And the results of research, available on computerised indexes such as MEDLINE, can be obtained in searches that take only seconds, compared with the hours or days necessary to accomplish the same task with its paper incarnation, Index Medicus.
Medical informatics The direct computerisation of those activities which are uniquely medical – history-taking, examination, diagnosis and treatment – has proved an elusive goal, although one hotly pursued by doctors, engineers and scientists working in the discipline of medical informatics. Computer techniques have scored some successes: patients are, for example, more willing to be honest about taboo areas, such as their drug or alcohol consumption, or their sexual proclivities, with a computer than face to face with a clinician; however, the practice of taking a history remains the cornerstone of clinical practice. The examination of the patient is unlikely to be supplanted by technological means in the foreseeable future; visual and tactile recognition systems are still in their infancy. Skilled interpretation of the result by machine rather than the human mind seems equally as remote. Working its way slowly outwards from its starting point in mathematical logic, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE that in any way mimics its natural counterpart seems a distant prospect. Although there have been successes in computer-supported diagnosis in some specialised areas, such as the diagnosis of abdominal pain, workable systems that could supplant the mind of the generalist are still the dream of the many developers pursuing this goal, rather than a reality available to doctors in their consulting rooms now.
In therapeutics, computerised prescribing systems still require the doctor to make the decision about treatment, but facilitate the process of writing, issuing, and recording the prescription. In so doing, the system can provide automated checks, warning if necessary about allergies, potential drug interactions, or dosing errors. The built-in safety that this process o?ers is enhanced by the superior legibility of the script that ensues, reducing the potential for error when the medicine is dispensed by the nurse or the pharmacist.
Success in these individual applications continues to drive development, although the process has its critics, who are not slow to point to the lengthier consultations that arise when a computer is present in the consulting room and its distracting e?ect on communication with the patient.
Underlying these many software applications lies the ubiquitous personal computer – more powerful today than its mainframe predecessor of only 20 years ago – combined with networking technology that enables interconnection and the sharing of data. As in essence the doctor’s role involves the acquisition, manipulation and application of information – from the individual patient, and from the body of medical knowledge – great excitement surrounds the development of open systems that allow di?erent software and hardware platforms to interact. Many problems remain to be solved, not least the fact that for such systems to work, the whole organisation, and not just a few specialised individuals, must become computer literate. Such systems must be easy to learn to use, which requires an intuitive interface between user(s) and system(s) that is predictable and logical in its ordering and presentation of information.
Many other issues stand in the way of the development towards computerisation: standard systems of nomenclature for medical concepts have proved surprisingly di?cult to develop, but are crucial for successful information-sharing between users. Sharing information between existing legacy systems is a major challenge, often requiring customised software and extensive human intervention to enable the previous investments that an organisation has made in individual systems (e.g. laboratory-result reporting) to be integrated with newer technology. The beginnings of a global solution to this substantial obstacle to networking progress is in sight: the technology that enables the Internet – an international network of telephonically linked personal computers – also enables the establishment of intranets, in which individual servers (computers dedicated to serving information to other computers) act as repositories of ‘published’ data, which other users on the network may ‘browse’ as necessary in a client-server environment.
Systems that support this process are still in early stages of development, but the key conceptualisations are in place. Developments over the next 5–10 years will centre on the electronic patient record available to the clinician on an integrated clinical workstation. The clinical workstation – in essence a personal computer networked to the hospital or practice system – will enable the clinician to record clinical data and diagnoses, automate the ordering of investigations and the collection of the results, and facilitate referral and communication between the many professionals and departments involved in any individual patient’s care.
Once data is digitised – and that includes text, statistical tables, graphs, illustrations and radiological images, etc. – it may be as freely networked globally as locally. Consultations in which live video and sound transmissions are the bonds of the doctor-patient relationship (the techniques of telemedicine) are already reality, and have proved particularly convenient and cost-e?ective in linking the patient and the generalist to specialists in remote areas with low population density.
As with written personal medical records, con?dentiality of personal medical information on computers is essential. Computerised data are covered by the Data Protection Act 1984. This stipulates that data must:
be obtained and processed fairly and lawfully.
be held only for speci?ed lawful purposes.
•not be used in a manner incompatible with those purposes.
•only be recorded where necessary for these purposes.
be accurate and up to date.
not be stored longer than necessary.
be made available to the patient on request.
be protected by appropriate security and backup procedures. As these problems are solved, concerns about
privacy and con?dentiality arise. While paper records were often only con?dential by default, the potential for breaches of security in computerised networks is much graver. External breaches of the system by hackers are one serious concern, but internal breaches by authorised users making unauthorised use of the data are a much greater risk in practice. Governing network security so that clinical users have access on a need-to-know basis is a di?cult business: the software tools to enable this – encryption, and anonymisation (ensuring that clinical information about patients is anonymous to prevent con?dential information about them leaking out) of data collected for management and research processes – exist in the technical domain but remain a complex conundrum for solution in the real world.
The mushroom growth of websites covering myriad subjects has, of course, included health information. This ranges from clinical details on individual diseases to facts about medical organisations and institutes, patient support groups, etc. Some of this information contains comments and advice from orthodox and unorthodox practitioners. This open access to health information has been of great bene?t to patients and health professionals. But web browsers should be aware that not all the medical information, including suggested treatments, has been subject to PEER REVIEW, as is the case with most medical articles in recognised medical journals.... information technology in medicine
A list of diagnoses and identifying codes used by medical practitioners and other health care providers. The coding and terminology provide a uniform language that permits consistent communication on claim forms. Data from earlier time periods were coded using the appropriate revision of the ICD for that time period. Changes in classification of causes of death in successive revisions of the ICD may introduce discontinuities in cause of death statistics over time.... international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, tenth revision (icd-10)
Darjeeling tea is a black tea grown in the Darjeeling district in West Bengal, India. Darjeeling tea is also called the “champagne of teas” since it is considered to be the finest tea in the world. At first, Darjeeling tea was available only as black tea but later on, Darjeeling white tea and Darjeeling oolong tea have been produced.
Darjeeling tea is made from the small-leaved Chinese plant Camellia Sinensis, unlike most Indian teas that are made from the large-leaved Assam plant. The reason is that, in the early 1840’s, a civil surgeon of the Indian Medical Service named Dr. Campbell was transferred to Darjeeling and used seeds from China to experiment tea planting.
How to brew Darjeeling tea
Many tea drinkers complain about not getting the right flavor when drinking the Indian
Darjeeling tea. The main reason why this happens is because the preparation of Darjeeling tea is a delicate process and ignoring even only one step can cause the loss of an authentic flavor and taste. Here are some important rules in brewing Darjeeling tea:
- Use water that is free of chlorine, iron, salt and other type of impurities, because otherwise it can completely ruin the taste orDarjeeling tea.
- An important detail that most people ignore is using the right teapot. That is why it is recommended the use of China porcelain teapots and cups.
- For proper infusion, the Darjeeling tea leaves should be placed into the pot and then pour hot water on it.
- And last, Darjeeling tea connoisseurs advise not to put any kind of milk, honey or sugar in it since they change the aromatic flavor of Darjeeling tea. Also, milk reduces the benefits of this tea.
Here are the brewing instructions:
First of all, you have to boil the water. Once the water is boiled, let it cool for about 5 minutes because if it is too hot, the
Darjeeling tea leaves might burn and you will lose the flavor. Then add one teaspoon of Darjeeling leaves per 8 oz cup in the teapot and slowly pour water over the leaves. Let it steep between 2-5 minutes, but be careful! Steeping it for more than 5 minutes, may lead to a bitter cup of tea! Try to drink it without any kind of sweetener or milk to really enjoy the flavor.
Darjeeling Tea benefits
Darjeeling tea has many benefits because of the high antioxidant content that combat free radicals and diseases. Also
Darjeeling tea contains vitamins and minerals such as Vitamin C, Vitamin K, calcium, magnesium and potassium, according the University of Arizona.
- Darjeeling tea strengthens your immune system, lowers cholesterol, fights dental plaque and maintains a healthy heart.
- Provides relaxation because of the L-theanine (amino - acid) that reduces mental and physical stress. That is why, people who suffer from depression or have anxiety attacks are advised to drink Darjeeling tea since it offers a feeling of well-being.
- It gives you energy, even though it has a small amount of caffeine. The L-theanine amino- acid softens caffeine’s speedy and uneven effects so that a person who is consuming Darjeeling tea feels relaxed and energized in the same time.
- Darjeeling tea contains antioxidants called flavonoids that protect cells from free radical damage.
- Reduces stroke risks and improves the function of blood vessels.
Darjeeling tea side effects
Since
Darjeeling tea is a black tea, it has almost the same side effects as the simple black tea:
- People with anemia and iron deficiency should avoid drinking Darjeeling black tea.
- In cases of diabetes, even though Darjeeling tea’s caffeine content is softened by the the L-theanine amino - acid, still might affect blood sugar.
- People who present calcium deficit shouldn’t drink black tea, including Darjeeling tea, since it could produce dizziness and the sensation of fainting.
- Also, pregnant women are advised not to drink black tea.
Darjeeling tea is perfect for any time of the day and it is worldwide acknowledged as being to teas what champagne is to wine. It has a unique flavor that cannot be replicated anywhere else in the world!... darjeeling tea - the champagne of teas
A test for colour vision, introduced by a Japanese doctor, comprising several plates with round dots of di?erent colours and sizes. It is also the name of a type of blood test for SYPHILIS.... ishihara’s test
Healing, Wishes, Luck... jobs tears
It is well-known that tea should be avoided both during and after pregnancy. After you give birth, the tea you drink can affect the baby through breastfeeding. This is why you should be careful with the types of tea you drink if you are breastfeeding.
Check teas for breastfeeding women
Herbal teas are mostly considered safe for women who are breastfeeding. Still, there are some things you need to be careful with and check, before you start drinking an herbal tea while nursing.
Make sure the herbal tea you drink does not contain caffeine. While it might not affect you, the caffeine found in tea can affect the baby.
Also check if the herbal tea contains plants you are allergic to. It is not the baby you have to worry about in this case, but your own health, as it could prove to be harmful for you.
It is best to speak with your doctor as well, before you drink a type of tea, even herbal ones. Check to see if the tea you have chosen is safe to take when you are breastfeeding, or if it does not decrease the breast milk supply. Make sure you choose the proper tea for breastfeeding.
Teas for breastfeeding women
There are many herbal teas which are recommended for breastfeeding women. Most of them help increase the breast milk supply.
Organic mother’s milk tea is known to be useful, because of its ingredients (fennel, aniseed, and coriander help with the milk supply). Other herbal teas include raspberry leaf tea, nettle tea, or alfalfa tea. Also, you can drink blessed thistle tea and fennel tea in small amounts.
Chamomile tea can also be consumed if you are breastfeeding. It will help you relax and have a peaceful sleep. Motherwort tea also helps you relax, as well as reduces the risk of getting post partum depression. Ginger tea can help with an upset stomach, as well as increase blood circulation.
Teas you should avoid while breastfeeding
During nursing periods, you should not drink teas that contain caffeine. This means you should avoid teas made from the Camellia Sinensis plant: white tea, black tea, green tea, and oolong tea.
There are several types of tea which can reduce your breast milk supply. These include oregano tea, sage tea, spearmint tea, peppermint tea, borage tea, comfrey tea, yarrow tea, chickweed tea, parsley tea or thyme tea. Make sure you do not consume any of these teas while breastfeeding.
Topically applied teas for breastfeeding
Teas can be used topically, as well. There are some which help during breastfeeding periods when they are applied on the skin.
Partridge tea can help in this way. When applied topically, it relieves the soreness you might get from breastfeeding.
The tea you drink can affect both you and the baby even during nursing. Because of this, make sure you check to see if what you are drinking is safe. Choose one of these teas for breastfeeding and you will not have to worry about any side effects!... discover the teas for breastfeeding women
A newborn baby needs to be taken care of properly. Parents have to be careful with what they give their baby to drink, as well, among other things. There are a few restrictions even when it comes to tea. Find out which are the proper types of tea for babies.
When to give tea to babies
Although herbal teas bring adults (and even children) many health benefits, this doesn’t apply to babies, as well.
Even if mothers often prepare teas for babies, doctors recommend that this should happen only after the baby is 6 months old. The only thing babies should have until they are over 6 months old is the mother’s milk. The mother’s milk contains everything a newborn baby needs.
Forbidden teas for babies
While babies who are older than 6 motnhs can drink tea, there are still many types of tea which are forbidden to them.
Babies shouldn’t be given teas that contain caffeine. This can lead to harmful side effects, which include an upset stomach or sleeping problems; it might also make the baby easily irritable.
Besides caffeine, make sure the tea you give to your baby doesn’t contain polyphenols (it hinders the body’s absorption of iron, which can later cause learning problems), or star anise (Chinese star anise is sometimes contaminated with the Japanese one, which can be poisonous).
Don’t give your baby sweetened tea, either. Check for “hidden” sugars, which are used to sweeten a usually bitter tea. Such teas can harm your baby’s developing teeth, and it might also make him refuse breast milk.
Teas for babies
Herbal teas which are considered safe to be given to children older than 6 months include chamomile, caraway, lemonbalm, fennel, catnip, and dill. All these teas for babies come with health benefits.
Fennel, dill, caraway, and catnip tea helps your baby when he’s got stomach aches, trapped wind and colic. You can give lemonbalm and chamomile tea to calm your baby and help him relax.
Also, babies don’t need to drink a full cup of tea. Either add a bit to your baby’s sipping cup, or offer your baby a few spoons of tea. Also, the herbs should be added to almost-boiling water, and steeping time shouldn’t last more than 5 minutes.
If you choose the right type, tea can be a healthy beverage for your baby. Make sure it doesn’t contain any forbidden substances and only give it to your baby when he’s at least 6 months old.... find out more about teas for babies
A range of health care, personal care and social services provided to individuals who, due to frailty or level of physical or intellectual disability, are no longer able to live independently. Services may be for varying periods of time and may be provided in a person’s home, in the community or in residential facilities (e.g. nursing homes or assisted living facilities). These people have relatively stable medical conditions and are unlikely to greatly improve their level of functioning through medical intervention.... long-term care (ltc) / long-term aged care
See “high dependency care facility”.... long-term care facility
The healthiest beverage you could give a dog to drink could be water. However, tea comes with its own health benefits. You just have to be careful with the type of tea you give to your dog, as well as the quantity, and it’ll surely help keep your dog healthy.
Recommended teas for dogs
There are companies which produce tea blends especially for dogs. They come with many health-related benefits and in various flavors. Still, this doesn’t mean your dog can’t consume a few of the same types of tea you drink.
Herbal teas are considered to be good for dogs; these include chamomile and essiac tea. Also, green tea is good for dogs, but only if it is caffeine-free.
Benefits of teas for dogs
Essiac tea is one tea variety that won’t be harmful for your dog. One important health benefit is that it strengthens your dog’s immunity, muscles, organs, bones, and tissues. It also works to remove toxin (including from the blood and bowel), and fights against cancer by helping the body destroy tumors.
Chamomile tea is bound to improve your dog’s digestion, as well as its sleep. It is often recommended if your dog is a restless sleeper. This tea can also be used to clean various cuts, and also to wash the dog’s eyes if your pet has runny eyes.
Lastly, green tea also works to strengthen the dog’s immunity, and fight against cancer. It might also make the dog’s fur healthier and shinier than before.
How much tea to give your dog
Despite the health benefits, you shouldn’t give your dog too much tea to drink. It is best to add a few teaspoons to his bowl of water, or sprinkle its food with the tea. It doesn’t have to be strong either, so don’t let it steep for the whole amount of time it usually requires.
Side effects of teas for dogs
Be careful with the green tea you give to your dog. Make sure it is caffeine-free, as caffeine can be harmful to dogs. Also, you shouldn’t give essiac tea to your dog if you know it has kidney problems, bowel obstructions, diarrhea, ulcers, colitis, or a brain tumor.
If you pick the proper tea, dogs can enjoy its health benefits just as much as humans. Don’t hesitate to share your cup of tea with your pet!... find out more about teas for dogs
Insurance policies which pay for long-term care services (such as nursing home and home care) that are generally not covered by other health insurance.... long-term care insurance
... lyssa is another term for rabies.
See under TESTICLE, DISEASES OF.... maldescended testis
The determination of eligibility for a publicly financed programme on the basis of an applicant’s income and assets (means).... means test
The last three TEETH on each side of the JAW.... molar teeth
A face-to-face group judgement technique in which participants generate silently, in writing, responses to a given question/problem; responses are collected and posted, but not identified by author, for all to see; responses are openly clarified, often in a round robin format; further iterations may follow; and a final set of responses is established by voting/ranking.... nominal group technique
... or eye-teeth – see teeth.
Also known as jumper’s knee. In?ammation of the tendon of the extensor muscle of the thigh, in which the PATELLA or knee-cap is secured. Usually the result of injury or excessive use or stress – for example, in athletic training – symptoms include pain, tenderness and sometimes restricted movement of the parent muscle. Treatment may include NON-STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS), ULTRASOUND treatment and PHYSIOTHERAPY, and, if persistent, injection of a corticosteroid drug (see CORTICOSTEROIDS) around the tendon.... patellar tendinitis
A test for MONONUCLEOSIS which is based upon the fact that patients with this disease develop ANTIBODIES which agglutinate sheep red blood cells.... paul-bunnell test
A test for INFERTILITY. A specimen of cervical mucus, taken up to 24 hours after coitus (during the post-ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle), is examined microscopically to assess the motility of the sperms. If motility is above a certain level, then sperms and mucus are not interacting abnormally – thus eliminating one cause of sterility.... post-coital test
See GENETIC ENGINEERING.... recombinant dna technology
A hearing test in which a vibrating tuning fork is placed on the mastoid process (see EAR). When the subject can no longer hear the ringing, it is placed beside the ear. Normal subjects can then hear the noise once more, but in people with conductive DEAFNESS, air conduction does not persist after bone conduction has ceased. It can help to distinguish between nerve (sensorineural) and conduction deafness.... rinnes test
Involves care designed to improve the physical wellbeing and restore the health of older people to an optimum level following a serious illness.... short-term aged care
is aimed at stabilising and strengthening the psychological defence mechanisms of those patients who are confronted by a crisis which threatens to overwhelm their ability to cope, or who are struggling with the aftermath of major life events.... short-term supportive psychotherapy
A hospital that provides education for students in the health professions.... teaching hospital
(American) Resembling a bright- colored duck; a greenish-blue color Teale, Teala, Teela, Tealia, Tealiya... teal
(Irish) In mythology, a place where kings met Teamhaire, Teamhare, Teamharre... teamhair
The process whereby a group of people work together (often by dividing tasks among members, based on relative skills) to reach a common goal, to solve a particular problem, or to achieve a specified set of results.... teamwork
(Hungarian) Form of Theresa, meaning “a harvester”... teca
An ISOTOPE of the arti?cial element technetium. It emits gamma rays and is used as a tracer in building up a scintigraphic radioactive image of organs such as the brain.... technetium-99
The application of science to health care.... technology
A comprehensive form of policy research that examines the technical, economic and social consequences of technological applications.... technology assessment
A mathematical formula (or function) that is used to determine if the difference between outcomes of a treatment or intervention and a control group is great enough to conclude that the difference is statistically significant. Statistical tests generate a value that is associated with a particular P value. Among the variety of common statistical tests are: F, t, Z, and chi-square. The choice of a test depends upon the conditions of the study, e.g. what type of outcome variable is used, whether or not the subjects are randomly selected from a larger population, and whether it can be assumed that the outcome values of the population have a normal distribution or other type of distribution.... statistical test
(Greek) A supreme gift Tedrah, Tedre, Tedreh... tedra
(American) The small one Tynie, Teynie, Teeny, Teeney, Teenee, Teenye, Teeni, Teenea... teenie
A primaquine analogue discovered by the US Army with activity against liver parasites of malaria and able to suppress blood parasites and kill gametocytes. See also Etaquine.... tefanoquine
(Egyptian) In mythology, the goddess of water and fertility Tefnutte, Tephnut, Tephnutte... tefnut
Abortion is a medical procedure of ending a pregnancy during its first 24 weeks.
There are several reasons why this medical process is carried out: a fetus’ or woman’s health issue or, most frequent, there are personal considerations which impede the woman to keep the baby.
No matter the reasons of an abortion, it should be made by a physician. Also, the woman’s post-abortion state requires medical observation, because there have been acknowledged physical and psychological effects after this medical condition.
Like any other medical procedure, abortion implies risks, like losing a large amount of blood (haemorrhage) or inflammation of the pelvis. Studies revealed that further miscarriages can be associated with earlier abortions, as the surgery may lead to the damage of the womb.
A pregnancy can be ended by a medical procedure or, by a traditional method, like drinking teas causing abortion.
How Tea for Abortion works
There are two categories of tea which lead to ending a pregnancy: emmenagogue and abortifacient teas.
The first type of tea induces woman’s period to start, whereas the second one causes painful contractions of the uterus, followed by abortion.
Teas leading to Abortion
Please read the list of some of the teas you should not drink if you are pregnant or, you try to become pregnant.
Blue Cohosh is a wood plant, growing in New England (United States) and also in Canada. It has anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties. It is generally used to treat rheumatism and to prevent osteoporosis. Muscles aches caused by physical effort are relieved by taking Blue Cohosh as tea, tincture or decoction.
It cannot stimulate the estrogen production thus, the body is not able to provide the endometrial and uterine growth, leading to contractions of the uterine and, finally, to a painful abortion.
Unfortunately, Blue Cohosh tea has been used for a long period of time as a medicinal and home-made beverage for abortion.
Pennyroyal is a plant from the mint family, whose essential oil is toxic if taken internally. In the past, women were poisoning themselves in the attempt of ending the pregnancy.
Taken as an infusion, the plant is efficient in mitigating the unpleasant feelings of the upset stomach, abdominal cramps , as well as colds.
Pennyroyal tea should not be drunk by pregnant women or by those who want to become pregnant, because it irritates the uterus, causing contractions and, of course, abortion.
Tansy is a herbaceous plant, originating from Europe, but also cultivated in the United States. It is best known for its action as an insect repellant, being used as treatment against worms.
It is a digestion adjuvant as well as a migraine reliever.
Tansy tea provides contractions of the uterus and abortion, which can be so violent that causes death, just like the above mentioned teas causing abortion. Uterine bleeding, nausea and loss of consciousness are some of the signs displayed by people who had ingested a large dose of the beverage.
Women should bear in mind that these three types of tea are scientifically proven to cause abortion. So, they should not consume them! Furthermore, women should ask their doctor for a list of the edible products while pregnancy, in order to avoid unpleasant situations of any kind.
... teas causing abortion
A glycopeptide antibiotic (see ANTIBIOTICS) which acts against aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive (see GRAM’S STAIN) bacteria. Like the similar drug, VANCOMYCIN, it is given in the prophylaxis and treatment of ENDOCARDITIS and other serious infections caused by gram-positive cocci, including STAPHYLOCOCCUS, which have developed resistance to other antibiotics. Its long duration of action means that it need be given only once a day. Teicoplanin can be given intramuscularly or intravenously. Its use should be carefully monitored as there is a range of adverse effects.... teicoplanin
(American) A poet; one who is good- looking... teige
(Greek) Resembling a tiger Teigre... teigra
(Greek) Glory of God Teklah, Tekli, Teckla, Tecla, Thecla, Theckla, Thekla, Theclah, Theccla... tekla
A cuticular thickening of the ventral wall of the spicular pouch in nematodes. Both gubernaculum and telamon are for guiding the spicules out of the body. Shape and size and number of the spicules, gubernaculum and telamon are also used for identification of the nematodes.... telamon
The employment of communication technology to provide assistance in the diagnosis, treatment, care and management of health conditions in remote areas.... telemedicine / telehealth
Drinking tea is considered to be good for every adult, thanks to the many health benefits various types of tea have. However, this isn’t the case when it comes to children, babies included. Find out more about the types of tea for children, as well as the ones they shouldn’t drink.
Be careful with teas for children
Teas have plenty of health benefits when it comes to children, as well. You just have to be careful with the type of tea you give your child to drink. Some can help a lot, especially when it comes to colds or stomach problems, but other types of tea might lead to unpleasant side effects.
The biggest problem revolves around the caffeine content found in teas; these include the teas made from the Camellia sinensis plant: green tea, black tea, white tea, and oolong tea. If your child drinks one of these teas that contain caffeine, it might give him an upset stomach, sleeping problems, or it might make him easily irritable.
Teas for children
Considering the fact that children like sweet things, fruit-flavored teas should tempt them. Not only is the aromatic taste pleasant, but drinking fruit-flavored teas should definitely be healthier for children than drinking soda.
The fruit-flavored teas for children include apple, banana, raspberry, strawberry, cherry, passion fruit, or mango. The children are bound to enjoy it both hot during winter, and cold during summer (either prepared as iced tea, or simply left to cool at room temperature).
Herbal teas are also recommended, especially thanks to the health benefits they have.
Benefits of teas for children
You can prepare tea for your child if he has small health problems, such as coughing, nausea, colic, or even anxiety. Generally, it is recommended to prepare only half a cup of tea for children, not a full cup. Also, steeping time shouldn’t be as long as usual, as the tea shouldn’t be too strong; steeping time can be half the usual time. Use honey, stevia or fruit juice to sweeten it. With this, the result will be a pleasant-tasting tea for children.
For colic, you can prepare a cup of chamomile tea or peppermint tea for your child. To treat nausea, as well as motion sickness, prepare ginger tea. Also, if your child is constipated, prepare oatmeal with flaxseed tea instead of water.
The tea you should use for coughs depends on the type of cough. If your child has a mild cough, you can give him peppermint tea. If the child’s coughing is caused by a sore throat, prepare marshmallow root tea or slippery elm tea . Meanwhile, for coughs with congestion, licorice or coltsfoot tea is better.
If your child has a fever, you can give him half a cup of the following types of tea: lemon balm, chamomile, peppermint, licorice or elder flower. Also, if your child has anxiety problems, try chamomile or oat straw tea; you can also prepare passionflower tea for children aged over 4, or skullcap tea for children aged over 6.
Herbal tea can be good for children. You just have to pick the right one, in order to make sure it won’t end up harming your children.... teas for children
A voluntary daily phone call to an older person in the community who lives alone.... telephone assurance
(English) In Tolkien’s works, those who came last; an elf clan Telerie, Telery, Telerey, Teleree, Telleri, Telerea, Tellerie... teleri
(Latin) In mythology, the mother earth Telus... tellus
(Welsh) Resembling a harp Telynn, Telin, Telynne, Telinn, Telinne... telyn
(Hebrew) A tall woman Temirah, Temeera, Temyra, Temiera, Temeira, Temeara... temira
(English) Having self-restraint Temperence, Temperince, Temperancia, Temperanse, Temperense, Temperinse... temperance
Aside from its social meaning, menopause brings changes to your body which need to be embraced with both maturity and responsibility.
First of all, pay attention to how your body reacts and use the treatment that fits you best. If you’re tired of all the traditional drugs, give Teas for Menopause a try.
Not only that they don’t have the side effects that a regular drug has, but they also contain the right amount of active ingredients.
If that is the case, the most recommended treatments involve the use of:
- raspberry leaf tea
- ginseng tea
- chasteberry tea.
However, choose one tea and don’t use a mixture of teas. Their main property is that they can bring relief to your pain and also normalize your hormone level when taken individualy.
How Teas for Menopause Work
These Teas for Menopause have almost the same effects that Teas for Menstrual Pain have on your body. The only exception is that when it comes to menopause, we’re talking about a series of symptoms and not just one localized pain .
In order to be able to treat that, you need to search for a tea that is rich in natural enzymes and has an elevated level of tannis and volatile oils.The action of these Teas for Menopause involve shutting down all pain triggers and bringing relief to your affected areas by helping your body produce the necessary amount of hormones and antibodies.
Efficient Teas for Menopause
If you have reached your menopause or you’re just experiencing some pre-menopausal symptoms, you may want to give these Teas for Menopause a try:
- Raspberry Leaf Tea – also a great help when it comes to menstrual pain, Raspberry Leaf Tea is one of the most common fruity teas, with a good vitamin C level which can increase your immune system action.
- Sage Tea – in Latin, sage means “to heal”. Well, that’s a good resume that this tea has. Its main purpose is to heal the affected areas, by increasing the estrogen level and reducing the sweat glands’ secretion.
- Valerian Tea – also used as a powerful sedative in cases of insomnia, this tea has gained its popularity since ancient times, when Romans used it for a good night sleep and anxiety issues.
- St. John’s Wort Tea – not only that this tea has great benefits concerning menopause, but it’s also a great help when it comes to depression. Teas for Menopause have the ability to treat both the physical and the mental problems that menopause brings.
Teas you should avoid during Menopause
When choosing Teas for Menopause, you may want to avoid those teas that have a high level of acidity and could upset your stomach, such as green tea or black tea.
Teas for Menopause Side Effects
When taken properly, these teas are generally safe. However, high dosages may lead to a series of complications, such as nausea, digestive tract ailments, nervous system affections. If you’ve been taking one of these Teas for Menopause and you’re experiencing some negative reactions, talk to your doctor as soon as possible.
But if your general health is good and you have your doctor’s approval, give these Teas for Menopause a try and enjoy their benefits wisely!... teas for menopause
Menstrual pain is known for its acute and localized action on the abdominal area. However, not all women suffer from this affection.The good thing about menstrual pain, however, is that this is not a chronic disease and that it can go away as quickly as it came to you.
All you have to do is treat it properly and wait for your body to respond. If the pain is very powerful and you need to put a stop to it, you may want to try taking an herbal treatment, in which case Raspberry leaf tea, Corn silk tea and Wild yam tea could be the answer.
How Teas for Menstrual Pain Work
Most of these Teas for Menstrual Pain involve helping your body release the right amount of endorphins in order to fight localized pain. Although menstrual pain is probably the most popular cause of distress for women around the world, alternative medicine found new ways to fight it alongside with traditional medicine.
However, choosing one of these Teas for Menstrual Pain will only make your system healthier, without having to worry for possible side effects. The main characteristic of these Teas for Menstrual Pains is that they have a pleasant taste and fragrance and that they are generally safe, unlike traditional medicines.
A cup of raspberry leaf tea brings relief to your abdominal area, by calming the muscles and increasing the uterus action.
Efficient Teas for Menstrual Pain
If you have a heavy menstrual flow or a severe pain crisis during periods, you may find out that the following Teas for Menstrual Pain could be the right answer to your problems:
- Cramp Bark Tea – thanks to its antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory properties, Cramp Bark Tea is one of the best Teas for Menstrual Pain there is! Unfortunately, it’s rather inaccessible to the European public.
However, if you find a shop that specializes in Cramp Bark products, hold on to it! Cramp Bark Tea can also be used as a detoxifier and a good face cleanser; when used topically, it may bring relief to your skin sores.
- Raspberry Leaf Tea – this is a tea that may also come in hand in case you want to perform natural cosmetic procedures at home. Just soak a compress in Raspberry Leaf Tea and apply it on your face for 5 minutes to open and clean your pores. However, a cup of Raspberry Tea per day will improve your general health, bringing relief to those of you who are suffering from severe menstrual pain.
- Corn Silk Tea – on this Teas for Menstrual Pain list, Corn silk Tea use needs extra caution. It is true that it can calm your menstrual pain, but you also need to measure the amount of tea you drink in order to avoid other complications: Corn Silk Tea is a very powerful urinary stimulant.
- Wild Yam Tea – one of the most dangerous Teas for Menstrual Pain, Wild Yam Tea can bring relief to all kinds of pain, starting with menstrual pain, stomach pain and ending with migraines and severe headaches. However, don’t take this tea if you have protein S deficiency or a hormone-sensitive condition, such as breast cancer, uterine fibroids or endometriosis.
Teas you should avoid
During menstruation, you may want to avoid all teas based on a high level of acids, such as green or black teas . They will only make your pain insufferable, by increasing your stomach acidity and also your heart beat.
Teas for Menstrual Pain Side Effects
When taken according to specifications, these Teas for Menstrual Pain are rarely dangerous.
However, if you’ve been taking one of them for a while and you’re experiencing some unusual reactions from your body, talk to a doctor as soon as possible. In high dosages, these teas may cause urinary dysfunctions, nausea, headaches and vomiting.
First, make sure you’re not allergic to the tea you’re about to take in order to avoid other health complications. Once you have the green light from your doctor, give these Teas for Menstrual Pain a try and enjoy their wonderful benefits wisely!... teas for menstrual pain
See “secular trend”.... temporal trend
(African) Thankful to God Tenday, Tendae, Tendaa, Tendaye... tendai
(American) One who is sensitive; young and vulnerable Tendere, Tendera, Tenderia, Tenderre, Tenderiya... tender
Migraines are described as strong headaches associated with a certain discomfort of the nervous system.
Although practitioners around the world tried to find the ultimate cure for this ailment, they are still far from finding the miraculous cure.
Since ancient times, herbalists used a wide range of alternative remedies to induce a state of relaxation and bring relief to those suffering from migraines. However, modern medicine found new ways to treat this condition, even if no definitive cure has been provided yet.
Drink Teas for Migraines
Alternative medicine, however, gives you a hand. There are a lot of teas for migraines and headaches which can successfully be used in order to treat the affected areas and calm the localized pain. If you are suffering from this condition, you may want to try one of the following teas:
- Black Tea - when it comes to Teas for Migraines, Black Tea turns out to be quite a helper. Thanks to its anti-oxidant and alkaline properties, this natural remedy can calm your pain and release the necessary amount of active constituents.
- Catnip Tea - another name on the Teas for Migraines list is Catnip Tea, a powerful treatment with anesthetic, sedative and relaxing properties which can be found in almost any teashop. Just make sure that you’re buying the product from a trusted provider in order to avoid unnecessary complications.
- Chamomile Tea - used in both the cosmetic and the pharmaceutical industries, Chamomile Tea is probably one of the world’s greatest panaceas. When choosing Teas for Migraines, you need to make sure that the herb you’re about to use has no side effects and that its action is rapid and very effective.
If that is the case, Chamomile Tea, with its calming and nourishing properties may be a good alternative to traditional medication. Also, if you suffer from sleeping disorders, Chamomile Tea might bring relief and a good night sleep.
- Lavender Tea - used mostly for its memorable scent, Lavender is used by both the cosmetic industry and the cleaning products factories. However, when choosing Teas for Migraines, Lavender Tea may be just as important as the other too teas mentioned above. Thanks to a good level of tannis and volatile oils, Lavender Tea makes migraines go away within minutes.
Other Effective Teas for Migraines
- Tansy Tea - although it is yet unknown to the European public, Tansy Tea is one of the most efficient Teas for Migraines in the alternative medicine. Tansy Tea contains tanacetin, volatile oil, tannic acid, parthenolides, which are toxic for your body in high dosages.
Although its action is very quickly, you need to be careful when taking a treatment based on Tansy Tea. Exceeding the recommended dosage may lead to death!
- Thyme Tea – known mostly for its ability to treat menstrual pain, Thyme Tea is also one of the Teas for Migraines we strongly recommend. Its active ingredient is a substance called thymol, which is responsible for the calming effect that this tea has on you and your health. Also, applied topically, Thyme Tea is a good remedy for cuts and opened wounds.
- White Peony Root Tea – used especially for its anti-inflammatory properties, White Peony Root Tea is probably the most effective and also the rarest of these Teas for Migraines. It contains a substance called paeoniflorin, which has a high anti-spastic action, so it can calm not only your migraines, but almost any type of localized pain.
The other ingredients, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, tannins and polysaccharides make this particular herbal treatment work more efficient. By its own, paeniflorin is not as effective as used in combination with these other substances.
- Yucca Tea – familiar to the South American populations and almost unknown for the Europeans, Yucca Tea is one of the teas that could probably treat almost any kind of affection. When you look in the Teas for Migraines section, you’ll notice that Yucca Tea has its own place.
Thanks to a series of curative properties generated by the amount of saponins contained, Yucca Tea can treat other conditions of your body as well. If you suffer from arthritis or you just want a natural remedy for your hair, Yucca Tea is the answer!
- Yerba Mate Tea – drank from special reservoirs, Yerba Mate Tea is commonly known as “the Argentine coffee”. Although it might be a little difficult to find it if you live in Europe, in case you’re looking for Teas for Migraines and you run into a teashop specialized in Yerba Mate products, hold on to it!
It is said that this miraculous tea has all the ingredients necessary to sustain life. Specialists even call it “the new green tea”, thanks to its many curative properties.
If you suffer from severe migraines, there’s no point in spending a lot of money on traditional pain killers. Just give one of these teas a try and enjoy its wonderful benefits!... teas for migraines
(Latin) Of the temple; sanctuary Templah, Temple, Tempa, Tempy, Tempey, Tempi, Tempie, Tempee, Tempea... templa
Relaxation is the word we use when we want to describe the need to loosen up from all body tensions which accumulate during the day.
Since relaxation is a big subject which involves not only the headaches, but also ailments of the entire nervous system, it is best to drink a tea which specializes in nourishing the central system, such as:
- Lavender Tea
- Chamomile Tea
- St. John’s Wort Tea
- Kava Tea.
How Teas for Relaxing Work
Thanks to their great alkaline level and their great amount of natural enzymes, these Teas for Relaxing have the opposite effect of those teas that are able to give you an energy boost. Unlike those, Teas for Relaxation lower your energy rush and try to maintain a medium level of adrenaline.
Some of them can actually help you sleep better. It’s also good to know that some of these Teas for Relaxing are also used by the pharmaceutical companies, as an adjuvant in creams and tinctures for cuts and opened wounds. Other than that, the scientists found out that these teas, when taken properly, might also fight other ailments of your digestive and nervous systems, such as diarrhea, upset stomach, nausea, migraines and severe headaches.
It is said that their action envisions a wide range of health problems which can be ameliorated in time, thanks to these Teas for Relaxing active constituents.
Efficient Teas for Relaxing
If you’re looking for a very efficient tea to relax your body, you may want to try one of the following:
- Chamomile Tea - induces a state of relaxation and well-being, having a pleasant taste and scent and it can be bought from almost any teashop or grocery store. Not only that, but it is also one hundred percent safe, so if you’re thinking about giving up on coffee and relaxing your body, just turn Chamomile Tea into your daily habit.
- Mint Tea – one of the most popular Teas for Relaxing, Mint Tea is also a great help in case you’re suffering from respiratory problems or ailments of the digestive tract, such as diarrhea, upset stomach, colds or flu.
- Valerian Tea – increases your endorphin level and enhances your body’s capacity to fight bacteria and microbes. Ancient Romans used it as a sedative and sleep aid. However, when taking a treatment based on Valerian Tea, make sure you don’t exceed the number of cups recommended per day in order to avoid complications.
Teas you should avoid
When choosing Teas for Relaxing, it’s best to avoid decoctions and other types of remedy which could bring you an energy boost, such as:
- Ginger Tea
- Gingko Biloba Tea
- Rosehip Tea
Side Effects of Teas for Relaxing
If you’re not sure about any of these Teas for Relaxing, ask a specialist in order to gather more information. When taken properly, these teas have no side effects. However, if you’ve been taking one or many of them for a while and you’re experiencing some unusual reactions, talk to a doctor as soon as possible and don’t try to treat it at home!
High dosages may lead to a number of complications such as nausea, vomiting, upset stomach or skin rash. Also, make sure you’re not allergic to any of these Teas for Relaxing before starting a treatment based on one of them!
But if there’s nothing to interfere with your treatment and you’re willing to give herbal treatments a try, choose one of these teas and enjoy its health benefits!... teas for relaxing
Long, usually-thick, hair-like structures that contain the nematocysts needed for the capture of food. Theymay also be used to deliver such food to the mouth of the jellyfish. They may contract up to a tenth of their extended state.... tentacle
(Gaelic) Victory of the earth Teranikah, Teranieka, Teraneika, Teraneeka, Teranica, Teranicka, Teranicca, Teraneaka... teranika
An antifungal drug given systemically. Used in the treatment of dermatophyte infections of the nails and RINGWORM infections (tinea pedis, cruris and corporis) which have not responded to topical antifungal preparations.... terbinafine
Unlike migraines, stress is an accumulation of disorganized pain that takes your body by surprise, inducing a state of general fatigue and irritation.
Although migraines teas could also be used as a remedy for stress, it is possible that their effect on your general health to pass unnoticed. Since stress has a more profound characteristic, it’s best if you choose one of the following teas:
- Green Tea (thanks to its calming amino acid which can be found in the leaves)
- Kava Tea (induces a state of calmness without having the side effects of a traditional drug).
How Teas for Stress Work
First of all, if you’ve decided to go with Teas for Stress instead of traditional drugs, you need to know that, although the amount of side effects is very low, you still have to pay attention to the amount of tea you’re taking.
Thanks to their main ingredients, which include tannin, caffeine, proteins, carbohydrates and vitamin C, their main responsibility is restoring your general well-being by enhancing the number of anti bodies and by fighting all pain triggers.
Actually, these Teas for Stress focus on any type of fatigue accumulation that shouldn’t appear in your system. The enzymes contained have anti-inflammatory properties which can lower your nervous deviations and increase your blood flow in order to wash away the unwanted microbes.
Efficient Teas for Stress
When you’re looking for Teas for Stress, you have plenty oh choices. Aside from Green Tea and Kava Tea, you can also add the following teas to your medical cabinet:
- Chamomile Tea – thanks to its curative properties, this remedy can bring you calmness without having to worry about any side effects. Its main plus consists in the fact that it is one hundred percent safe.
- Valerian Tea – also used as a diuretic and a pain reliever, Valerian Tea is probably the most notorious name in this Teas for Stress list. Ancient Romans used it as a sedative and sleep aid. All these curative properties are generated by a substance called valepotriates, which can be found in both Valerian leaves and flowers.
- Mint Tea – one of the world’s greatest panacea and a good replacer for your morning coffee, Mint Tea is the most popular medical treatment when it comes to stress too. When looking for Teas for Stress, you don’t have to go too far. If you have Mint in your kitchen, just reach for it and enjoy its wonderful benefits!
- Ginseng Tea – you might find Ginseng a bit strong for your taste, but its action is strong and quickly. It is said that Ginseng clears out the exhaust and stress immediately, thanks to a series of natural enzymes. If the taste seems a bit unpleasant to you, just add a small amount of honey and lemon.
Teas for Stress Side Effects
It is important to remember that all medical treatments should be taken according to their specifications and that exceeding the number of teacups per day might cause you severe damages. However, when it comes to these Teas for Stress, the only thing you need to be careful about is the time period in which you take them.
If you know you suffer from chronic stress symptoms, drink Mint Tea or Chamomile Tea, since they have no side effects. Aside from being a good help in cases of stress, Ginger Tea may cause diarrhea, nausea and other problems, so you need to pay attention to your treatment.
Also, only take the tea are long as you feel sick and don’t make a habit out of it!
Other than that, there’s no reason not to give these Teas for Stress a try and enjoy their natural benefits wisely!... teas for stress
(African) The blessed one Terehasah, Terehasia, Terehasea, Terehasiya, Terehasya... terehasa
(Latin / Greek) One who is tender / a guardian Terentiah... terentia
An illness for which there is no known cure.... terminal illness
Terminalia spp.CombretaceaeThe genus Terminalia includes a large group of medicinally valuable trees. They belong to the family Combretaceae.The most important medicinal species of the genus Terminalia are the following.1) T. arjuna (Roxb.ex DC) Wight & Arn.San: Arjunah, Kakubhah;Hin: Arjun, Kahu, Kahua;Mal: Marutu, Nirmarutu, Venmarutu, Attumarutu, Pulamatti;Tam: Attumarutu, Nirmarutu, Vellaimarutu, Marutu;Kan: Maddi.It is a large evergreen tree commonly found in Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Peninsular and India. It has buttressed trunk and spreading crown with drooping branches. Bark is smooth, grey outside and flesh coloured inside, flaking off in large flat pieces. Leaves are simple, sub-opposite, oblong or elliptic, coriaceous, crenulate, pale dull green above, pale brown beneath, often unequal sided, nerves 10-15 pairs and reticulate. Flowers are white, arranged in panicles of spikes with linear bracteoles. Fruits are ovoid or oblong with 5-7 short, hard angles or wings, the lines on the wings oblique and curving upward (Warrier et al 1996).The bark is useful in fractures, ulcers, urethrorrhoea, leucorrhoea, diabetes, vitiated conditions of pitta, anaemia, cardiopathy, fatigue, asthma, bronchitis, tumours, internal and external haemorrhages, cirrhosis of the lever and hypertension. It is used in fractures and the powdered bark is taken with milk. The bark powder is diuretic and has a general tonic effect in cases of cirrhosis of liver. The bark has been considered by the ayurvedic physicians as well as by modern practitioners as a cardiac tonic. It is given as a decoction with milk (NRF, 1998). In Ayurveda, “Arjunaghrita” and “Arjunarishta” are two important cardiotonic preparations of this drug.Fruits contain flavanones - arjunone and 5,7,2’, 4’ - tetramethoxy flavone and a chalcone - cerasidin. Other constituents are -sitosterol, friedelin, methyloleanolate, gallic acid, ellagic acid and arjunic acid. Bark gave a triterpene arjungenin, triterpene glucosides I, II and III. Stem bark gave flavones - baicalein and arjunolone characterised as 6,4’ - dihydraxy - 7-methoxy flavone. Stem bark yields oxalic acid and tannins besides complex glycosides (Bhatra et al, 1980). Bark is alexertic, styptic, antidysenteric, astringent, antiasthmatic, febrifuge, expectorant, cardiotonic aphrodisiac and diuretic. Fruit is deobstruent. Stem-bark is CVS and CNS active, diuretic and abortifacient. Aerial part is CNS depressant and semen coagulant.2) T. alata Heyne ex Roth. Syn. T. tomentosa (Roxb. Ex. Dc.) W & A.San: Dharaphala, Saradru, Sajada;Hin. Ain;Ben: Asan, Paishal;Mal: Tehmbara;Tam: Karramarda, Karu Murutha, Marudam, Pudavam.This tree is distributed in Himalaya from Kangra eastwords to Goalpara in Assam and southwards throughout the Peninsular India, upto 1200 m. The bark of the tree is widely used in ulcers, fractures, bronchitis and diarrhoea. Hydrolysis of the gum gives oligosaccharides, disaccharides and monosaccharides. Leaves and fruits give -sitosterol. Bark is diuretic, antihaemorrhagic, styptic, cardiotonic and semen coagulant.3) T. bellirica (Craertn.) Roxb.San: Aksha, Anilaghanaka, Baheduka, Harya, Kalinda;Hin: Bulla, Sagona;Ben: Bahera, Baheri;Tam: Akkam, Kalanduri, Tani;Tel: Bhutavasamu Tadi, Tandra, Vibhutakamu.Belliric Myrobalan is distributed throughout India, upto 900 m. Its bark is used in anaemia and leucoderma. The fruit is used in bronchitis, strangury, sore throat, diseases of eye, nose, heart and bladder, hoarseness and piles. It forms an important constituent of the ayurvedic drug ‘triphala’. Furits contain -sitosterol, gallic and ellagic acids, ethyl gallate, galloyl glucose, chebulagic acid and a cardiac glucoside bellaricanin. Alcoholic extract of the fruit possesses bile-stimulating activity. Alcoholic extract, 30 mg/kg does not affect blood pressure and respiration, but a higher dose of 60 mg/kg produces a fall in blood pressure. Furit has anticancerous and flower has spermicidal activity. Bark is mild diuretic. Fruit is astringent, antidropsical, antileprotic, antiinflammatory, antidiarrhoeal, antibilious, stomachic, antiasthmatic, tonic, anticephalgic, bechic, anthelmintic and attenuant. Kernel is narcotic. Semi -ripe fruit is purgative. Gum is demulcent (Husain et al, 1992)4) T. bialata steud.White Chugalam or silver grey wood is a common tree of Andaman Islands. Its bark is used as a cardiac stimulant.5) T. Catappa Linn.San: Grahadruma;Hin: Badam;Ben: Bangla Badam:Tam: Natuvdom, Vadhamkottai;Tel: Vedam, Voda Movettilla; Mar: Jangli Badama, Nat Badam.Indian Almond or Tropical Almond is a popular tree cultivated throughout the warmer parts of India including Andaman Islands and other adjacent island. Oil from the kernel is a substitute for almond oil. The leaf is used in scabies and colic. Husk and endocarp contain tannins and pentosans. Oil from kernel contains oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic acids. Heart wood and stem bark contains -sitosterol and its palmitate. Heartwood in addition contains terminolic acid and triterpenic methyl esters. The aerial part of the plant is diuretic. The bark is astringent, mild diuretic, cardiotonic and antidysenteric. Leaf is sudorific, antirheumatic, antileprotic and anticephalalgic.6) T. Coriacea (Roxb.) syn. T. tomentosa (Roxb. ex. DC.) W. & A. var. coriacea (Roxb.) C. B. ClarkeTam: Anaimikkuvam, Sadagam;Kan: Banapu;Tel: Tani.Leathery Murdah is a tree commonly used as a cardiac stimulant. It is widely distributed in the drier and warmer parts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu upto 1350 m and in Central India. Its bark is mainly used as a cardiac stimulant and in atonic diarrhoea and callous ulcer. It is also CVS active.7) T. myriocarpa Heurck. & Muell. Arg.Ben: Panisaj; Ass: Hollock, Jhalna.Hollock is a tree of the Himalayas widely distributed from Nepal to Arunachal Pradesh and in Assam at 1000 m. The bark is cardiac stimulant and mild diuretic. Bark give -sitosterol, fructose and 4,4’,5,5’,6,6’ - hexadydroxy diphenic acid dilactone. Bark also contains tannis - ellagic, gallic, chebulinic and chebulagic acids.8) T. Pallida Brandis.Tam: Vellai Kadukkay;Tel: Tella Karaka, Velama Karka.The plant is distributed throughout south India, upto 600m. Its bark is a mild diuretic.9) T. Paniculata Roth.Mal: Marutu, Pe Marutu, Ven Marutu;Tam: Pei Kadukai, Ven Maruthu, Ilai Kadukkay, Marudu, Pullatti;Tel: Nimiri, Pulamaddi, Putamanu, Pulanallamanu;Kan: Maruva, Matti.Flowering Murdah is a tree which is widely used in opium poisoning. It is distributed in the Western and Eastern Ghats, upto 1200m. The bark is used in parotitis and flowers in opium poisioning. Heart wood give 3, 3’-0-di-methylellagic acid and 3,4,3’0-trimethyl flavellagic acid, -sitosterol, an uncharacterized triterpene carboxylic acid; a glycoside -3,3’ di-0 - methyl ellagic acid - 4 - monoglucoside and 0 - penta methyl flavellogic acid. The stem bark is anticancerous, diuretic, cardiotonic CVS active and shows antagonism of amphetamine hyperactivity. Flower is anticholerin (Husain et al, 1992)10) Terminalia chebula Retz. Syn. Myrobalanus chebula (Retz.) GaertnerEng: Chebulic myrobalan;San,Ben: Haritaki;Hindi:Harara, Harir,Har; Mal:Kadukka; Ass:Hilikha; Kan:Alale;Mar:Habra,Hirada;Ori:Harida;Guj: Hirdo;Pun:Helela;Tam:Amagola;Tel: KarakaChebulic myrobalan is a medium deciduous tree, the fruit of which is a common constituent of “Triphala” capable of imparting youthful vitality and receptivity of mind and sense. It is a major constituent in the ayurvedic preparations like Abhayarishta, Abhaya modak, Haritaki khand, Triphaladi churnam and Agastya rasayanam. In allopathy it is used in astringent ointments. In unani system, it is used as a blood purifier. The pulp of the fruit is given in piles, chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, costiveness, flatulence, asthma, urinary disorders, vomiting, hiccup, intestinal worms, ascites and enlarged spleen and liver. Powder of the fruit is used in chronic ulcers and wounds, carious teeth and bleeding ulceration of the gums. The bark is a good cardiac tonic. The fruit is valuable for its tannins and dyes. The wood is used for building purposes, agricultural implements, plywood and match box industries. It is also grown as a shade tree.The plant is found throughout India chiefly in deciduous forests, on dry slopes upto 900m especially in Bengal, Tamil Nadu, West coast and Western Ghats. The plant is also reported in Sri Lanka, Nepal and Burma.Terminalia chebula Retz. syn. Myrobalanus chebula (Retz.) Gaertner comes under family Combretaceae. It is a medium sized deciduous tree with a cylindrical bole, rounded crown, spreading branches with dark brown bark and brownish gray heartwood. Leaves are simple, alternate or subopposite, ovate or elliptic ovate with short petioles bearing 2 glands below the blades. Flowers pale yellow or white in 4-10cm long axillary spikes. Calyx tube hairy pale yellow and 5 lobed; no petals. Stamens consist of 10 filaments subulate, anthers small; ovary inferior, 1-celled with 2-3 pendulous ovule. Fruit is a drupe, ovoid glossy, glabrous, faintly angled and yellow to orange brown in colour. Seeds are hard and pale yellow.Kernel oil of Chebulic myrobalan contains 6 fatty acids viz. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, arachidic and behenic acid. The fruits contain chebulinic acid, tannic acid, gallic acid, chebulin and tannin. Leaves contain terpenes and saponins and -sitosterol is present in the bark (Beri, 1970; Khalique and Nizamuddin, 1972; Miglani and Chawla, 1974). Fruits are astringent, purgative, tonic, carminative, alternative and antispasmodic. Flowers and fruits are antiviral and hypoglycaemic. Wood is oxytocic and hypothermic (Husain et al, 1992).Agrotechnology: Terminalia species are, in general, subtropical trees. Young plants prefer shade while the matured plants tolerate light frost and drought. It grows well in hilly areas. This is propagated by seeds. Natural multiplication happens rarely due to the poor seeds germination. Seeds soaked in water for 48 hours before sowing in seedbeds which should be covered with straw after sowing. It is watered immediately. Usually it takes 3-5 months to germinate. It can be transferred to polybags at two-leaf stage. One-year-old seedlings are ready for transplanting. For transplanting, pits are made of 50cm cube at a spacing of 4m. Organic manure, added regularly, promotes growth. Irrigation is required during first year. Weeds should be removed regularly. This plant grows slowly. It fruits within 6-7 years. This is continued for many years. It is coppiced well. Fruits are collected immediately after falling down or covered with soil to protect it from pests. Fruits dried well in sun and used or stored. The hard seed coat is removed before sowing.... terminalia
(L.) Pers.
Synonym: T. hamiltonii Drumm.
Family: Papilionaceae; Fabaceae.
Habitat: All over India; also grown as green manure and as cover crop.
English: Purple Tephrosia, Wild Indigo.
Ayurvedic: Sharapunkhaa, Vishikha-punkhaa, Sarphokaa.
Unani: Sarponkhaa, Sarphukaa.
Siddha/Tamil: Kattu-kolingi, Kolingi, Paavali, Mollukkay, Kollukkayvelai.
Action: The drug is considered specific for the treatment of inflammation of spleen and liver (is known as Plihaa-shatru, Plihaari in Indian medicine).
Dried herb—diuretic, deobstruent, laxative. Given for the treatment of cough, bronchitis, bilious febrile attacks, insufficiency of the liver, jaundice (not effective in infantile cirrhosis), kidney disorders and for the treatment of bleeding piles, boils, pimples. Also used as a gargle. Root—decoction used in dyspepsia, diarrhoea, cough, bronchitis, adenoids, asthma and rheumatism. Juice is applied to skin eruptions. A liniment prepared from the root is employed in elephantiasis. Oil from seeds—specific against eruptions of the skin, eczema, scabies, leprosy. Seed extract—hypoglycaemic.Powdered aerial parts prevented elevation of SGOP, SGPT and bilirubin levels.Hepatoprotective effect of aerial parts was evaluated against (+)-galac- tosamine-induced and carbon tetra- chloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.The leaves contain rutin and rote- noids (0.65-0.80% on dry basis). Rote- noid content is highest in the seed (1.60-1.80%).The leaves also contain a triterpe- noid, lupeol, and beta-sitosterol.Seeds contain a diketone-pongamol; a dimethylchromene flavanone iso- lonchocarpin; furanoflavones karan- jin and kanjone; a flavanone purpurin; and sitosterol. A flavonoid, lanceolarin B, is also present in seeds.The plant extract led to marked lowering of blood glucose level in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. In diabetic rabbits the extract exerted 60-70% hypoglycaemic effect as compared to tolbutamide.Shveta Sharapunkhaa (stems: covered with white hair; flowers: pale pink or pale violet) is equated with T. villosa Pers.The roots gave a prenylated fla- vanone 7-methylglabranin; pods contain rotenoids—villosin, villon, vil- losol, villosinol, villinol and villosone.The fresh root is credited with hy- poglycaemic properties, but leaves did not show any such effect. The juice of the leaf is given in dropsy. Ayurve- dic classical texts describe it as a special drug for treating sterility in women.Boiled leaves of T. uniflora subspecies petrosa (Kant-punkhaa) are used for the treatment of syphilis. The medicinal properties of the plant are more or less similar to those of T. purpurea, but to a milder degree.T. spinosa Pers. (South India, ascending to 400 m in hills) is also known as Kant-punkhaa (Mulukolingi in Tamil Nadu).The root is applied to inflammations and swellings of joints; a decoction is given in rheumatism.Chalcones, spinochalones A and B and flemistrictin A have been isolated from the root. Spinochalone C and spinoflavonones A and B, and fulvin- ervin A have been isolated from the plant.
Dosage: Plant, root, seed—3-5 g powder. (CCRAS.)... tephrosia purpurea
Divided into threes.... ternate
Any of a group of hydrocarbons that are made up of building blocks of isoprene (C5H8) or similar five-carbon units, with a monoterpene made up of two units (example: limonene and pinene), a sesquiterpene made up of three units (example: humulene, a Hops aromatic), and a diterpene made up of four units. The terpenes, in our context, are the primary constituents in the aromatic fractions of our scented plants.... terpenes
(Roxb.) W. & A.
Family: Combretaceae.
Habitat: Throughout the greater part of India, also grown as an avenue tree.
English: Arjun Terminalia.
Ayurvedic: Arjuna, Dhananjaya, Kaakubha, Kakubha, Aartagala, Indravriksha, Paartha, Virataru, Viravriksha.
Unani: Arjun
Siddha: Marudam.
Action: Bark—used as a cardiopro- tective and cardiotonic in angina and poor coronary circulation; as a diuretic in cirrhosis of liver and for symptomatic relief in hypertension; externally in skin diseases, herpes and leukoderma. Powdered bark is prescribed with milk in fractures and contusions with excessive ec- chymosis, also in urinary discharges and strangury. Fruit—deobstruent.
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIn- dia recommends the powder of the stembark in emaciation, chest diseases, cardiac disorders, lipid imbalances and polyuria.The bark extract contains acids (ar- junolic acid, terminic acid), glyco- sides (arjunetin, arjunosides I-IV), and strong antioxidants—flavones, tannins, oligomeric proanthocyani- dins.The bark extract (500 mg every 8 h) given to (58 male) patients with stable angina with provocable ischemia on treadmill exercise, led to improvement in clinical and treadmill exercise parameters as compared to placebo therapy.These benefits were similar to those observed with isosorbide mononitrate (40 mg/day). (Indian Heart J. 2002, 54(4), 441.)Arjunolic acid exhibited significant cardiac protection in isoproterenol- induced myocardial necrosis in rats.T (Mol Cell Biochem, 2001, 224 (1-2), 135-42.) A study demonstrated that the alcoholic extract of Terminalia arjuna bark augmented endogenous antioxi- dant compounds of the rat heart and prevented from isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. (Life Sci. 2003, 73 (21), 27272739.) Cardiac lipid peroxidation in male Wistar rats was reduced by 38.8% ± 2.6% at a dose of 90 mg/kg, in a study based on aqueous freeze-dried extract ofthebark. (PhytotherRes. 2001,15(6), 510-23.)Oral administration of bark powder (400 mg/kg body weight) for 10 days produced significant increase in circulating histamine, a little increase in 5-HT, catecholamines and HDL cholesterol, and decrease in total lipid, triglycerides and total cholesterol in normal rats.Casuarinin, a hydrolyzable tannin, isolated from the bark, exhibited antiherpes virus activity by inhibiting viral attachment and penetration. 50% ethanolic extract of the bark exhibited significant increase in the tensile of the incision wounds.
Dosage: Stembark—3-6 g powder. (API, Vol. II.)... terminalia arjuna
(Greek) In mythology, the muse of dancing and singing Terpsichora, Terpsichoria, Terpsichoriya... terpsichore
(Greek) One who is innocent Terriane, Terrianne, Terriana, Terianna, Terian, Terianne... terrian
(Welsh) A brave girl Terrwyne, Terrwin, Terrwinne, Terwyn, Terwynne, Terrwynne, Terrwen, Terrwenn, Terrwenne... terrwyn
(Latin) The third-born child Tertiah, Tertius, Tertullus, Terza, Terceira, Terceirah... tertia
(Polish) Loved by God Tesiah, Tezia, Teziah... tesia
A tube of thin glass closed at one end, which is used for observing chemical reactions or for bacterial culture.... test-tube
Retz.
Family: Combretaceae.
Habitat: Abundant in Northern India. Also occurs in the forests of Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, especially in Konkan.
English: Chebulic Myrobalan, Black Myrobalan.
Ayurvedic: Haritaki, Kaayasthaa, Pathyaa, Shreyasi, Shivaa. (Jivanti, Puutanaa, Vijayaa, Abhayaa, Rohini, Chetaki, Amritaa—according to some scholars, these represent seven varieties of Haritaki; now used as synonyms.)
Unani: Harad, Halelaa siyaah, Halelaa zard, Halelaa Kaabuli (varieties).
Siddha/Tamil: Kadukkai.
Action: Gentle purgative, astringent (unripe fruits are more purgative, ripe ones are more astringent; sennoside A and anthraquinone glycoside is laxative, tannins are astringent), stomachic, antibilious, alterative. Used in prescriptions for treating flatulence, constipation, diarrhoea, dysentery, cyst, digestive disorders, vomiting, enlarged liver and spleen, cough and bronchial asthma, and for metabolic harmony. Bark—diuretic.
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, along with other therapeutic applications, indicated the use of powder of mature fruits in intermittent fevers, chronic fevers, anaemia and polyuria.The fruits of T. chebula are used in combination with Emblica officinalis and T. bellirica (under the name Triphalaa) in the treatment of liver and kidney dysfunctions. The main purgative ingredient of Triphalaa is T. chebula (the purgative principle is in the pericarp of the fruit).Shikimic, gallic, triacontanoic and palmitic acids, beta-sitosterol, daucos- terol, triethyl ester of chebulic acid and ethyl ester of gallic acid; a new ellag- itannin, terchebulin, along with puni- calagin and teaflavin A have been isolated from the fruits. A new triterpene, chebupentol, and arjungenin, termi- noic acid and arjunolic acid were also isolated from the fruit.Antioxidant constituents of the plant, phloroglucinol and pyrogallol have been isolated along with ferulic, vanillic, p-coumaric and caffeic acids. Ether extract showed higher antioxidant activity than BHA and BHT, Acid esters present in phenolic fraction of extract, were found most effective.
Dosage: Pericarp of mature fruit— 3-6 g powder. (API, Vol. I.)... terminalia chebula
Violent spasms, muscle contraction (“lock-jaw”) caused by a spore -forming, Gram positive bacillus penetrating the body though a puncture wound, and usually leading to death. The organism occurs in water and mayoccur after envenomation (eg in stingray spine puncture wounds), as well as the more commonly-known soil contamination (eg in war wounds). It may be prevented by vaccination with tetanus toxoid.... tetanus/tetany
(Greek) In mythology, a sea goddess Tethyss, Tethysse, Tethis, Tethiss, Tethisse... tethys
A drug used mainly to control disorders of movement in HUNTINGTON’S CHOREA and similar disorders. It probably acts by reducing DOPAMINE at the NERVE endings, thus slowing neural transmissions.... tetrabenazine
(Japanese) A strong woman Tetsue... tetsu
(English) Form of Elizabeth, meaning “my God is bountiful” Tettey, Tetti, Tettie, Tettee, Tettea... tetty
The SCROTUM may be affected by various skin diseases, particularly eczema (see DERMATITIS) or fungal infection. A HERNIA may pass into the scrotum. Defective development of the testicles may lead to their retention within the abdomen, a condition called undescended testicle.
Hydrocoele is a collection of ?uid distending one or both sides of the scrotum with ?uid. Treatment is by withdrawal of the ?uid using a sterile syringe and aspiration needle.
Hypogonadism Reduced activity of the testes or ovaries (male and female gonads). The result is impaired development of the secondary sexual characteristics (growth of the genitals, breast and adult hair distribution). The cause may be hereditary or the result of a disorder of the PITUITARY GLAND which produces GONADOTROPHINS that stimulate development of the testes and ovaries.
Varicocoele is distension of the veins of the spermatic cord, especially on the left side, the causes being similar to varicose veins elsewhere (see VEINS, DISEASES OF). The chief symptom is a painful dragging sensation in the testicle, especially after exertion. Wearing a support provides relief; rarely, an operation may be advisable. Low sperm-count may accompany a varicocele, in which case surgical removal may be advisable.
Orchitis or acute in?ammation may arise from CYSTITIS, stone in the bladder, and in?ammation in the urinary organs, especially GONORRHOEA. It may also follow MUMPS. Intense pain, swelling and redness occur; treatment consists of rest, support of the scrotum, analgesics as appropriate, and the administration of antibiotics if a de?nitive microorganism can be identi?ed. In some patients the condition may develop and form an ABSCESS.
Torsion or twisting of the spermatic cord is relatively common in adolescents. About half the cases occur in the early hours of the morning during sleep. Typically felt as pain of varying severity in the lower abdomen or scrotum, the testis becomes hard and swollen. Treatment consists of immediate undoing of the torsion by manipulation. If done within a few hours, no harm should ensue; however, this should be followed within six hours by surgical operation to ensure that the torsion has been relieved and to ?x the testes. Late surgical attention may result in ATROPHY of the testis.
Tuberculosis may occur in the testicle, especially when the bladder is already affected. Causing little pain, the infection is often far advanced before attracting attention. The condition generally responds well to treatment with a combination of antituberculous drugs (see also main entry for TUBERCULOSIS).
Tumours of the testes occur in around 600 males annually in the United Kingdom, and are the second most common form of malignant growth in young males. There are two types: SEMINOMA and TERATOMA. When adequately treated the survival rate for the former is 95 per cent, while that for the latter is 50 per cent.
Injuries A severe blow may lead to SHOCK and symptoms of collapse, usually relieved by rest in bed; however, a HAEMATOMA may develop.... testicle, diseases of
(Cambodian) An angel Tevey, Tevi, Tevie, Tevee, Tevea... tevy
(Native American / English) A beloved friend / from the state of Texas Texis, Texasia, Texus, Texa, Tex, Texcean, Texan, Texana, Texanna... texas
A positive tourniquet test with scattered fine petechiae is one of the earliest clinical signs in dengue haemorrhagic fever.... tourniquet test
A method of electrical stimulation that is being used for the relief of PAIN, including that of MIGRAINE, NEURALGIA and phantom limbs (see AMPUTATION). Known as TENS, its mode of action appears to have some resemblance to that of ACUPUNCTURE. Several controlled trials suggest that it provides at least a modicum of relief of pain after operations, thereby reducing the amount of ANALGESICS that may be called for.... transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (tens)
Linn.
Family: Zygophyllaceae.
Habitat: Throughout India, up to 5,400 m.
English: Land-Caltrops, Puncture Vine.
Ayurvedic: Gokshura, Gokshu- raka, Kshudra (Laghu) Gokharu, Shvadamshtraa, Swaadu-kantaka, Trikanta, Trikantaka. (Larger var. is equated with Pedalium murex Linn. The fruits of both the varieties are conical and have four spines, not three as the synonyms denote. Hence, Acanthospermum hispidum DC. and Martynia annua Linn. have been suggested as the source of Trikantaka.)
Unani: Khaar-e-Khasak Khurd.
Siddha: Sirunenunji, Nerinjil, Nerunjil.
Action: Fruits—diuretic, demulcent, anti-inflammatory, anabolic, spasmolytic, muscle relaxant, hypotensive, hypoglycaemic. Used in strangury, calculus affections, urolithiasis, crystalluria, urinary discharges, pruritus-ani, as a tonic in sexual inadequacy; also as a supporting medicine in cough and asthma. Leaf—diuretic, haemostatic. Root—stomachic, diuretic.
In addition to all these applications, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India attributes cardiotonic properties to the root and fruit.The plant contains saponins, which on hydrolysis yield sapogenins—dios- genin, gitogenin, chlorogenin, rusco- genin, 25D-spirosta-3, 5-diene, among others. Flavonoids—rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-glucoside and-rutinoside, and tribuloside have been isolated from the leaves and fruits. The seeds contain carboline alkaloids— harmane and harmine. Harmol is also reported from the herb.A saponin (unidentified) is reported effective for treating angina pec- toris in people with coronary heart disease (406 cases were treated). (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)Diuretic (more than furosemide), proerectile aphrodisiac, hypotensive, hypolipidaemic, hypoglycaemic (40- 67% in diabetic mice) activities have been confirmed in several experimental studies. (Pub Med, Medline abstracts, 2003.)
Dosage: Fruit—3-6 g powder. (CCRAS.)... tribulus terrestris
See under TESTICLE, DISEASES OF.... undescended testis
Venereal Diseases Research Laboratory Test. One of the non-treponemal reaginic tests for syphilis.... vdrl test
A test with a tuning fork that is used to assess a person’s DEAFNESS.... weber’s test
An agglutination test used in the laboratory to diagnose rickettsial diseases. It depends on a nonspecific cross reaction between antibodies produced by the rickettsial infection with the OX-2, OX-19 and OXK antigens of the Gram negative rod, Proteus.... weil-felix test
A serological test used to detect antibodies in the diagnosis of typhoid. Antigens detected are the O (somatic), H (flagellar) and Vi (virulence) antigens.... widal test
Day-to-day drinks available in filterbags: Blackberry leaf, Chamomile, Dandelion, Devil’s Claw, Fennel, Hawthorn, Horsetail, Lemon Balm, Lime flowers (Linden), Marshmallow, Mate, Mistletoe, Nettles, Orange Blossom, Peppermint, Rosehip, Sage, St John’s Wort, Thyme, Yarrow, Vervain. ... herb teas
A therapy that aims to improve health by teaching people to stand and move more efficiently. The technique is based on the belief that bad patterns of body movement interfere with the proper functioning of the body and contribute to the development of disease.... alexander technique
The first intelligence test that attempted to measure higher mental functions, devised in 1905.... binet test
See discoloured teeth.... black teeth
Tests to screen for and diagnose bleeding disorders, usually resulting from deficiencies or abnormalities of blood coagulation factors or of platelets (see blood clotting). Tests are also used to monitor treatment with anticoagulant drugs.... blood-clotting tests
Analysis of a sample of blood to give information on its cells and proteins and any of the chemicals, antigens, antibodies, and gases that it carries. Such tests can be used to check on the health of major organs, as well as on respiratory function, hormonal balance, the immune system, and metabolism. Blood tests may look at numbers, shape, size, and appearance of blood cells and assess the function of clotting factors. The most important tests are blood count and blood group tests if transfusion is needed. Biochemical tests measure chemicals in the blood (see acid–base balance; kidney function tests; liver function tests). Microbiological tests (see immunoassay) look for microorganisms that are in the blood, as
in septicaemia. Microbiology also looks for antibodies in the blood, which may confirm immunity to an infection. blood transfusion The infusion of large volumes of blood or blood products directly into the bloodstream to remedy severe blood loss or to correct chronic anaemia. In an exchange transfusion, nearly all of the recipient’s blood is replaced by donor blood. Before a transfusion, a sample of the recipient’s blood is taken to identify the blood groups, and it is matched with suitable donor blood. The donor blood is transfused into an arm vein through a plastic cannula. Usually, each unit (about 500 ml) of blood is given over 1–4 hours; in an emergency, 500 ml may be given in a couple of minutes. The blood pressure, temperature, and pulse are monitored during the procedure.
If mismatched blood is accidentally introduced into the circulation, antibodies in the recipient’s blood may cause donor cells to burst, leading to shock or kidney failure. Less severe reactions can produce fever, chills, or a rash. Reactions can also occur as a result of an allergy to transfused blood components. All
blood used for transfusion is carefully screened for a number of infectious agents, including HIV (the AIDS virus) and hepatitis B and hepatitis C.
In elderly or severely anaemic patients, transfusion can overload the circulation, leading to heart failure.
In patients with chronic anaemia who need regular transfusion over many years, excess iron may accumulate (haemosiderosis) and damage organs such as the heart, liver, and pancreas.
Treatment with desferrioxamine to remove excess iron may be needed.... blood tests
Prominent upper incisors (front teeth), which protrude from the mouth. Orthodontic treatment involves repositioning the teeth with a removable brace (see brace, dental) or a fixed orthodontic appliance.... buck teeth
One of a group of tests used to assess the function of the heart in people who experience chest pain, breathlessness, or palpitations during exercise. The test establishes whether the patient has coronary artery disease. An ECG machine records the patterns of the heart’s electrical activity while the heart is stressed. This is usually achieved by the patient exercising on a treadmill or cycling. Specific changes in the electrical pattern as exercise levels increase indicate angina. Cardiac stress testing may be used in conjunction with radionuclide scanning to identify damaged areas of heart muscle.... cardiac stress test
A common name for canine teeth.... eye teeth
See denture.... false teeth
A test for meningitis that involves pressing a clear glass against a rash. If the rash remains visible, it may be a form of purpura, which sometimes occurs in meningitis.... glass test
An outdated psychological test in which the subject was asked to interpret the appearance of a number of ink blots. The most widely used example was the Rorschach test.... ink-blot test
See pulmonary function tests.... lung function tests
The 2nd teeth, which usually start to replace the primary teeth at about the age of 6. There are 32 permanent teeth: 16 in each jaw. Each set of 16 consists of 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars and 6 molars. (See also eruption of teeth.)... permanent teeth
Questionnaires designed to define various personality traits or types. Tests may be designed to detect psychiatric symptoms, underlying personality traits, how outgoing or reserved a person is, and predisposition to developing neurotic illness.... personality tests
See Guthrie test.... pku test
See premenstrual syndrome.... rual tension
See pulmonary function tests.... respiratory function tests
A method taught to couples who are experiencing sexual difficulties caused by psychological rather than physiological factors. The aim of the technique is to make both partners more aware of pleasurable bodily sensations, and to reduce anxiety about performance. It is particularly effective in treating loss of sexual desire (see sexual desire, inhibited), or inability to achieve orgasm (see orgasm, lack of), and in helping men to overcome impotence or premature ejaculation (see ejaculation, disorders of).... sensate-focus technique
See night terror.... sleep terror
A type of intelligence test.... stanford–binet test
Preparations to supplement tear production in disorders that cause dry eye, such as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and to relieve irritation.... tears, artificial
A radioactive element used in radionuclide scanning.... technetium
See oral hygiene.... teeth, care of
See contraception, natural methods of.... temperature method
An operation performed to free a tendon from adhesions that limit its movement. The adhesions are usually caused by tenosynovitis.... tendolysis
See tendolysis.... tendon release
Surgery to join the cut or torn ends of, or to replace, a tendon.... tendon repair
See abortion, induced.... termination of pregnancy
A rare, cancerous tumour of the testis. Testicular cancer is most common in young to middle-aged men, and the risk increases in individuals with a history of undescended testis (see testis, undescended). The most common types of testicular cancer are seminomas, which are made up of only 1 type of cell, and teratomas. The cancer usually appears as a firm, painless swelling of 1 testis. There may also be pain and inflammation. Biopsy, followed by orchidectomy, is the usual treatment, and may be combined with chemotherapy. The tumours usually respond well to treatment.... testis, cancer of
A testis that is absent from the scrotum because it has descended into an abnormal position, usually in the groin or at the base of the penis. The condition is most often discovered soon after birth during a routine physical examination. It is treated by orchidopexy. (See also testis, undescended.) ... testis, ectopic
Pain in a testis may be caused by mild injury, a tear in the wall of the testis due to a direct blow, orchitis, epididymo-orchitis, and torsion of the testis (see testis, torsion of). Sometimes, no cause is found and the pain disappears without treatment. If the wall of the testis is torn, an operation to repair it may be needed. ... testis, pain in the
Swelling of the testis or the surrounding tissues in the scrotum. Harmless and painless swellings include epididymal cysts, hydroceles, varicoceles, and spermatoceles. Cancer of the testis (see testis, cancer of) is rare but may be a cause of painless swelling. Swelling that is painful may be caused by a direct blow, torsion of the testis (see testis, torsion of), orchitis, epididymoorchitis, or, in very rare cases, cancer of the testis. Any swelling of the testes should be assessed promptly by a doctor.... testis, swollen
A group of blood tests used to evaluate the function of the thyroid gland and to detect or confirm any thyroid disorder. The thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are measured, as well as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), the pituitary gland hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland.... thyroid-function tests
Skin tests used to determine whether or not a person has been exposed to the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. Tuberculin tests are carried out for diagnosis of tuberculosis, and before BCG vaccination. A small amount of tuberculin (purified protein from the bacteria) is injected into the skin. A few days later, the skin reaction, if any, is noted. A reaction indicates previous exposure.... tuberculin tests
Hearing tests carried out to diagnose conductive deafness. In the Weber test, a vibrating tuning fork is held against the forehead. If there is conductive hearing loss, the sound seems louder in the affected ear. In the Rinne test, a vibrating tuning fork is held first near the ear, and then against the bone behind it. If it sounds louder when held against the bone, there is conductive hearing loss.... tuning fork tests
See urinalysis.... urine tests
a technique for creating a mechanical bond between resin-based materials and the enamel of teeth; it is used to retain and seal the margins of composite fillings, to retain brackets of fixed orthodontic appliances, and to retain resin-based *fissure sealants and adhesive bridges. Phosphoric acid is used to create a porous surface into which a bonding agent can flow.... acid-etch technique
see perineal tear; obstetric anal sphincter injury.... anal sphincter tears
(AOT) a multidisciplinary psychiatric team specialized in the treatment of patients with severe mental illness who are difficult to engage. Most AOTs will only see patients who have had a number of recent hospital admissions (‘revolving door’ patients). Recently, in many areas of the UK AOTs have been subsumed into *community mental health teams.... assertive outreach team
an inherited (autosomal *recessive) neurological disorder. *Ataxia is usually noted early in life, and a key feature is the presence of dilated blood vessels visible in the sclerae of the eyes and on the cheeks and ears. Other symptoms may include slow slurred speech, abnormal eye movements, skin lesions, and immune deficiency. Affected individuals may develop malignant disease. A raised level of *alpha-fetoprotein is found in the blood.... ataxia telangiectasia
a test for the presence of sugar in urine or other liquids. A few drops of the test solution are added to Benedict’s solution, prepared from sodium or potassium citrate, sodium carbonate, and copper sulphate. The mixture is boiled and shaken for about two minutes, then left to cool. The presence of up to 2% glucose is indicated by the formation of a reddish, yellowish, or greenish precipitate, the highest levels corresponding to the red coloration, the lowest (about 0.05%) to the green. [S. R. Benedict (1884–1936), US surgeon]... benedict’s test
the temperature of the body, as measured by a thermometer. Body temperature is accurately controlled by a small area at the base of the brain (the *hypothalamus); in normal individuals it is maintained at about 37°C (98.4°F). Heat production by the body arises as the result of vital activities (e.g. respiration, heartbeat, circulation, secretion) and from the muscular effort of exercise and shivering. A rise in body temperature occurs in fever.... body temperature
where clinical *negligence is claimed, tests used to determine the standard of care owed by professionals to those whom they serve, e.g. the standards of care provided to patients by doctors. The 1957 case of Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee established that if a doctor acts in accordance with a responsible body of medical opinion, he or she will not be negligent. In 1997 this standard of care test was amended by the case of Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority, which requires the doctor’s behaviour to satisfy the judgment not only of responsible medical opinion but also of a court’s own independent logical analysis.... bolam and bolitho tests
a designated team of doctors in a hospital who attend *cardiac arrests as they occur and administer protocol-driven treatment according to the latest guidelines. See also medical emergency team.... cardiac-arrest team
(centigrade temperature) temperature expressed on a scale in which the melting point of ice is assigned a temperature of 0° and the boiling point of water a temperature of 100°. For many medical purposes this scale has superseded the Fahrenheit scale (see Fahrenheit temperature). The formula for converting from Celsius (C) to Fahrenheit (F) is: F = 9/5C + 32. [A. Celsius (1701–44), Swedish astronomer]... celsius temperature
see Celsius temperature.... centigrade temperature
(in statistics) a test to determine if the difference between two groups of observations is statistically significant (see significance), used in controlled trials and other studies. It measures the differences between theoretical and observed values and identifies whether or not *variables are related.... chi-square test
(CMHT) a multidisciplinary team consisting of psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, psychologists, social workers, and occupational therapists who treat patients with severe mental illness in the community.... community mental health team
a test used to detect a squint. The observer looks at a target object, one eye at a time being covered. If the uncovered eye deviates to focus on the target, then a squint is confirmed. The movement can be up, down, sideways, or a combination, depending on the type of squint (see strabismus).... cover test
a screening tool for young people under the age of 21 to identify alcohol and drug use. The first part consists of three questions about drug or alcohol use over the past year. Participants giving positive answers to two or more questions proceed to the second part (from which the name derives), which contains six questions with the key words car, relax, alone, family/friends, forget, trouble, used to assess the need for further input.... crafft screening test
(CRHT) (in psychiatry) a multidisciplinary team in psychiatric services specialized in the treatment of severely mentally ill patients in their home environment. An additional remit of CRHTs is to try and avoid acute hospital admissions.... crisis resolution and home treatment team
(DSTs) tests based on the principle that appropriate doses of *dexamethasone can suppress the output of cortisol from the adrenal glands in the normal state and that this ability is reduced or lost in *Cushing’s syndrome. In the overnight DST 1 mg of dexamethasone is administered at midnight and the serum cortisol level is measured at 9.00 am the next morning. Failure to suppress cortisol output may indicate Cushing’s syndrome but also occurs in patients with obesity and depressive illness. In the low-dose DST (0.5 mg dexamethasone every 6 hours for 48 hours), cortisol suppression occurs in patients with obesity and depression but not in those with Cushing’s syndrome. In the high-dose DST (2 mg dexamethasone every 6 hours for 48 hours), cortisol is suppressed in patients with Cushing’s disease (in which excess amounts of ACTH are secreted by the pituitary gland) but not in those with Cushing’s syndrome due to other causes. Although the low- and high-dose tests are unreliable, all three tests should be performed to aid the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome.... dexamethasone suppression tests
a variant of *diffusion weighted imaging in which both the direction and the amount of diffusion of water molecules in a tissue are coded in the image. This MRI technique can be valuable in linear structures, such as nerves and muscle fibres. In the brain the major tracts and their communications can be studied with this technique (see tractography).... diffusion tensor imaging
a hearing test used for screening infants between the ages of six and ten months. The infant is placed on its carer’s knee, one examiner sits in front of the infant and gains its attention, and a second examiner is situated just behind the infant. At a given moment the first examiner becomes very still and the second examiner makes a sound at the level of the infant’s ear to one side or the other. If the infant can hear it turns in the direction of the sound. The sounds made should be of different pitches and a given loudness.... distraction test
(FOBT) a noninvasive test used to identify microscopic blood (see occult) in faeces. It is widely used as a screening test for colorectal cancer.... faecal occult blood test
(Hallpike test) a test for *benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), performed with the patient first sitting upright on an examination couch and then lying supine with the head and neck extended beyond the edge of the couch. The patient’s head is rotated to the left (or right) and supported by the examiner while the patient assumes the supine position and keeps his or her eyes focused on the examiner’s eyes. The test is then repeated with the other ear facing down. In patients with BPPV, after a short delay rotatory *nystagmus is seen, in association with severe vertigo and nausea, which gradually abates. The effect diminishes with repeated manoeuvres. In conditions affecting the cerebellum or brainstem, the nystagmus occurs immediately, in any direction, and does not diminish, and patients do not feel especially nauseated. [M. R. Dix and C. S. Hallpike (20th century), British otologists]... dix–hallpike test
temperature expressed on a scale in which the melting point of ice is assigned a temperature of 32° and the boiling point of water a temperature of 212°. For most medical purposes the Celsius (centigrade) scale has replaced the Fahrenheit scale. The formula for converting from Fahrenheit (F) to Celsius (C) is: C = 5/9(F – 32). See also Celsius temperature. [G. D. Fahrenheit (1686–1736), German physicist]... fahrenheit temperature
a test for detecting the presence of sugar in urine, which has now been replaced by better and easier methods. [H. von Fehling (1812–85), German chemist]... fehling’s test
a test for folate or vitamin B12 deficiency. A dose of the amino acid histidine, which requires the presence of folate or vitamin B12 for its complete breakdown, is given by mouth. In the absence of these vitamins, formiminoglutamic acid (figlu) – an intermediate product in histidine metabolism – accumulates and can be detected in the urine.... figlu test
a test for *ataxia or cerebral lesions. Using the index finger, the patient alternately touches his or her nose and then the examiner’s finger, which is shifted to a new position for each of the patient’s movements. The test is positive if the patient misses a target or develops a tremor as the target is approached (intention tremor).... finger–nose test
the combination of major acne, *pilonidal sinus, chronic scalp *folliculitis, and *hidradenitis suppurativa.... follicular occlusion tetrad
(FPL test) a test used to evaluate the *visual acuity of infants and young children by observing whether the child looks at a blank screen or one with stripes, the spatial frequency of which can be changed.... forced preferential looking test
see forced preferential looking test.... fpl test
a rarely used diagnostic test for the sexually transmitted disease *lymphogranuloma venereum. A small quantity of the virus, inactivated by heat, is injected into the patient’s skin. If the disease is present a small red swelling appears at the site of injection within 48 hours. [W. S. Frei (1885–1943), German dermatologist]... frei test
a test for *phaeochromocytomas not displaying typically high levels of plasma *catecholamines. An intravenous bolus of *glucagon is administered and the test is positive when there is a threefold increase in plasma catecholamine levels with a consequent rise in blood pressure. The test is now very rarely used due to safer and more sensitive screening tests, combined with modern tumour imaging techniques.... glucagon stimulation test
see tendon organ.... golgi tendon organ
(heel-prick blood test) a blood test performed on all newborn babies at the end of the first week of life. The blood is obtained by pricking the heel of the baby. The test can detect several *inborn errors of metabolism (including *phenylketonuria) and *hypothyroidism; it can also be used for detecting *cystic fibrosis, although this is not routinely offered. [R. Guthrie (1916–95), US paediatrician]... guthrie test
see Dix–Hallpike test.... hallpike test
a technique used in laparoscopic surgery in which the skin, muscle, fascia, and peritoneum are incised under direct vision to allow the insertion of a blunt *trocar, through which the laparoscope is introduced. [H. M. Hasson (21st century), US gynaecologist]... hasson technique
see Guthrie test.... heel-prick blood test
a test for the presence of protein (albumin) in the urine. A quantity of urine is carefully poured onto the same quantity of pure nitric acid in a test tube. A white ring forms at the junction of the liquids if albumin is present. However, a similar result may be obtained if the urine contains certain drugs or is very concentrated. A dark brown ring indicates the presence of an abnormally high level of potassium indoxyl sulphate in the urine (see indicanuria). [J. F. Heller (1813–71), Austrian pathologist]... heller’s test
narrowed and notched permanent incisor teeth: a sign of congenital *syphilis. [J. Hutchinson (1828–1913), British surgeon]... hutchinson’s teeth
an important but potentially dangerous test of anterior pituitary function involving the deliberate induction of a hypoglycaemic episode with injected insulin and the subsequent measurement of plasma cortisol and growth hormone at regular intervals over the next three hours. The stress of the hypoglycaemia should induce a rise in the levels of these hormones unless the anterior pituitary or the adrenal glands are diseased. The test can induce epileptic seizures or angina in those with a predisposition and should not be performed in susceptible individuals. It is often combined with the thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) test and the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) test in what is known as the triple test (or dynamic pituitary function test).... insulin stress test
a card with text printed in type of different sizes, used for testing acuity of near vision. [E. R. Jaeger von Jastthal (1818–84), Austrian ophthalmologist]... jaeger test types
a test to detect and measure fetal red blood cells in the maternal circulation of Rh-negative women who have *antepartum haemorrhage or have previously had a Rh-positive baby. It is used to calculate the correct dose of *anti-D immunoglobulin that will prevent *haemolytic disease of the newborn.... kleihauer–betke test
a test of the ability of the pituitary to secrete growth hormone, in which levodopa is administered by mouth and plasma levels of growth hormone are subsequently measured (they should peak within the following hour). It is a safer alternative to the *insulin stress test but does not give information on cortisol production, which is usually more clinically important to know.... levodopa test
see significance.... mann–whitney u test
a hearing test used in preschool children in which the child must discriminate between similar speech sounds. The test consists of 14 toys that are paired because their names sound similar; for example, tree and key, plane and plate. Having first identified all the objects, the child is then asked in a quiet voice to indicate a particular toy (e.g. Can you find the key?).... mccormick toy test
(MET) a team, usually consisting of a group of physicians, anaesthetists, and senior nurses, that can be summoned urgently to attend to patients with deteriorating medical conditions. The aim is to prevent further deterioration and to decide if enhanced levels of care are appropriate (e.g. on the high-dependency or intensive care units). The team will also assume the role of the *cardiac-arrest team.... medical emergency team
a simple noninvasive procedure that enables the detection of *carriers for single gene defects, e.g. *cystic fibrosis. Epithelial cells from the buccal cavity are obtained from a saline mouthwash: from these it is possible to isolate DNA, which is amplified by the *polymerase chain reaction to enable gene analysis.... mouthwash test
teeth that are present at the time of birth.... natal teeth
teeth that emerge through the gingiva (gums) during the first month of life.... neonatal teeth
(osmic acid) a colourless or faintly yellowish compound used to stain fats or as a *fixative in the preparation of tissues for microscopical study. Osmium tetroxide evaporates readily, the vapour having a toxic action on the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.... osmium tetroxide
a three-question tool designed to uncover any connection between an individual’s attendance at an A & E department and alcohol-related problems, thereby creating the potential for intervention and referral.... paddington alcohol test
see significance.... parametric test
a test used in the investigation of infertility. A specimen of cervical mucus, taken 6–24 hours after coitus, is examined under a microscope. The appearance of 10 or more progressively motile spermatozoa per high-power field in the specimen indicates that there is no abnormal reaction between spermatozoa and mucus. The test should be undertaken in the postovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle.... postcoital test
a pregnancy that has gone beyond 42 weeks gestation or 294 days from the first date of the last menstrual period.... post-term pregnancy
(in psychology) a way of measuring aspects of personality, in which the subject is asked to talk freely about ambiguous objects. His responses are then analysed. Examples are the *Rorschach test and the Thematic Apperception Test (in which the subject invents stories about a set of pictures).... projective test
(perineal trauma) an injury to the perineum, which may be sustained during childbirth. Perineal tears can be classified by degree. First-degree tears involve the perineal skin and vaginal mucosa only. Second-degree tears involve the perineal muscles but not the anal sphincter. Third-degree tears involve the anal sphincter complex: the external anal sphincter (EAS) and internal anal sphincter (IAS). These are subclassified as 3a (less than 50% of EAS thickness torn), 3b (more than 50% of EAS thickness torn), and 3c (IAS torn). Fourth-degree tears involve the anal sphincter complex (EAS and IAS) and the anal epithelium or rectal mucosa. It is vitally important that these injuries are recognized and repaired by competent personnel. See also obstetric anal sphincter injury.... perineal tear
any of several methods used to demonstrate whether or not a woman is pregnant. Most pregnancy tests are based on the detection of a hormone, *human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), in the urine. The sample of urine is mixed with serum containing antibodies to hCG and marker particles (sheep red cells or latex particles) coated with hCG. In the absence of pregnancy, the antibodies will cause *agglutination of the marker particles. If the urine is from a pregnant woman, the antibodies will be absorbed and no agglutination will occur. These tests may be positive for pregnancy as early as 30 days after the date of the last normal period and are 98% accurate. Newer tests using *monoclonal antibodies (beta hCG) are more easily interpreted. When carried out on serum rather than urine, these tests give even earlier positive results.... pregnancy test
a technique for removing a stone from the ureter. It consists of ‘pushing’ the stone back into the renal pelvis, where it can be destroyed by *lithotripsy (‘bang’).... push-bang technique
a part of the routine *lumbar puncture procedure. It is used to determine whether or not the flow of cerebrospinal fluid is blocked in the spinal canal. [H. H. G. Queckenstedt (1876–1918), German physician]... queckenstedt test
tests for assessing the function of the kidneys. These include measurements of the specific gravity of urine, creatinine *clearance time, and blood urea levels; intravenous urography; and renal angiography.... renal function tests
a test to determine whether *deafness is conductive or sensorineural. A vibrating tuning fork is held first in the air, close to the ear, and then with its base placed on the bone (mastoid process) behind the ear. If the sound conducted by air is heard louder than the sound conducted by bone the test is positive and the deafness sensorineural; a negative result, when the sound conducted by bone is heard louder, indicates conductive deafness. [H. A. Rinne (1819–68), German otologist]... rinne’s test
a method of testing urine for the presence of acetone or acetoacetic acid: a sign of *diabetes mellitus. Strong ammonia is added to a sample of urine saturated with ammonium sulphate crystals and containing a small quantity of sodium nitroprusside. A purple colour confirms the presence of acetone or acetoacetic acid. [A. C. H. Rothera (1880–1915), Australian biochemist]... rothera’s test
a test to determine whether a person is susceptible to diphtheria. A small quantity of diphtheria toxin is injected under the skin; a patch of reddening and swelling shows that the person has no immunity and – if at particular risk – should be immunized. With safer *toxoids, this test is no longer necessary. [B. Schick (1877–1967), US paediatrician]... schick test
a test used to assess a patient’s capacity to absorb vitamin B12 from the bowel. Radioactive vitamin B12 is given by mouth and urine collected for 24 hours. A normal individual will excrete at least 10% of the original dose over this period; a patient with *pernicious anaemia will excrete less than 5%. [R. F. Schilling (1919), US physician]... schilling test
a method for introducing a catheter into a blood vessel or cavity. First, a needle is used to puncture the structure, then a *guidewire is passed through the needle. The needle is removed, and the catheter is introduced over the wire. The technique is used in angiography, cardiac catheterization, cannulation of large veins, and drainage of abscesses and other body cavities. [S. I. Seldinger (1921–98), Swedish radiologist]... seldinger technique
a test for detecting visual impairment in children who are too young to be able to read the *Snellen chart. A series of cards, each marked with a single letter of a specific size, are held up at a distance of 6 metres from the child being tested. The child is provided with an identification card containing a selection of letters and is asked to point to the letter that is the same as the one on the card in the distance. The test is suitable for children between the ages of two and seven.... sheridan–gardiner test
an investigation to seek evidence of cardiac *ischaemia. The heart is stressed by exercise or by the administration of an intravenous drug that increases heart rate (i.e. mimicked exercise). Ischaemia may then be detected by electrocardiography (stress ECG or exercise ECG), *echocardiography (showing the development of impaired function in areas of heart muscle that are ischaemic), *myocardial perfusion scan, or cardiac MRI.... stress test
see significance. [Pseudonym of W. S. Gosset (1876–1937), British statistician]... student’s t test
Standard Tests for Young Children and Retardates: tests to detect visual problems in children between the ages of six months and five years. They consist of a series of standardized balls, toys, or letters. The tests were developed by the paediatrician Mary Sheridan.... stycar tests
tests used to assess the ability of the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. Serum cortisol is measured before and then 30 minutes (or 5 hours) after an intramuscular injection of 250 ?g (or 1 mg) tetracosactide (Synacthen), an analogue of *ACTH. The adrenal glands are considered to be inadequate if there is a low baseline concentration of cortisol or the rise is less than a certain predefined amount.... synacthen tests
any of the several kinds of gas used in warfare and by the police to produce temporary incapacitation. Most tear gases produce stinging pain in the eyes and streaming from the eyes and nose. See also CS gas.... tear gas
n. an isotope of the artificial radioactive element technetium. It emits gamma radiation only, with no beta particles, at a convenient energy for detection by a *gamma camera and has a short half-life. For these reasons it is widely used in nuclear medicine as a *tracer for the examination of many organs (see scintigram). Symbol: Tc-99m.... technetium-99m
a tract that conveys nerve impulses from the midbrain, across the midline as it descends, to the spinal cord in the cervical (neck) region. It contains important *motor neurons.... tectospinal tract
see fluoropyrimidine; fluorouracil.... tegafur
n. (pl. tegmina) a structure that covers an organ or part of an organ. For example the tegmen tympani is the bony roof of the middle ear.... tegmen
n. the region of the *midbrain below and in front of the *cerebral aqueduct. It contains the nuclei of several cranial nerves, the *reticular formation, and other ascending and descending nerve pathways linking the forebrain and the spinal cord.... tegmentum
n. any thin weblike tissue, particularly the tela choroidea, a folded double layer of *pia mater containing numerous small blood vessels that extends into several of the *ventricles of the brain.... tela
n. inflammation of the smallest blood vessels (see vasculitis).... telangiitis
n. see boceprevir.... telaprevir
n. a sensory *receptor that is capable of responding to distant stimuli. An example is the eye, which is capable of detecting changes and events at a great distance, unlike touch receptors, which depend on close contact.... teleceptor
n. the unsubstantiated theory that mating with one male has an effect on the offspring of later matings with other males.... telegony
n. see cerebrum.... telencephalon
n. the process of transmitting and receiving medical images, to and from distant sites, using the telephone (or cable or satellite) network. This requires a dedicated broad-band link, such as an ISDN line, that has greater capacity for data transfer than standard telephone lines.... teleradiology
(external beam radiotherapy) n. a form of *radiotherapy in which penetrating radiation is directed at a patient from a distance. Originally radium was used as the radiation source; today artificially produced X-rays are predominantly used. See linear accelerator.... teletherapy
n. see angiotensin II antagonist.... telmisartan
n. a chromosome in which the centromere is situated at either of its ends. —telocentric adj.... telocentric
n. one of the branches into which the *axon of a neuron divides at its destination. Each telodendron finishes as a terminal bouton, which takes part in a *synapse or a *neuromuscular junction.... telodendron
n. see anagen.... telogen
n. the end of a chromosome, which consists of repeated sequences of DNA that perform the function of ensuring that each cycle of DNA replication has been completed. Each time a cell divides some sequences of the telomere are lost; eventually (after 60–100 divisions in an average cell) the cell dies. Replication of telomeres is directed by telomerase, an enzyme consisting of RNA and protein that is inactive in normal cells. Its presence in tumours is linked to the uncontrolled multiplication of cancer cells.... telomere
n. the final stage of *mitosis and of each of the divisions of *meiosis, in which the chromosomes at each end of the cell become long and thin and the nuclear membrane reforms around them. The cytoplasm begins to divide.... telophase
n. see photodynamic therapy.... temoporfin
n. an *alkylating agent with activity against *angiogenesis. It is used for the treatment of *glioblastoma multiforme, either concurrently with radiotherapy or as a single-agent chemotherapy drug, and for multiple myeloma. Side-effects include thrombocytopenia.... temozolomide
either of a pair of bones of the cranium. The squamous portion forms part of the side of the cranium. The petrous part contributes to the base of the skull and contains the middle and inner ears. Below it are the *mastoid process, *styloid process, and zygomatic process (see zygomatic arch). See also skull.... temporal bone
n. a fan-shaped muscle situated at the side of the head, extending from the temporal fossa to the mandible. This muscle lifts the lower jaw, thus closing the mouth.... temporalis
combining form denoting 1. the temple. 2. the temporal lobe of the brain.... temporo
see transanal endoscopic microsurgery.... tems
n. a *protein kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. It targets a serine threonine kinase that regulates a signalling cascade controlling cell proliferation. Side-effects include hypersensitivity reactions (flushing, chest pain, breathlessness).... temsirolimus
n. 1. a sharp wire hook with a handle. The instrument is used in surgical operations to pick up pieces of tissue or the cut end of an artery. 2. a band of fibrous tissue that holds a part of the body in place.... tenaculum
n. degeneration of a tendon, commonly associated with nodular thickening, that is due to atrophy and may eventually result in tendon rupture. It may occur with ageing or result from overuse or compromise of blood supply.... tendinosis
(Golgi tendon organ) a sensory *receptor found within a tendon that responds to the tension or stretching of the tendon and relays impulses to the central nervous system. Like stretch receptors in muscle, tendon organs are part of the *proprioceptor system.... tendon organ
n. see fibrinolytic; tissue-type plasminogen activator.... tenecteplase
a reverse transcriptase inhibitor (see reverse transcriptase).... tenofovir disoproxil
n. surgical removal of a portion of the *Tenon’s capsule.... tenonectomy
n. a surgical incision made into the *Tenon’s capsule. It is most often performed to instil local anaesthetic around the eye before performing cataract surgery (sub-Tenon’s local anaesthesia).... tenonotomy
the fibrous tissue that lines the orbit and surrounds the eyeball. [J. R. Tenon (1724–1816), French surgeon]... tenon’s capsule
n. surgical repair of a ruptured or severed tendon.... tenoplasty
n. the surgical operation of uniting the ends of divided tendons by suture.... tenorrhaphy
n. any muscle that causes stretching or tensing of a part of the body.... tensor
see tonic tensor tympani syndrome.... tensor tympani
n. 1. an enclosure of material (usually transparent plastic) around a patient in bed, into which a gas or vapour can be passed as part of treatment. An oxygen tent is relatively inefficient as a means of administering oxygen; a face mask or intranasal oxygen are used where possible. 2. a piece of dried vegetable material, usually a seaweed stem, shaped to fit into an orifice, such as the cervical canal. As it absorbs moisture it expands, providing a slow but forceful means of dilating the orifice.... tent
the radiological sign of a raised diaphragm, which is observed in many conditions including *subphrenic abscess, previous abdominal surgery, *peritonitis, damage to the nerve innervating the diaphragm (the phrenic nerve), and various lung-related disease processes.... tented diaphragm
(transvaginal tape, TVT) a surgical sling procedure for treating stress incontinence in women that uses a tape made of polypropylene mesh. The tape is inserted under the mid-urethra (rather than the bladder neck, as in a *pubovaginal sling), passing through the retropubic space on either side, and is fixed to the abdominal wall just internal to the pubic symphysis. The transobturator tape (TOT) procedure is similar, but in this technique a tunnel is created out to the *obturator foramen on either side, lessening the risk of vascular and bladder injuries. Tape procedures have lower morbidity rates than *colposuspension and have gradually replaced the latter as the surgical procedure of choice for treating female stress incontinence, but there may be complications associated with nonabsorbable mesh.... tension-free vaginal tape
(terato-) combining form denoting a monster or congenital abnormality.... terat
n. the study of developmental abnormalities and their causes.... teratology
n. see oligospermia.... teratospermia
n. either of two muscles of the shoulder, extending from the scapula to the humerus. The teres major draws the arm towards the body and rotates it inwards; the teres minor rotates the arm outwards.... teres
n. a drug that releases *vasopressin over a period of hours. It is administered to help to control bleeding from *oesophageal varices by constricting the small arteries in the intestinal tract.... terlipressin
a *lower urinary tract symptom in which the flow of urine does not end quickly, but dribbles slowly towards an end. This must be distinguished from *postmicturition dribble, which occurs after voiding has been completed.... terminal dribble
n. any of a group of unsaturated hydrocarbons many of which are found in plant oils and resins and are responsible for the scent of these plants (e.g. mint). Larger terpenes include vitamin A, squalene, and the carotenoids.... terpene
n. the *SI unit of magnetic flux density, equal to a density of 1 weber per square metre. This unit is important in *magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Most MRI scanners operate between 0.1 and 2.5 T, but some modern research scanners may go up to 7 T. Symbol: T.... tesla
(tetano-) combining form denoting 1. tetanus. 2. tetany.... tetan
n. a toxin produced by tetanus bacilli in an infected wound, causing the local destruction of tissues.... tetanolysin
n. a toxin produced by tetanus bacilli in an infected wound. The toxin diffuses along nerves, causing paralysis, and may reach the spinal cord and brain, when it causes violent muscular spasms and the condition of lockjaw.... tetanospasmin
combining form denoting four.... tetra
(amethocaine) n. a potent local anaesthetic applied to the skin before intravenous injections or the insertion of a cannula. It is also applied as eye drops before eye operations.... tetracaine
n. (in genetics) 1. the four cells resulting from meiosis after the second telophase. 2. the four chromatids of a pair of homologous chromosomes (see bivalent) in the first stage of meiosis.... tetrad
n. a congenital abnormality in which there are only four digits on a hand or foot.... tetradactyly
n. see cannabis.... tetrahydrocannabinol
n. see thyroxine.... tetraiodothyronine
a technique to image the parathyroid glands. Technetium is taken up only by the thyroid gland, but thallium is taken up by both the thyroid and parathyroid glands. *Digital subtraction of the two isotopes leaves an image of the parathyroid glands alone. It is an accurate technique (90%) for the identification of adenomas of the parathyroid glands secreting excess hormone.... thallium-technetium isotope subtraction imaging
involuntary persistent contraction of the tensor tympani muscle in the middle ear, attached to the malleus bone, giving rise to tinnitus, distorted hearing, a sensation of blockage of the ear, or pain.... tonic tensor tympani syndrome
(Trendelenburg’s sign) a test for detecting dysfunction of the hip joint. Normally when a leg is lifted off the ground, the pelvis on the same side is raised by the hip abductor muscles on the other side. If these muscles cannot raise the pelvis against body weight, the pelvis will tilt downwards and the test is positive, indicating arthritis, paralysis of the muscles due to superior gluteal nerve injury, or other hip pathology (e.g. congenital hip dislocation). [F. Trendelenburg]... trendelenburg’s test
1. (in *prenatal screening) a blood test that can be performed between the 15th and 20th weeks of pregnancy but has largely been replaced by combined first-trimester *PAPP-A screening and *nuchal translucency scanning. Levels of *alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), *unconjugated oestriol (uE3), and *human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) in the serum are computed with maternal age to determine the statistical likelihood of the fetus being affected by Down’s syndrome or spina bifida. The double test is similar but omits measurement of uE3. 2. see insulin stress test.... triple test
n. telling the facts openly, honestly, and unambiguously. Clinicians should speak truthfully to their patients unless there are acceptable justifications not to do so that respect the patient’s *autonomy. Without knowing what is wrong, for instance, a patient cannot make a choice of treatments or decide whether to be treated at all. Candour or openness is a requirement of *professionalism but does not extend to inappropriate revelations from clinicians about their personal lives. See also therapeutic privilege.... truth-telling
(VEMP) a test used to measure the response of the *saccule. It is used in the diagnosis of *superior canal dehiscence syndrome, *Ménière’s disease, and other disorders of the inner ear.... vestibular evoked myogenic potential test
a test for *diabetes insipidus in which fluid and food intake is withheld completely for up to 24 hours, with regular measurement of plasma and urinary *osmolality and body weight. Normally (and in a person with psychogenic *polydipsia) the output of *vasopressin will be increased in order to concentrate the urine as the plasma osmolality rises; correspondingly, the urine osmolality also rises and its volume diminishes. In a patient with diabetes insipidus, however, the urine osmolality will remain low and of high volume while the patient steadily dehydrates. The test must be abandoned if the patient loses 3% of body weight.... water-deprivation test
a hearing test in which a vibrating tuning fork is placed at the midpoint of the forehead. A normal individual hears it equally in both ears, but if one ear is affected by conductive *deafness the sound appears louder in the affected ear. If one ear has a sensorineural deafness the sound appears louder in the unaffected ear. [F. E. Weber (1832–91), German otologist]... weber’s test
a direct percutaneous renal infusion test to investigate possible obstruction of the ureter or kidney. It detects subtle obstructions that cannot be detected by imaging. [R. Whitaker (20th century), British urologist]... whitaker’s test
Juniperus ashei
FAMILY: Cupressaceae
SYNONYMS: J. mexicana, mountain cedar, Mexican cedar, rock cedar, Mexican juniper.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A small, alpine evergreen tree up to 7 metres high with stiff green needles and an irregular shaped trunk and branches, which tend to be crooked or twisted, The wood also tends to crack easily, so it is not used for timber.
DISTRIBUTION: Native to south western USA, Mexico and Central America; the oil is produced mainly in Texas.
OTHER SPECIES: The name J. mexicana has erroneously been applied to many species; botanically related to the so-called Virginian cedarwood (J. virginiana) and the East African cedarwood (J. procera).
HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: In New Mexico the native Indians use cedarwood oil for skin rashes. It is also used for arthritis and rheumatism.
ACTIONS: Antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, diuretic, expectorant, sedative (nervous), stimulant (circulatory).
EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the heartwood and wood shavings, etc. (Unlike the Virginian cedar, the tree is felled especially for its essential oil.)
CHARACTERISTICS: Crude – a dark orange to brownish viscous liquid with a smoky-woody, sweet tar-like odour. Rectified – a colourless or pale yellow liquid with a sweet, balsamic, ‘pencil wood’ scent, similar to Virginian cedarwood but harsher. It blends well with patchouli, spruce, vetiver, pine and leather-type scents.
PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Cedrene, cedrol (higher than the Virginian oil), thujopsene and sabinene, among others. Otherwise similar to Virginian cedarwood.
SAFETY DATA: See Virginian cedarwood.
AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE See Virginian cedarwood.
OTHER USES: See Virginian cedarwood.... cedarwood, texas
Health Encyclopedia